甘肃枸杞镰孢菌根腐病病原鉴定及优势病原菌生物学特性

为了明确甘肃省枸杞根腐病病原种类、生态分布和优势病原菌的生物学特性,于2013年和2014年采集甘肃省各枸杞主产区根腐病患病植株样品,分离纯化后进行形态和分子鉴定,统计分离到的各主产区的病原种类,并对优势病原菌的适宜生长温度、光照条件、pH和碳氮源进行了研究。结果共分离到260株镰孢菌菌株,其中GSJT7-2和GSJY8-1分离频率分别为66.15%和26.92%,属优势种;将2株镰孢菌进行EF-1α基因序列分析及对比,菌株GSJT7-2(登录号:KM457089)与腐皮镰孢菌(Fusarium solani),GSJY8-1(登录号:KM457093)与尖镰孢菌(F.oxysporium)同源性达99%,在系统发育树中聚在一起,分别将它们的分类地位初步确定为腐皮镰孢菌和尖镰孢菌。甘肃各产区病原菌分离种类和频率有较大差异,靖远县以尖镰孢菌为主,占82.89%;其余采集地均以腐皮镰孢菌为主,均占80%以上。腐皮镰孢菌GSJT7-2和尖镰孢菌GSJY8-1在10~40℃内均能生长,最适温度分别为35℃和25℃,最适pH为8~9和8,均在12 h光暗交替条件下生长最快,供试碳氮源中GSJT7-2和GSJY8-1对蔗糖和Na NO3利用效果最好。     

Postinfection Biological Control of Oomycete Pathogens of Pea by Burkholderia cepacia AMMDR1

ABSTRACT Burkholderia cepacia AMMDR1 is a biocontrol agent that reduces Pythium damping-off and Aphanomyces root rot severity on peas in the field. We studied the effect of B. cepacia AMMDR1 on post-infection stages in the life cycles of these pathogens, including mycelial colonization of the host, production of oogonia, and production of secondary zoospore inoculum. We used Burkholderia cepacia 1324, a seed and rootcolonizing but antibiosis-deficient Tn5 mutant of B. cepacia AMMDR1, to study mechanisms of biological control other than antibiosis. B. cepacia AMMDR1 significantly reduced Pythium aphanidermatum postinfection colonization and damping-off of pea seeds, even when the bacteria were applied 12 h after zoospore inoculation. B. cepacia AMMDR1 also significantly reduced colonization of taproots by Aphanomyces euteiches mycelium, but only when the bacteria were applied at high population densities at the site of zoospore inoculation. The antibiosisdeficient mutant, B. cepacia 1324, had no effect on mycelial colonization of seeds or roots by Pythium aphanidermatum nor A. euteiches, suggesting that antibiosis is the primary mechanism of biological control. B. cepacia AMMDR1, but not B. cepacia 1324, reduced production of A. euteiches oogonia. This effect occurred even when the population size of B. cepacia AMMDR1 was too small to cause a reduction in lesion length early on in the infection process and may result from in situ antibiotic production. B. cepacia AMMDR1 had no effect on the production of secondary zoospores of A. euteiches from infected roots. The main effects of B. cepacia AMMDR1 on postinfection stages in the life cycles of these pathogens therefore were reductions in mycelial colonization by Pythium aphanidermatum and in formation of oogonia by A. euteiches. No mechanism other than antibiosis could be identified.     

Comparison of Soil Receptivity to Thielaviopsis basicola, Aphanomyces euteiches, and Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi Causing Root Rot in Pea

