The elasticity of the epidemic growth rate to observed weather patterns with an application to yellow rust

ABSTRACT We extend a previously developed method that quantifies the sensitivity of the exponential epidemic growth rate, r, to weather changes, through a pathogen's life cycle components (basic reproduction number, latent period, and mean and standard deviation of the spore production curve). Here a method is developed to study the elasticities of the system and subsequently the model is linked to observed weather patterns. This enables a direct comparison between the effects of different weather variables (temperature, surface wetness duration, and light quantity) under realistic weather scenarios. The three sites studied represent areas within the United Kingdom with contrasting climates. Yellow rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis, on winter wheat is studied as a key application. Our results show that temperature and more importantly changes in temperature through their effect on pathogen reproduction have the largest effect on r. The long latent period at low winter temperatures is not a key component in the epidemic development, which is contrary to general beliefs. The results combined with long term average yellow rust severity patterns show that it is winter survival and not summer survival that controls the eventual disease severity. The results also show that within the current United Kingdom spraying regime on wheat crops against yellow rust, the first spray should mainly affect the basic reproduction number, i.e., should be a protectant spray, whereas the second spray should also affect the latent period, i.e., should also have curative action.     

Effect of plot geometry on epidemic velocity of wheat yellow rust

The size and shape of field plots can impact on both the cost and outcome of epidemiological experiments. In previous studies, epidemic velocity of yellow rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici ) on wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) has been examined in long, narrow plots (6·1 m by 73–171 m). The present study compares spread in square, 61 × 61 m plots versus narrow, 6·1 × 61 m plots at two locations. The objective was to test whether plot shape has a substantial impact on spatiotemporal spread of yellow rust. Velocity increased curvilinearly with time for both plot shapes and at both locations. Curves of epidemic velocity versus time were nearly identical in square versus narrow plots in both the upwind and downwind directions. Contrary to expectation based on simulations, the results did not indicate faster disease spread in square plots, though the plot sizes studied may be beyond that at which there is a rapid change of disease increase with increasing plot area. Velocity also increased curvilinearly in all eight compass directions of the square plots. Results indicate that narrow plots, which are substantially less costly than equidimensional plots, may be justified for studying the spatiotemporal spread of wheat yellow rust and other diseases with similar epidemiological characteristics.     

小麦持久抗条锈病品种Champlein的抗性遗传分析

小麦条锈病是小麦生产中最重要的病害,培育抗病品种是防治条锈病最经济、有效、安全的措施。‘Cham-plein’引自法国,对条锈菌生理小种表现良好持久抗性。为了明确其抗性遗传特点,以感病品种‘铭贤169’与其杂交、自交和回交获得了F1、F2、F3和BC1代,人工接种小麦条锈菌生理小种CY32,在温室和田间对‘Champlein’进行遗传分析。结果表明:苗期‘Champlein’对CY32的抗病性由1对显性基因控制;成株期‘Champlein’对CY32的抗病性由2对显性和1对隐性抗条锈病基因以互补方式控制;系谱分析表明基因可能来源于‘Vilmorin27’。     

模拟酸雨对小麦条锈病流行学组分的影响

为明确酸雨对小麦条锈病菌孢子萌发及病害流行学组分的影响,采用不同酸度的模拟酸雨(p H值分别为2.5、3.5、4.5和5.6)处理小麦条锈病菌Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici生理小种CYR32和CYR33的夏孢子,并将不同酸度模拟酸雨处理后的夏孢子接种小麦感病品种铭贤169,采用组分分析法研究酸雨对病害发展过程的影响。结果表明,随着模拟酸雨酸度的增强,生理小种CYR32和CYR33的夏孢子萌发率均显著降低,萌发24 h后对照组生理小种CYR32和CYR33的夏孢子萌发率分别为93.7%和79.8%,在p H 3.5模拟酸雨处理后萌发率仅为13.1%和8.6%。温室内接种试验结果显示,不同酸度模拟酸雨对生理小种CYR32和CYR33的侵染概率、潜育期和病情指数均有显著影响,对生理小种CYR32和CYR33病斑扩展率影响不显著;与对照相比,p H 3.5模拟酸雨处理后生理小种CYR32和CYR33的侵染概率分别下降79.9%和79.8%。结果表明强酸雨(p H 3.5)显著延长小麦条锈菌潜育期,减少病斑产孢量,降低病情指数和病害进展曲线下面积。     

