Use of Degenerate Primers in a RT-PCR Assay for the Identification and Analysis of Some Filamentous Viruses, with Special Reference to Clostero- and Vitiviruses of the Grapevine

RT-PCR with degenerate primers was used for the screening of the genome of some members of the Closterovirus, Vitivirus and Trichovirus genera. Two sets of primers, targeted to conserved sequences of the heat shock protein 70 homologue of closteroviruses or to the RNA dependent RNA polymerase genes of tricho- and vitiviruses, amplified the expected fragments from total RNA extracts or double-stranded RNAs of infected plants. Amplified cDNAs were cloned, sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. Results support the allocation of grapevine viruses A, B, D and heracleum latent virus (HLV) in the genus Vitivirus, whereas, the detection of a HSP70 homologue in grapevine leafroll-associated viruses agrees with their assignment in the genus Closterovirus. The use of degenerate primers for the identification of grapevine viruses belonging to Vitivirus and Closterovirus genera is envisaged.     

Partial Genome Organization, Identification of the Coat Protein Gene, and Detection of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-5

ABSTRACT The genome of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-5 (GLRaV-5) was cloned, and the sequence of 4766 nt was determined. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers designed from the conserved closterovirus heat shock 70 protein (HSP 70) homologue were used to obtain viral-specific sequences to anchor the cloning of the viral RNA with a genomic walking approach. The partial nucleotide (nt) sequence of GLRaV-5 showed the presence of four open reading frames (ORF A through D), potentially coding for the HSP 70 homologue (ORF A); a 51-kDa protein of unknown function with similarity to GLRaV-3 p55 (ORF B); the viral capsid protein (ORF C); and a diverged viral duplicate capsid protein (ORF D). The ORF C was identified as GLRaV-5 viral capsid protein based on sequence analyses and the reactivity of the recombinant protein to GLRaV-5 specific antibodies by western blot analyses. The antiserum produced with the in vitro-expressed GLRaV-5 ORF C protein product specifically reacted with a 36-kDa polypeptide from GLRaV-5 infected vines but did not react with protein extracts from vines infected with other GLRaVs or uninfected vines. Furthermore, specific primers were designed for the sensitive detection of GLRaV-1 and GLRaV-5 by polymerase chain reaction.     

齿兰环斑病毒与建兰花叶病毒分子检测研究

齿兰环斑病毒（Odontoglossum ringspot virus,ORSV）与建兰花叶病毒（Cymbidium mosaic virus, CyMV）是严重危害兰科植物的两种主要病毒。本研究根据病毒外壳蛋白基因设计特异性引物,应用ELISA、普通RT-PCR、巢式RT-PCR和免疫捕获RT-PCR4种方法进行了检测研究与比较。结果表明：普通RT-PCR与ELISA方法检测灵敏度相当;巢式RT-PCR检测灵敏度要比普通RT-PCR与ELISA方法高出104倍以上;免疫捕获RT-PCR检测灵敏度介于普通RT-PCR和巢式RT-PCR之间。采用巢式RT-PCR方法对我国台湾进境的蝴蝶兰植株样本检测,1号样本出现与阳性对照一致的特异条带。双向测序分析,扩增产物序列与ORSV外壳蛋白基因具有100％的同源性,表明1号蝴蝶兰样本携带ORSV。     

葡萄卷叶相关病毒13在我国葡萄上的首次报道

<正>我国葡萄品种资源丰富,栽培面积逐年增加。葡萄感染病毒后,便终生带毒,持续危害,造成生长发育迟缓,树势衰退,严重影响葡萄的产量和品质。山葡萄(Vitis amurensis Rupr.)是我国重要的野生果树资源,其抗病能力较强,是培育抗病、抗寒优良品种的珍贵种质。山葡萄浆果营养物质丰富,是酿     

Partial Nucleotide Sequence and Genome Organization of a Canadian Isolate of Little cherry virus and Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay-Based Diagnostic Test

ABSTRACT Approximately 12.4 kb of the genome of a mealybug-transmissible, North American isolate of Little cherry virus (LChV-3, previously designated LChV-LC5) has been cloned and sequenced. The sequenced portion of the genome contains 10 open reading frames (ORFs) and, based on sequence comparisons, encodes a putative RNA helicase (HEL), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (POL), two coat proteins (CPs), a homologue of HSP70, a 53K protein (p53) that is similar to an equivalent-size protein in other closteroviruses, and a 22K (p22) protein of unknown function. The genome also potentially encodes two small proteins (p5 and p6), one of which is similar to the small hydrophobic proteins of other closteroviruses. Phylogenetic analyses utilizing sequences of the HEL, POL, and HSP70 homologue suggest that LChV-3 is most similar to other mealybug-transmitted closteroviruses. Further comparisons between LChV-3 and a 4.7-kb region of the recently described Little cherry virus-2 (LChV-2) reveals 77% nucleotide sequence identity. Based on this low sequence identity, we propose that LChV-3 be considered a separate species, designated LChV-3. Unexpectedly, the LChV-3 CP duplicate ORF was found to lie upstream of the HSP70 ORF; therefore, the genome organization of LChV-3 is distinct from that of other closteroviruses. Polyclonal antiserum raised to bacterially expressed LChV-3 CP was useful for detection of LChV-diseased trees in the cherry-growing districts of British Columbia, Canada.     

