Response of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) to Different Planting Times

Agricultural seasons of the tropics are associated with rainfall, which provides the principal limiting resource for crop production. However, as tuber crops are sensitive to temperatures and moisture, the time of planting could have a profound influence on yields. Thus a study was carried out over a period of 12 months to determine the effect of different planting times on establishment, tuber initiation and yields of sweet potato. The trial was planted on similar soils in two agroecological zones as this species is a popular home garden crop in most regions of the tropics and subtropics.
Planting sweet potato with the onset of rains in October produced the highest yields. This is attributed to the receipt of adequate rainfall over the growth cycle, along with the higher diurnal variation in temperatures. Planting in the dry season or later in the wet season, which receives a lower quantity of rainfall with low diurnal variations in temperatures delayed tuber initiation and reduced yields. The study highlights differences in growth patterns of sweet potato when planed at different times. The importance of planting sweet potato in agricultural systems at appropriate times to produce higher yields is presented.     

Response of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) to Shading at Different Growth Stages

During 1990 and 1991 growth seasons at two locations in Peru four sweet potato cultivars were tested for their response to a short-term shading. The plants were subjected to artificial shade (42 % light reduction) for 1 month at different growth stages.
A high genetic variability was found in the extent to which tuber and total biomass yield of sweet potato was affected by sub-optimal light conditions. One cultivar was completely tolerant to shade at all growth stages, whereas the others showed a yield decline between 20 % and 55 %. Generally tuber yield was most reduced when shade was imposed at the end of the growth season (fourth and fifth months) and the least at its beginning (first and second months). Yield losses were due to a diminished biomass production and/or an altered assimilate partitioning within the plant. Tuber formation was affected rather than tuber initiation.     

甘薯胚性细胞悬浮培养系的建立

地甘薯胚性细胞悬浮增减系的进行了研究。将１２个基因的长约０．５ｍｍ的茎尖培养在含有０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ或２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ２，４－Ｄ的ＭＳ培养基上，形成了胚性愈伤组织。胚性愈伤组织的形成率因基因型和２，４－Ｄ深度不同而很大差异，为０－７５．７％。一方面，将胚性愈伤组织继续增减在含有２，４－Ｄ的ＭＳ培养基上，它们形成了处于各发育时期的体细胞胚。将具有体细胞胚的胚性愈伤组织转移到ＭＳ基本培养基上，体细胞胚发育成     

超声波辅助提取甘薯根颈多糖

甘薯根颈是甘薯生产中的大宗副产物,是提取功能性多糖的廉价资源。通过正交试验,对甘薯根颈多糖超声波辅助提取的影响因素进行了筛选和优化。结果表明：料液比、超声波频率、浸提温度、超声波功率、超声浸提时间等因素对提取率影响较大,较为合理的提取方案为：料液比1：30,超声波频率26kHz,超声波功率350W,浸提温度60℃,浸提时间30min。以此优化方案提取3次,提取物的平均提取得率为4.95%。通过棕色环试验、蒽酮-硫酸法、Fehling试剂法、双缩脲法证实提取物为多糖。     

水分胁迫对甘薯叶绿素荧光和光合特性的影响

以甘薯品种皖84-559，徐州18，为材料，测定功能叶片的光合和叶绿素荧光参数的变化。水分胁迫下，徐州18叶绿素含量、光合速率、PSⅡ原初光化学效率（Fv/Fm）和光化学猝灭系数（qP）的下降较少；非光化学猝灭系数（qN）增加较少。表明徐州18在水分胁迫条件下，光合机构受破坏较轻，其吸收的光能能较多的用于光化学转化能力，通过热耗散的能量较少。     

甘薯库源关系及其遗传研究初报

该文选用几种不同类型的甘薯（Ｉｐｏｍｏｅａ ｂａｔａｔａｓ Ｌａｍ），品种相互嫁接。嫁接组合块根的鲜产，干产分别进行方差分析。结果表明，光合源和贮藏库的遗传生理特性对嫁接组合块垠的产量重要作用，库容量大小时甘薯地下部块根产量起重要的决定作用，同时，高库容丰木克服或改善低关类型品种的潜在光合源和潜在生理流，并提高后者的光效能和块根产量，甘薯地下部块根的干物率和薯肉色也是贮藏根固有的遗传生理特性，嫁接     