ABSTRACT Soil receptivity as a quantifiable characteristic ranging from conduciveness to suppressiveness to soilborne pea pathogens Thielaviopsis basicola and Aphanomyces euteiches was determined by analysis of differences in disease response curves obtained by artificial introduction of inoculum into natural field soil samples. Several parameters, including maximum root rot severity, the area under the health index curve, scores on the first axis of a principal component analysis (PCA) on dose responses, and Weibull model fitting were used to describe the disease responses. In all cases, the Weibull model gave satisfactory fits. PCA yielded a first axis that comprised 86% of the variance found when using Weibull predicted responses for T. basicola and 74% of the variance found for A. euteiches. This PCA axis essentially represented the average increase in disease severity due to the addition of increasing doses of inoculum to the soil. The Weibull scale parameter B, which represents the amount of inoculum necessary to increase root rot severity by 63% with respect to the level caused by pathogens naturally present in the soil, is another means of quantifying the receptivity of soils to these plant pathogens. Weibull parameter B, maximum root rot severity, the areaunder the health index curve, and the scores on the first PCA axis were strongly correlated for each of the pathogens tested individually. To compare the extent and behavior of soil receptivity responses to different pathogens, Weibull parameters B and C (slope at dose B) were chosen because of their universal definition, in contrast to PCA scores. Comparison of the average levels of Weibull parameters B and C indicated significant differences between the pathogens. Yet, no significant similarity in the ranking of the soils was found for the three pathogens, demonstrating that individual soils may interact with different pathogens in totally different ways. In general, soils were suppressive to T. basicola but conducive to A. euteiches, whereas their response to Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi ranged from conducive to suppressive. Therefore, risk assessment of soils prior to planting may require different strategies for each pathogen. Bioassays with soil samples taken before the last pea crop in 1987 and 1991 revealed a significant increase in the natural inoculum potential of soils that mainly was accounted for by A. euteiches and Pythium spp. These results strongly indicate that A. euteiches must be considered one of the most threatening pathogens to pea crops in the Netherlands.     

海洋细菌解淀粉芽胞杆菌SH-27在大豆体内的定殖动态及促生防病作用

为明确海洋细菌SH-27在大豆体内的定殖动态及其促生长作用和对大豆疫病的防治效果,本研究采用抗利福平标记法和平板对峙生长法,筛选对利福平标记稳定且对大豆疫霉菌具有较好抑菌作用的标记菌株SH-27^Rif,培养10代后的标记菌株SH-27^Rif能够保持稳定,对大豆疫霉抑制率为56.92%。分别采用灌根和涂叶法研究其在大豆体内的定殖动态,灌根与涂叶法均可使标记菌株SH-27^Rif在大豆体内定殖,时间达31 d以上;灌根处理定殖量呈先升后降趋势,定殖量根 > 茎 > 叶,处理后第21 d根部定殖量达到最大（6.6×10⁵ cfu/g）;涂叶处理第1 d大豆叶片定殖量达到最大（6.3×10⁵ cfu/g）,随后呈迅速下降趋势;定殖量叶>茎,根部未检测到标记菌株SH-27^Rif。盆栽促生试验结果表明,菌株SH-27发酵液灌根处理第15 d,处理组株高、根长、茎粗、鲜重、干重、叶绿素含量、根系活力等指标均显著高于对照组。盆栽防病试验结果表明：菌株SH-27发酵液灌根处理能显著降低大豆疫病的病情指数,对大豆疫病3、5、7和9 d的防效分别为83.44%、66.34%、57.18%和52.85%。以上研究结果表明海洋细菌SH-27是防治大豆疫病的潜在生防菌株,具有良好的开发和应用价值。     

防风根腐病拮抗真菌的筛选鉴定及生防作用研究

从防风根际土壤中筛选得到1株对根腐病具有良好防治效果的拮抗菌株MR-47,基于形态学、ITS序列分析方法对菌株MR-47进行鉴定,确定该菌株为桃色顶孢霉Acremonium persicinum（GenBank No. OK287149.1）。通过对峙培养、显微镜观察,探究了菌株MR-47对木贼镰刀菌Fusarium equiseti的抑菌机理;基于盆栽试验,明确菌株MR-47的定殖能力及防病促生效果。结果表明,菌株MR-47对木贼镰刀菌抑菌率达69.26%,病原菌菌丝出现缢缩、膨大、扭曲、畸形等现象;对尖孢镰刀菌、腐皮镰刀菌等多种病原真菌表现出了良好的广谱抑菌活性;在土壤中定殖35 d内,最大定殖量为8.38×10⁶ CFU/g,最低为5.57×10⁶ CFU/g;MR-47对防风根腐病防效达75.05%。因此,桃色顶孢霉MR-47在防风根腐病的病害管理方面具有较好的开发价值及应用潜力。     

Effects of Host and Microbial Factors on Development of Clonostachys rosea and Control of Botrytis cinerea in Rose