Effect of yellow rust on yield components of winter wheat in China

Experiments were done in 1983,1984 and 1985 in Beijing and Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China, to determine the relationship of yield components of wheat to the severity of yellow rust ( Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici ). Epidemics were manipulated by timing inoculation and fungicide applications. Disease, plant yield, number of ears per plant, number of grains per ear and 1000-grain weight were measured. Analysis indicated that there were interactions among the yield components. However, path coefficient analysis did not detect any statistically significant compensation and showed that there was a positive correlation among yield components. The correlation coefficients between AUDPC (area under disease progress curve, accumulated to each growth stage) and each yield component increased gradually with growth stage, thus providing no evidence of a critical stage at which a yield component was most affected by disease.     

A multiple disease test for field-based phenotyping of resistances to Fusarium head blight,yellow rust and stem rust in wheat

Wheat is affected by many diseases, in Germany eight fungal diseases are recorded during the cultivar registration process. For a commercially successful cultivar, therefore, at least moderate resistances to important diseases, like yellow rust (YR) and Fusarium head blight (FHB), are necessary. Additionally, in 2013 a regional stem rust (SR) epidemic occurred in Central Germany for the first time for decades. Our objective was to analyze the resistance of 36 commercially grown winter wheat cultivars to YR, FHB, and SR in three individual and one combined inoculation. Appreciable disease severities were achieved for YR and FHB at three to four locations in two years (= seven location × year combinations), for SR at one to two locations in two years (= three location × year combinations). Wheat cultivars showed a significant genotypic variation for all diseases with high heritabilities (0.90–0.95). Interaction between inoculation treatments (individual vs. combined) and wheat genotype was not significant for each of the three diseases. Accordingly, correlations between both inoculation treatments were very high (R²?=?0.95–0.99). Several cultivars showed multi-disease resistance (MDR) to YR, FHB, and SR. In conclusion, resistance ranking among genotypes was not changed when plants were challenged with all three pathogens together compared to factorial inoculations of only one of them. Substituting factorial inoculation trials by multi-pathogen inoculation makes it more efficient to select for MDR in practical breeding programs.     

PANCRIN, a prototype model of the pandemic cultivar-race interaction of yellow rust on wheat in China

The pandemic of yellow rust on wheat in China, including cultivar-race interactions at the population level, is described by a prototype model (PANCRIN). As the framework of this model, the main epidemic system of wheat yellow rust in China was divided into 11 epidemiological regions. The major parameters are R, the rate of epidemic progress of each region in each month, determined by regional climatological factors and cultivar-race interactions; DIL, the dilution coefficient of inter-regional longdistance dissemination of this disease, determined mainly by distance; and F, fitness values of the pathogen on different cultivar-race combinations. With cultivar deployment, initial disease amount, and initial race frequency as inputs, this model can output the disease amount on each cultivar and the race frequencies of each region. Results of preliminary simulation experiments tallied with some historical situations such as the breakdown of disease resistance of some important cultivars Weak points of this model are also discussed.     

小麦条锈病中长期流行趋势预测方法探讨

 小麦条锈病的流行程度取决于寄主的感病性、菌源数量、气候条件三大因素［1］。寄主的感病性是小麦条锈病发生流行最为重要的因素,但在生产实际中,寄主的感病性的变化幅度较小,比如甘肃小麦感病品种种植面积多年来一直保持在85%左右,是一个极为有利的状态,理论上全省小麦条锈病年年都应该大流行,但事实并非如此。多年来,全省小麦条锈病流行程度却在轻发生至大流行之间急剧变化［2］,由此可见,菌源数量和气候条件的影响是关键。菌源数量大,气候条件有利小麦条锈病就严重发生流行,反之,小麦条锈病发生流行就轻。因此,本文选择菌源数量即小麦条锈病越夏发病面积和秋苗发生面积作为预测因子,并结合气候条件预测翌年全省和全国小麦条锈病流行程度     

