桑叶营养戚风蛋糕的研制

将桑叶作为营养元素和天然色素添加到戚风蛋糕中,分析桑叶粉粒度和添加量、白砂糖添加量和色拉油添加量对蛋糕品质的影响,以确定最佳生产工艺。通过单因素试验和正交试验分析4个因素之间的交互影响,确定了桑叶营养戚风蛋糕的最佳制作工艺为:5%的粒度为120目的桑叶粉添加于低筋面粉中制成桑叶蛋糕粉85 g,白砂糖80 g,色拉油40 g,鸡蛋蛋黄85 g,鸡蛋蛋白165 g,鲜牛奶40 g,底火170℃,面火200℃,烘烤60 min。     

酶法提高蛋清粉起泡功能及其机理的研究

为蛋清粉的起泡功能,采用中性蛋白酶水解蛋清蛋白以提高蛋清粉的起泡功能.采用单因素试验分析酶法提高蛋清粉起泡功能的影响因素.结果表明,酶法提高蛋清粉起泡功能的较适水解条件为:pH值7.0、酶添加量1 000 U/g、水解时间75 min、水解温度37℃.与原工艺相比,蛋清粉起泡力由38.22％提高至93.19％,泡沫稳定性由84.95提高至105.19.     

红枣奶酪的加工工艺研究

以红枣粉和天然奶酪为原料,对乳化时间以及乳化盐添加量、红枣添加量和水分添加量对红枣奶酪感官品质影响进行探究.在单因素试验结果的基础上进行正交试验和感官检验,确定了红枣奶酪的最佳加工工艺.结果表明,乳化时间为9 min,乳化盐、红枣和水分添加量分别为2.0％、30.0％和30.0％制成的红枣奶酪色泽、气味和滋味最佳,组织...     

正交试验优化人参乳饮料生产工艺

以人参和乳粉为主要原料生产人参乳饮料.以产品的稳定性和感官评分作为考察指标,通过单因素及正交试验研究人参乳饮料的最佳工艺配方.结果表明:对产品品质影响最大的因素是人参粉粒度,其次为柠檬酸添加量,再次为人参粉添加量,黄原胶添加量影响最小,最佳条件为乳粉添加量5％、绵白糖添加量8％、人参粉添加量0.3％、黄原胶添加量0.20％、柠檬酸添加量0.15％、人参粉粒度0.076mm.按此条件生产的人参乳饮料稳定性良好,无苦味,风味纯正,营养丰富.     

南瓜包子加工工艺及品质的研究

本研究将南瓜泥混合用于包子坯料,开发新型筵席面点为目标,通过实验确定了南瓜泥用量,糖、酵母添加量,优化面团搅打时间、轧面次数、发酵时间等加工工艺,最终为生产色、香、味、形、营养俱佳的筵席品种提供科学依据。南瓜包制作工艺优化实验结果表明:低速搅打3min以后,中速搅打14min,轧面7次,在温度28℃、相对湿度75%条件下饧发12min是最佳的制作过程。考虑到餐饮酒店的实际操作情况,搅打时间可以适当放宽至14-16min。     

蛋清液与蛋清粉对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶性的改良效果比较

为比较蛋清液与蛋清粉对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶性的改良效果,将蛋清液与相同质量分数的蛋清粉溶液添加至鲢鱼鱼糜中。利用质构仪和色差计分析蛋清液与蛋清粉溶液对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶性和色泽的影响。结果表明,普通鲢鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度、水分压出量、白度分别为586.64 g/cm、6.35%和71.86,添加蛋清粉溶液和蛋清液可使其分别变为696.72 g/cm和676.27 g/cm、5.74%和5.86%及77.08和76.66,蛋清粉对鱼糜凝胶性的改善效果明显优于蛋清液。确定蛋清液或蛋清粉溶液的添加量为8%,此时蛋清液与蛋清粉可明显改善鲢鱼鱼糜制品的凝胶性与白度。     

饮用型格瓦斯酸奶的研制

通过正交试验设计和感官评分,选用不同的发酵剂添加量（A）、发酵温度（B）和时间（C）、液体麦精量（D）,采用四因素三水平进行正交试验,以产品的感官评分为评价指标,筛选出因素水平最佳组合。结果显示：因素影响排序为：A＞D＞C≈B;格瓦斯酸奶的最佳工艺参数为A2B1C3D3,即发酵剂添加量0.004%,发酵温度28℃,发酵时间14 h,液体麦精添加量3%。经生产验证,上述较佳因素水平组合能够获得细腻柔软的凝乳,并带有独特开菲尔风味及温和烤面包风味的饮用型格瓦斯酸奶。     

新鲜软质豆乳干酪的研制

以豆乳替代部分牛乳制作新鲜软质豆乳干酪,采用单因素试验方法,研究豆乳添加量、CaCl2和凝乳酶对凝乳时间和感官的影响;并用正交试验确定了生产新鲜软质豆奶干酪的最佳配方.结果表明,当豆乳添加量20％、CaCl2添加量0.04％、凝乳酶添加量0.02％时制备的产品品质最佳.     

酵素青汁水牛乳酸菌饮料的工艺研究

将大麦若叶青汁粉、果蔬酵素粉的混合物加入水牛酸奶中,辅以羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)、黄原胶、柠檬酸钠为稳定剂,进行单因素试验和正交试验设计,并结合感官评价,初步研究探讨一款功能性乳酸饮料的制作工艺。结果表明,酸奶添加量55.0%,酵素青汁粉1.0%,蔗糖添加量7.0%,稳定剂添加量0.5%(均为质量分数)时,此时感官评价得分最高。     

芹菜蛋糕的制作工艺

本文通过对芹菜叶进行榨汁过滤,将得到的芹菜汁加入到蛋糕中,不仅给增加了蛋糕的营养价值,而且丰富了蛋糕的色泽和风味。本文在固定低筋面粉的量为100克的情况下,研究了不同鸡蛋、糖、油脂和芹菜汁的添加量对芹菜蛋糕风味的影响,结果表明鸡蛋添加量为140克,糖添加量为100克,油脂添加量为80克,芹菜汁添加量为60克时得到的芹菜蛋糕风味最好。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。