Development of Clonostachys rosea in rose leaves and petals and control of Botrytis cinerea by the agent were investigated. C. rosea germinated, established endophytic growth, and sporulated abundantly whether the tissues were mature, senescent or dead when inoculated. Germination incidence was moderate on mature and senescent leaves (47% and 35%) and petals (31% and 43%), and high (>98%) on dead tissues. Sporulation of C. rosea in tissues inoculated when mature, senescent or dead averaged 41%, 61%, and 75% in leaves, and 48%, 87% and 53% in petals. When leaves were wounded with needles before inoculation, germination of C. rosea increased from 45–56% to 90–92%, but sporulation became high (>75%) regardless of wounds. When leaves were inoculated with C. rosea at 0–24h after wounding and subsequently with B. cinerea, germination of the pathogen was reduced by 25–41% and sporulation by 99%. A humid period prior to inoculation of senescent or dead leaves promoted communities of indigenous fungi, reduced sporulation of C. rosea and B. cinerea, and, in dead leaves, increased control of the pathogen associated with C. rosea. Applied at high density, isolates of indigenous Penicillium sp. and Alternaria alternata from rose interacted with C. rosea and reduced control of the pathogen by 16% and 21%, respectively. In conclusion, C. rosea markedly suppressed sporulation of B. cinerea in rose leaves and petals regardless of developmental stage, minor wounds, and natural densities of microflora. This versatility should allow C. rosea to effectively control inoculum production of B. cinerea in rose production systems.     

Biological Control of Plant Pathogens: Present Status and Perspectives in Italy

Interest in the biological control of plant pathogens has been increasing in Italy in the last few years. Current or completed research programmes at some University and/or CNR (National Research Council) Institutions concern the following topics: a) biological control of crown gall with Agrobacterium radlobacter strain 84; b) biocontrol of some forestry diseases caused by fungi; c) integrated biological control of grey mould on grapevine; d) biocontrol of Fusarium dry rot on maize and sorghum and of Rhizoctonia rot on eggplant and tomato with Trichoderma viride; e) seed and root≪ bacterization ≫ as a means of biological control of some fungal diseases of horticultural plants; f)≪ suppressive ≫ effect of some Italian soils to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi : g) biologically induced resistance against bacterial, fungal and viral diseases. In this contribution, the results obtained are reported, together with comments on the prospects for practical application of each type of biological control. Evaluation of the reduction in the use of pesticides against the same pathogens is not currently possible, owing to lack of data (except for programmes b) and c) above). Biological control will only become a common and widespread agricultural practice if a number of conditions are satisfied, including the establishment of registration guidelines for microbial and viral pesticides. The criteria for the evaluation of biological control organisms in the agricultural environment must be revised and the technical-legislative problems must be solved. A Commission in the European Community is currently examining the question.     

Biological Control of Black Rot (Xanthomonas Campestris Pv. campestris) of Brassicas with an Antagonistic Strain of Bacillus Subtilis in Zimbabwe

Biological control efficiency of an antagonistic, endophytic strain of Bacillus subtilis (strain BB) was evaluated against three strains of the black rot pathogen, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), in four Brassica crops (cabbage, cauliflower, rape and broccoli) grown during three consecutive growing seasons and on two soil types, in two different areas in Zimbabwe. Strain BB controlled the disease caused by strain Xcc B-147 in all Brassica crops during the dry and short rainy seasons. A similar effect was observed in cabbage using the strain Xcc 33908. Biological control was effective in broccoli, but not in cabbage and rape during the main rainy season in clay loam soil and limited biological control effect was still observed when these crops were grown in sandy loam soil. The endophytic colonisation of cabbage roots by strain BB was confirmed by immuno-blotting during the whole growing season. Biological control of black rot with strain BB is discussed in relation to its effect on Xcc strains, Brassica crops and to the effect of weather and soil conditions.     