Spatiotemporal changes in fungal growth and host responses of six yellow rust resistant near-isogenic lines of wheat

The objective of the present study was to investigate to what extent the macroscopic phenotype of incompatible host–pathogen interactions reflects differences in fungal development and host responses at the histological level. This was done by conventional and advanced microscopic analysis of six wheat near-isogenic lines differing by individual R genes and inoculated with an avirulent isolate of Puccinia striiformis. Wheat line AvocetYr15 had the lowest macroscopic infection type (IT) 0–1, in which fungal growth was stopped at early stages due to extensive expression of a hypersensitive response (HR) at all time points (4, 8 and 16 days post-inoculation, dpi) without any sign of haustorial bodies. AvocetYr5 and AvocetYr1 had IT 1, in which most fungal colonies developed secondary hyphae. Many colonies were encased by HR at 16 dpi, more extensively in AvocetYr1 than AvocetYr5. In AvocetYr6 (IT 2), HR was expressed after the formation of secondary hyphae at 4 dpi, after which fungal growth and HR increased simultaneously until most colonies became encased by HR. AvocetYr27 (IT 2–3) and AvocetYr17 (IT 4–5) showed similar fungal growth and HR at 4 dpi, where HR was only weakly expressed in a few host cells. Encasement of secondary and runner hyphae increased significantly in AvocetYr27, but at 16 dpi, HR was often circumvented by large, intermingled fungal colonies in both lines. No resistance responses were observed in Avocet S (susceptible control). The very different histological patterns conferred by the six R genes suggests differences in the timing of the host–pathogen recognition and onset of host defence pathways.     

Genetic diversity of the wheat yellow rust population in Pakistan and its relationship with host resistance

Yellow rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (PST), is an important disease that threatens wheat production in Pakistan. This study was designed to explore the virulence and simple sequence repeat (SSR) diversity of the Pakistani PST population and the ongoing selective pressures of widely grown wheat cultivars. Analyses of 49 isolates sampled from the North‐West Frontier Province of Pakistan led to the identification of 12 distinct pathotypes. The virulence frequencies of v2 (virulent against Yr2), v6, v7, v9, vSU and v27 ranged from 63% to 100%. Virulences v3, v4, v17 and vSD were uncommon, whilst v5, v10, v15, v24, v32 and vSp were not detected. The pathotypes thus described were then classified into 27 distinct genotypes. Bayesian structure analysis clustered these genotypes into five groups (in addition to one hybrid isolate) which represent three distinct lineages of the SSR‐based phylogenetic tree. Of the studied isolates, 80%, represented by three predominant pathotypes (P1–P3), belonged to the same characteristic Pakistani lineage, whilst the other isolates were close to either a Mediterranean lineage or a Northern European lineage. Genetic recombination was detected within P2 isolates. Resistance genes postulated in 40 Pakistani wheat cultivars indicated the high frequency of Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr9, Yr27 and YrSU. Only 11 cultivars were found to be resistant to P1–P3. Migration and varietal diversity factors might contribute to maintaining the currently high genetic diversity in Pakistani PST, and have serious regional implications for wheat improvement programmes.     

云南省小麦条锈病流行体系的研究现状

对云南省小麦条锈病的发生危害、流行特点、条锈菌越夏规律、品种及小种变异、环境因素等流行体系作 了较为详细的叙述,并针对各个环节提出综合防治策略。     

新疆小麦条锈病发生特点及流行规律初探

根据2006年以来新疆各地植保站对小麦条锈病的系统调查结果,结合调查统计资料,分析了1990年以来新疆小麦条锈病的年度发生变化趋势,明确了近年来的主要发生区域.初步阐述了该病在新疆越夏、秋苗感染、越冬和春季流行的独立周年循环规律,首次提出新疆小麦条锈病越夏区的5种类型及其分布区域.分析认为,主栽品种抗病性丧失和气候变化是导致该病近年来严重流行的主要因素.对进一步摸清该病在新疆的流行规律需要重点研究的问题进行了讨论.     