甘薯（Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.）及其近缘野生种原生质体的植株再生

对甘薯品种高系14号及其近缘野生种I.triloba L、和I.lacunosa L,进行原生质体植株再生研究。从离体培养植株的叶柄分离出原生质体,将其培养在含有0.05mg/L 2,4-D和0.5mg/L激动素(KT)的MS培养基中,从原生质体获得了高频率的愈伤组织。培养8-12周后,将直径达2—3mm的小愈伤组织转移到添加0.05mg/L 2,4-D的MS培养基上。转移3-6周后,将愈伤组织进一步转移到添加吲哚乙酸(IAA)和6-苄基嘌呤(BAP)的MS培养基上,一些愈伤组织再生出植株。未再生植株的愈伤组织进一步在MS基本培养基上培养,它们也再生出植株。本研究从I.triloba原生质体获得高频率的植株再生;首次从I.lacunosa原生质体再生出植株;从高系14号原生质体也再生出完整植株。     

土壤干旱对甘薯生育及产量的影响

利用甘薯品种郑红５号和徐薯１８研究了土壤干旱对甘薯生育和产量的影响。结果表明，生长前期（栽后０～６０天）叶片数、叶面积、茎长及其相应的干旱胁迫指数均随土壤干旱程度的加重而相应减少，薯块的形成和膨大也受到严重影响。当土壤含水率在６％～１０％范围内，６～８月各月份进行的干旱处理与对照（全期湿润）相比，其鲜薯产量差异均达极显著水平。干旱指数为６月＞７月＞８月＞９月。前期干旱比后期干旱对鲜薯产量影响较重。据此，提出了甘薯旱地栽培应充分利用自然降水及水浇地栽培经济用水的技术措施。     

黄淮南部玉米产量对气候生态条件的响应

针对近年来黄淮南部气候条件和耕作制度变化, 2015—2016年在河南农业大学科教园区以该区主推品种郑单958为材料, 采用分期播种方法, 研究玉米产量对气候生态条件的响应, 探讨气候因子与玉米产量的关系。结果表明, 由于年际间、播期间气候因子的差异, 玉米产量差异显著, 大体表现为春播产量高于夏播, 且夏播产量随播种时间的推迟而显著降低。随着播期的推迟, 玉米苗期日均温逐渐升高, 粒期日均温逐渐降低, 有效积温减少, 生育期缩短。试验设定密度下, 百粒重对产量的贡献大于穗粒数, 而影响百粒重和穗粒数的主要气候因子是全生育期有效积温和粒期有效积温。影响玉米产量的主要气候因子是苗期气温日较差(r = 0.696^*)和日均温(r = -0.638^*)、粒期有效积温(r = 0.822^**)和日均温(r = 0.723^**)、生育期有效积温(r = 0.843^**)。因此, 生产上, 春播玉米播期由传统的4月15日左右推迟至5月1日左右, 可减少花期阴雨和高温热害影响, 表现出较好的丰产稳产性。夏播玉米在麦收后抢时早播, 不仅可争取更多积温, 还可使玉米苗期处于较低日均温、粒期处于较高日均温的有利温度条件下, 同时为推迟收获期和机械粒收创造条件。     

Evaluation of Root Sink Ability of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) Cultivars on the Basis of Enzymatic Activity in the Starch Synthesis Pathway

Activities of five enzymes, sucrose synthase (SUS), uridine 5'-diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (UDPGPPase), fructose-1,6 bisphosphatase (FBPase), adenosine 5'diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPGPPase) and starch synthase (STS), in the metabolic pathway of starch synthesis, were compared between two sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas Lam.) cultivars, Koganesengan (C.V.KOG, a recently released high yield cultivar) and Tsurunasigenji (C.V.TSU, an old, local cultivar with poor yield). The measurements were carried out using the root samples (tuberous, thick and fibrous roots) harvested at the fast tubering stage. Of the five enzymes, SUS, ADPGPPase and STS showed high activities in the tuberous root, particularly in that of C.V.KOG, and a similar trend was observed for activities of these enzymes on a protein basis. The increased activity of the three enzymes is considered to be one of the characteristics in a high yield cultivar, allowing the root to function effectively as a starch synthesis and storage organ.     