4种葡萄卷叶伴随病毒多重RT-PCR检测

 葡萄受卷叶伴随病毒侵染后,树势减弱,抗逆性变差,果穗着色不良,成熟期推迟,含糖量降低。目前已报道11种葡萄卷叶伴随病毒(Grapevine leafroll-associated virus,GLRaV)。为提高检测效率,降低检测费用,本文在研究单个卷叶伴随病毒RT-PCR检测技术基础上,对4种葡萄卷叶伴随病毒的多重RT-PCR模板浓度、引物浓度和退火温度进行优化,建立了同时检测葡萄卷叶伴随病毒-1(GLRaV-1)、葡萄卷叶伴随病毒-3(GLRaV-3)、葡萄卷叶伴随病毒-4(GLRaV-4)和葡萄卷叶伴随病毒-5(GLRaV-5)的多重RT-PCR技术体系。模板浓度、引物浓度、Taq DNA聚合酶浓度、退火温度和循环次数对多重RT-PCR检测结果均有较大影响,而在一定范围内改变延伸时间和dNTP浓度对检测结果影响较小。对4种葡萄卷叶伴随病毒的PCR产物进行克隆和测序,扩增基因片段与GenBank中登录的基因序列同源性为95%~99%。所建立的多重RT-PCR技术检测田间样品效果良好。     

侵染藠头的大蒜潜隐病毒分子鉴定及部分序列分析

 藠头(Allium chinense G. Don),为百合科葱属鳞球茎多年生植物,是一种高产、高营养和具有食疗作用的蔬菜类作物,也常作为中药材加以利用和研究。国内外学者对发生在葱属植物上的病毒病原鉴定和分类做了深入研究,但针对藠头病害的发生特点和病原鉴定研究不多, 自Chen等^[1]在我国发病野生藠头样品中发现2种病毒即藠头花叶病毒(Scallion mosaic virus,ScaMV)和藠头X病毒(Scallion virus X,ScaVX)后,国内外没有更多有关藠头病毒病的研究报道。由于长期无性繁殖及多年连作,极易导致藠头病毒扩散及积累,使病毒病害日趋严重,种苗出现严重衰退。前期调查发现,藠头感病后出现明显的矮缩或叶片皱缩、扭曲,有的出现黄绿斑驳呈花叶状或褪绿条纹,病株地下鳞茎变小、分蘖减少,还首次发现洋葱黄矮病毒(Onion yellow dwarf virus,OYDV)侵染,以及多种病毒复合感染现象^[2]。     

High prevalence of viruses in table grape from Spain detected by real-time RT-PCR

Table grapes from one of the most important growing area in Spain (Vinalopó, Alicante) protected by the Designation of Origin “Vinalopó bagged table grape”, were surveyed and analysed to determine the prevalence of the five viruses included in the Spanish certification program: Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV), Grapevine leafroll associated virus-1 (GLRaV-1) and Grapevine leafroll associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3). Ninety five sampling points were selected and the position of grapevine plants georeferenced. Samples were collected in two different vegetative periods and analyses were performed by ELISA and real-time RT-PCR. Purified RNA and immobilized viral targets from plant extracts on nylon membranes were used in parallel assays as templates for PCR assays. In order to analyse these five viral species by real-time RT-PCR, new specific primers and TaqMan probes were designed for detection of ArMV and GFkV. Real time RT-PCR from purified RNA was more sensitive than spot version and ELISA tests. The most prevalent virus was GFLV (95.8%) followed by GLRaV-3 (94.7%), GLRaV-1 (66.3%) and GFkV (65.3%). ArMV was not detected in any sample. The high level of viral infections and the presence of mixed infections suggest that initial infected plant material and uncontrolled traffic of propagation material have played an important role in the spread of viruses.     