小麦品种混（间）种对小麦条锈病防治效果和产量影响研究

利用甘肃甘谷县和四川盐亭县当地各4个对条锈病具不同抗性的小麦品种,按照抗感品种不同比例混（间）种研究各种植方式对小麦条锈病的防治作用和对小麦的增产效果,并以REM比较各混（间）种种植方式的效果。结果表明,混（间）种对本地菌源引起的病害有明显效果,混种对病害的减轻程度为29.6％～81.9%,对外来菌源引起的病害效果较差;混（间）种对于小麦的增产作用也表现不一,28个混间种处理中,仅8个处理（占28.6%）有增产效果。     

山西小麦品种和育种材料抗锈病、白粉病鉴定

2011—2015年,采用人工接菌方法,对25个育种单位的601份小麦品种和育种材料进行了小麦条锈病、叶锈病和白粉病的抗病性鉴定,筛选出对小麦条锈病抗性表现良好的品种材料36份,对小麦叶锈病抗性表现良好的品种材料16份,对小麦白粉病抗性表现良好的品种材料12份。     

Application of pathogen surveys,disease nurseries and varietal resistance characteristics in an IPM approach for the control of wheat yellow rust

The present paper presents the rationale for the use of pathogen surveys, inoculated and non-inoculated disease nurseries and varietal resistance characteristics in an integrated approach to control wheat yellow rust in Denmark. The non-inoculated disease observation plots, which gave valuable information about yellow rust at the year, site and variety level, served as the primary sample source for the pathogen survey revealing pathogen virulence dynamics. This survey was also the main source for isolates of new pathotypes, a prerequisite for the assessment of the resistance characteristics of varieties and breeding lines in inoculated nurseries, and the postulation of race-specific resistance genes. A simple grouping of varieties into four categories with respect to resistance to the current yellow rust population proved robust, and this grouping was used as a determinant in a web-based decision support system for pesticide applications in cereals, Crop Protection On-line (CPO). The interplay between the different research and survey activities in the integrated pest management (IPM) approach demonstrated the need for a coherent and long-term involvement at all stages from plant breeding to the official variety approval system, extension service and research in disease epidemiology and resistance genetics.     

Effect of two-component cultivar mixtures and yellow rust on yield and yield components of wheat

Four winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) cultivars and three two-component cultivar mixtures were planted in a replacement series both inoculated with or protected from yellow rust ( Puccinia striiformis ) in three environments. Each cultivar was susceptible to one or two of the rust races used. Mixtures yielded, on average, 7 and 4% more than their component pure stand means under inoculated and rust-free conditions, respectively. Though all yield components were affected by yellow rust, seed weight was the component that was most consistently influenced. The component genotypes within mixtures varied considerably with respect to yield, and the yield of the same component cultivar included in different mixtures sometimes differed significantly. The correlation between yellow rust severity/tiller and grain yield/tiller in mixture differed among cultivars and depended on their companion cultivar. Variance component analysis indicated that yellow rust was the most important experimental variable influencing grain yield. There was no relationship between yield of the cultivars in pure stands and their yields or competitive abilities in mixture. Disease did not change the competitive ranking of cultivars in mixture. Mixtures with complementary, negative, and overcompensatory interactions were identified. On average, mixtures showed no greater yield stability than did pure stands.     

小麦条锈菌国际鉴别寄主Lee对中国条锈菌系CY23的抗性遗传分析

采用常规杂交方法,以国际小麦条锈菌鉴别寄主Lee与感病品种铭贤169杂交、自交、测交,获正、反交的F1、F2和BC1代。根据条锈菌小种的毒性谱,选用CY23单孢菌系,对其双亲及其杂交后代进行苗期抗性鉴定和统计分析,明确抗性基因数目、显隐性、互作方式和抗性特点。结果表明,在正交情况下,Lee对CY23菌系的抗性由1对显性基因和1对隐性基因互补控制,反交情况下也由1对显性基因和1对隐性基因互补控制,正反交分析结果一致,说明Lee对CY23的抗性属核遗传,由1对显性基因和1对隐性基因互补控制。通过对CY23毒性分析和对Yr7、Yr22和Yr23遗传特点研究,表明Lee对CY23抗性的1对显性基因和1对隐性基因分别为Yr7和Yr23,两者互补控制对CY23的抗性。在抗性鉴定中可用CY23区别Yr22与Yr23,并作为标准菌系用于基因推导分析。