Enhancement of Tuberous Root Production and Adenosine 5'-Diphosphate Pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) Activity in Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) by Exogenous Injection of Sucrose Solution

Adenosine 5'-diphosphate pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is a key enzyme governing starch synthesis and is regarded as an important determinant of the sink activity of the sweet potato root. In this study, assuming that the expression of AGPase is under the direct or indirect control of sucrose, we investigated the effect of exogenous injection of sucrose solution into a plant on the activity of AGPase and tuberous root production. Sucrose solutions of 6 and 12 %, and distilled water as the control, were injected into the top of the shoot. The application of sucrose solution was effective in increasing tuberous root production and increasing the ratio of tuberous root weight to total root weight in a plant. AGPase activity in roots was enhanced by about 25 % by injecting sucrose solution. These results suggest that AGPase and sink activities are controlled by sucrose transported from the leaves. To increase sweet potato production effectively, AGPase activity and sink function must be enhanced, and so a genetic and physiological improvement in photosynthetic function or sucrose productivity in the leaves is necessary to increase AGPase activity in sink organs.     

甘薯近缘野生种Ipomoea trifida(4x) GISH分析

以甘薯近缘野生种I. trifida (2x)为探针, 与I. trifida (4x) 2个株系“695104”和“697288”的体细胞染色体进行基因组荧光原位杂交, 结果显示, 2株系都与I. trifida (2x)有很近的亲缘关系, 但2株系的信号存在差异。“695104”几乎所有染色体整条都有均匀明亮的信号, 应为I. trifida (2x)基因组直接加倍而来;而 “697288”与“695104”不同, 虽然各条染色体也均有杂交信号, 但信号的区域与亮度有差异, 较为复杂, 可分为三种情况。第1种是整条染色体有均匀明亮的信号, 亮度与分布区域同“695104” , 有41条;第2种是几乎整条染色体有信号, 但亮度较第一种暗, 有14条;第3种为染色体部分区域有信号, 亮度较前二者更暗, 有5条。推测 “697288”是在加倍同时或之后又发生了基因组重组与部分变异。     

夏玉米光合特性对氮素用量的反应

随氮素用量增加,植株下位叶、穗位叶和上位叶的光合速率（P_n）、叶绿素含量（Chl）、可溶蛋白含量（Pro）、Hill反应活性、Ca²⁺-ATPase活性、Mg²⁺-ATPase活性和PEPCase活性均不断增大。植株不同叶位Pn和Pro随生长进程均不断下降;不同叶位Chl的变化动态表现为下位叶在各测定时期之间差异较小、穗位叶和上位叶为单峰曲线。Hill反应活力、Ca²⁺-ATPase活性和Mg²⁺-ATPase活性的变化规律不同,随生长进程表现不断下降、单峰曲线和双峰曲线等不同形式。各叶位PEPCase活性均表现单峰曲线型变化。随氮素用量增加,叶源量、生物产量和籽粒产量不断增加。适量施氮具有全面改善玉米光合效率和内在生理、生化过程的作用。Ca²⁺-ATPase活性是影响光反应活力的重要因素;在叶片生长前中期,P_n受到PEPCase的影响较小,主要受到光反应活力和暗反应效率的调控。可采用叶源量作为玉米单株生产力的参考诊断指标。     

Difference in Allelopathic Potential as Influenced by Root Periderm Colour of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas)

Laboratory bioassay and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis were conducted to determine the allelopathic potentials of aqueous or methanol extracts from three different coloured sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam)] cultivars by plant part. The aqueous extracts applied on filter paper significantly inhibited root growth of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Aqueous leaf leachates at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 (g l^?1) from white sweet potato cultivar ‘Sinyulmi’ showed the highest inhibition against alfalfa, followed by yellow ‘Sinhwangmi’ and purple ‘Jami’. Alfalfa root growth was significantly inhibited by methanol extracts of the same plants as the concentration increased. Aqueous and methanol extracts from leaves showed the most inhibitory effect on alfalfa root growth followed by stems and roots. By means of HPLC analysis, leaf samples of sweet potato had the highest amount of phenolic compounds followed by stems and roots. Total content of these compounds was highest for leaf extracts (37.7 mg 100 g^?1), detected in EtOAc fraction, especially trans‐cinnamic acid (20.9 mg 100 g^?1). These results suggest that sweet potato plants are allelopathic and that their activities differ depending on plant part as well as root periderm colour.     