葡萄卷叶伴随病毒1号和3号宁夏分离物部分基因序列分析

为明确葡萄卷叶伴随病毒(GLRaVs)在宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄上的侵染状况,采用RT-PCR技术对40份酿酒葡萄样品中的GLRaV-1~GLRaV-5进行了外壳蛋白(CP)、复制酶(RdRp)和热激蛋白(HSP70)基因序列的克隆和分析。检测结果表明,在所检测的5种病毒中,除GLRaV-2和GLRaV-4未检测到外,GLRaV-1和GLRaV-3的检出率最高,分别为20.0%和32.5%,GLRaV-5的检出率仅为5.0%;有6个样品存在GLRaV-1和GLRaV-3两种病毒复合侵染。序列分析表明,GLRaV-1宁夏分离物的部分CP基因序列长度为232nt,其两种分离物间的核苷酸序列同源率为90%,与已报道的国内外其他分离物CP基因序列相比,其同源率为90%~99%;GLRaV-3宁夏分离物的CP基因序列长度为942nt,其两种分离物间的核苷酸序列同源率为40%,与已报道的国内外其他分离物CP基因序列相比,其同源率为40%~99%;GLRaV-3宁夏分离物的RdRp基因序列长度为683nt,其各分离物间的核苷酸序列同源率为90%以上,与已报道的国内外其他分离物RdRp基因序列相比,其同源率为90%~99%;GLRaV-3宁夏分离物的HSP70基因序列长度为546nt,其两种分离物间的核苷酸序列同源率为96%,与已报道的国内外其他分离物HSP70基因序列相比,其同源率为96%~99%。     

葡萄卷叶伴随病毒4和5简并引物和多重PCR检测

研究建立了葡萄卷叶伴随病毒4和5(Grapevine leafroll associated virus 4and 5,GLRaV-4and 5)的简并引物及多重PCR检测方法。比较了单一PCR、多重PCR和简并引物检测方法的灵敏度,并对简并引物的特异性进行了分析。结果表明,采用简并引物和多重PCR对这两种病毒进行检测,其灵敏度与单一PCR相同,且简并引物仅对葡萄卷叶伴随病毒4和5具有特异性。本研究建立的方法能够同时、快速、灵敏地检测上述2种葡萄卷叶病毒,提高了检测效率,降低了检测费用。     

应用TaqMan MGB探针技术检测菜豆荚斑驳病毒

根据菜豆荚宽驳病毒(Beanpod mottle virus,BPMV)不同分离株外壳蛋白基因(coat protein,CP)的保守序列,设计了特异性引物与TaqMan MGB荧光探针,建立了BPMV的实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法.该方法与酶联免疫检测方法相比,灵敏度提高了100倍,具有快速、灵敏和高特异性的优点,适于对BPMV的快速检测.应用该方法,对来自美国不同地区的携带有BPMV的大豆样品进行检测,均能够得到BPMV的典型扩增曲线,表明引物与探针对BPMV不同分离株具有良好的简并性.     

地高辛标记的cDNA探针检测烟草花叶病毒、黄瓜花叶病毒及马铃薯Y病毒

 根据已发表的烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV)、黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)和马铃薯Y病毒(Potato virus Y,PVY)的外壳蛋白基因序列,设计特异引物,分别以提取的TMV、CMV和PVY侵染的病叶总RNA为模板,反转录PCR进行体外扩增,分别得到长度为0.44、0.77、0.80 kb的目的片段,并克隆到pGEM-T easy质粒载体上,以构建的重组质粒为模板,用PCR方法合成了相应的地高辛标记的双链DNA探针。以合成的探针通过斑点杂交技术检测烟草病叶总RNA和烟草病叶汁液。TMV、CMV和PVY的3种地高辛探针检测各自感染的烟草病叶总RNA的稀释低限分别为1:1000、1:10000、1:320,检测各自侵染烟草病汁液的最大稀释倍数分别为1:100、1:100、1:10,而每种探针与健康烟草和其它2种病毒的反应均为阴性。     

Detection and Elimination of Viruses in Callus, Somatic Embryos and Regenerated Plantlets of Grapevine

The distribution of some grapevine viruses in flower explants, embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli, single somatic embryos and plants regenerated from embryogenic cultures was investigated by RT-PCR and ELISA. Immature anthers and ovaries of the cultivars Grignolino infected by GRSPaV, GLRaV-1 and GVA, Müller-Thurgau infected by GRSPaV and GLRaV-3 and Bosco infected by GRSPaV were cultivated on media inducing indirect somatic embryogenesis. Viruses were detected both in anthers and ovaries. Four months after culture initiation 65.6% of tested calli were infected by at least one virus; high percentages of virus infection were found in calli originating from ovaries. No virus was detected in calli tested 8 months after culture initiation, as well as in single somatic embryos or in embryo-derived plantlets. Somatic embryogenesis confirmed its effectiveness in eliminating phloem-limited grapevine viruses. Regeneration of RT-PCR negative plantlets occurred even when at least a sector of the callus was still infected: the mechanism whereby somatic embryos are freed of some viruses could be related to the rapid proliferation of embryogenic cells within the callus or to the origin of the embryogenic callus from virus-free cells within the original explant.