Varietal Differences in Development of Maize (Zea mays L.) Seedlings on Compacted Soils

Differences among open-pollinated tropical maize ( Zea mays L.) varieties in seedling development and establishment on compacted soils were studied. Soil dry density was used as an index of compaction. Three soil compaction levels and 12 traits associated with development and establishment of maize seedlings were investigated. A control (without compaction) was also included. Varietal differences were observed for most traits measured. Genetic differences for seedling development on compacted soil were detected. Varietal differences contributed about three times the contribution of compaction to total variability in the traits. Better seedling development and performance were obtained in moderately compacted soil than in the control. Shoot length, shoot dry weight and per cent dry matter in roots were good indicators of the tolerance of maize seedlings to compaction. A physiological strategy for maize seedling establishment on compacted soil was proposed. The implications of the results for seed testing were also highlighted. It was concluded that consideration should be given to the genotype of maize destined for use in ecologies prone to high soil densities. All varieties of maize grown in an agroecological zone could be screened to identify genotypes tolerant of higher soil densities. The seeds could then be multiplied and distributed to farmers.     

高油和普通玉米自交系类胡萝卜素和生育酚含量的比较分析

建立了利用高效液相色谱法同时测定玉米籽粒类胡萝卜素和生育酚各组分含量的技术体系,分析了112份黄色胚乳玉米自交系的类胡萝卜素和生育酚含量,其中包括32份高油自交系和80份在生产上广泛应用的普通玉米自交系。结果表明,不同自交系间存在广泛的变异,各组分含量变幅最大的是α-生育酚,含量相差达162倍;变幅最小的是δ-生育酚,含量相差也接近4倍。类胡萝卜素各组分含量在高油和普通玉米自交系之间并没有显著差异,但普通玉米的变异范围更为广泛;高油玉米生育酚各组分含量显著高于普通玉米,其中γ-生育酚、α-生育酚和总生育酚含量的均值分别是普通玉米均值的2.4、2.5和2.4倍。尽管供试的高油玉米材料仅32份,但其生育酚的某些组分比普通玉米具有更广泛的遗传变异。这为进一步的玉米高油、高维生素A原、高维生素E,即“三高”品质成分育种提供了有益参考。     

渍涝胁迫对玉米生理生化的影响研究进展

渍涝胁迫是玉米生产中重要的非生物逆境之一,对玉米的生长发育造成危害,严重制约了玉米产量的提升。因此回顾了人们针对渍涝胁迫对玉米生理生化的影响及其适应机制的研究,介绍了人们从栽培耕作和遗传育种两个角度提高玉米抗渍涝能力的研究现状,并展望了未来玉米抗渍涝胁迫的重点研究方向。     

用改进的SSAP方法克隆抗甘薯茎线虫病相关的RGA

甘薯新品系农大603是从感茎线虫病品种徐薯18的辐照后代中获得的一个抗茎线虫病的突变体。根据已报道的植物线虫抗性基因的核苷酸结合位点(NBS)保守氨基酸序列设计兼并引物，用自行改进的SSAP(modified sequence-specific amplification polymorphisms)方法，对农大603和徐薯18的基因组进行PCR扩增，从农大603中扩增出含有抗性基因NBS保守序列的差异片段2个(片段54和片段72)。在GenBank上序列搜索和比对发现，克隆序列与已报道的植物抗病基因之间同源性较低。根据克隆片段的DNA序列设计引物，以抗、感茎线虫病的甘薯品种的基因组DNA为模板进行PCR扩增，结果显示由片段72设计的引物在抗、感品种上没有扩增出多态性带；由片段54设计的引物在抗病品种和感病品种之间扩增出多态性带，推测片段54是与甘薯抗茎线虫病有关的RGA。     

甘薯地下部生长对产量的影响

利用甘薯不同品种进行嫁接,研究了地下部、地上部生长的相互关系,嫁接材料砧木与接穗之间的交互作用.甘薯地下部对产量的影响大于地上部.嫁接后,砧木与接穗之间交互影响不显著,可以利用甘薯库鉴定品种产量高低.     

甘薯和Ipomoea lacunosa的种间体细胞杂种植株再生及鉴定

用ＰＥＧ融合法融合甘薯品种高系１４号和近缘野生种Ｉｐｏｍｏｅａ ｌａｃｕｎｏｓａ的原生质体,将融合原生质体培养在含有０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ２,４－Ｄ和０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ ＫＴ的ＭＳ培养基上,愈伤组织迅速增殖。将其中的７０个愈伤组织培养在添加３．０ｍｇ／Ｌ ＢＡＰ的ＭＳ培养基上,并进一步培养在ＭＳ基本培养基上,获得９株再生植株。过氧化物酶同工酶、酯酶同工酶和ＲＡＰＤ分析表明,其中２株再生植株（ＫＬ１和ＫＬ３）