杭白菊枯萎病的病原菌分离鉴定及淀粉酶产色链霉菌对其防治效果

杭白菊枯萎病是杭白菊重要病害之一,枯萎病的爆发对杭白菊产量造成了巨大的影响。为了明确杭白菊枯萎病的病原菌及其生防菌的防治效果,本文通过形态学和ITS序列分析方法,初步鉴定杭白菊枯萎病病原菌为半裸镰刀菌Fusarium incarnatum。进一步采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法,测定了淀粉酶产色链霉菌Streptomyces diastatochramogenes 1628代谢产物对该病原菌的抑制效果。结果发现,链霉菌1628代谢产物对菌丝生长和孢子萌发的EC₅₀分别为2.22%和4.70%（体积浓度）。盆栽试验结果表明,施用淀粉酶产色链霉菌代谢产物原液14和28 d后,其对杭白菊枯萎病的保护效果、治疗效果分别为52.84%和42.85%、19.23%和30.16%。说明淀粉酶产色链霉菌1628的代谢产物对杭白菊枯萎病具有明显的保护和治疗作用。     

新疆花芸豆根腐病病原及防治的初步研究

通过对花芸豆根腐病菌的分离、纯化培养和致病性的研究,初步确定新疆花芸豆根腐病的主要病原是终极腐霉菌(Prthium ultimum)、尖孢镰刀菌(Eoxysporum)、木贼镰刀菌(Eeqvseti)、立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)等多种病原菌复合侵染所致。花芸豆根腐病的发生不是单一病原侵染造成的,通常是两个或更多病原共同侵入产生的。4个病原菌中致病力最强的是终极腐霉菌,幼苗的存活率低于对照9.00个百分点,其次是立枯丝核菌。4种病原菌对温度、光照时间、酸碱度等的要求有差异,5℃低温下只有木贼镰刀菌和终极腐霉菌能缓慢生长;木贼镰刀菌和终极腐霉菌对光照时间较敏感,光照时间大于12 h,生长速度逐渐下降;尖孢镰刀菌、木贼镰刀菌和终极腐霉菌对pH值均比较敏感,在pH值小于4或大于8生长速度明显下降。药剂处理种子经过室内、田间试验,多菌灵、福美双和五氯硝基苯处理的种子保苗效果好,病情指数降低明显,对种子安全。     

Biological Control of Soft Rot of Chinese Cabbage Using Single and Mixed Treatments of Bacteriocin-producing Avirulent Mutants of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora

Two pathogenic strains of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora 2T-2 and TT-4 with high bacteriocin activity but low sensitivity to the bacteriocins of other strains were treated with ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS). Two avirulent mutants A-f-39 and B-e-19 developed from 2T-2 and TT-4, respectively, by this treatment had the same bacteriocin activity as their respective parents and inhibited the in vitro growth of pathogenic strains of this species. The disease control of these two mutant strains were compared in the field in 1995 and 1997 to the control by CGE234M403 (M403) (a commercialized biocontrol agent), a mixture of A-f-39 and M403, and an agrochemical (basic dithianon-copper chloride). The protection obtained with A-f-39 was comparable to M403 and was better than that with the chemical. The mixture of A-f-39 and M403 consistently gave the best results in all the field trials. Received 17 September 1999/ Accepted in revised form 22 February 2000     

Development of Strain-specific Primers for a Strain of Gliocladium catenulatum Used in Biological Control

The randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to develop strain-specific primers for Gliocladium catenulatum strain J1446, which is promising in biological control. One of the primer pairs developed proved to be strain-specific; strain J1446 was differentiated from 16 G. catenulatum strains and six other strains of two Gliocladium species, as well as from Trichoderma virens, and isolates of Nectria spp. and Fusarium spp. Specific primers were also tested with DNA isolated from cucumber leaves, treated or untreated with a solution made from Gliocladium powder. The expected amplification product was produced only from treated leaves. DNA isolated from Gliocladium-treated potato tubers and fungi grown in peat was also used in amplification reactions. Strain-specific primers detected strain J1446 when the amount of DNA was 5pg or more. Some variation between the Gliocladium strains was found by the random amplified microsatellites method (RAMS) and the universally primed polymerase chain reaction method (UP-PCR), but no clear fragments specific to strain J1446 were produced. Cross-blot hybridisation of UP-PCR products differentiated strain J1446 from T. virens, but not from the Gliocladium isolates. The 28S rDNA sequences and -tubulin sequences were identical or very similar in all Gliocladium strains. Thus, it is possible that the Gliocladium strains of the present study are conspecific, which means that a revision in the taxonomy of Gliocladium species may be necessary.     

枯草芽孢杆菌G3菌剂防治番茄叶霉病田间试验

番茄叶霉病由黄枝孢菌 (Cladosporiumfulvum)引起 ,严重为害番茄叶片和果实。随着温室大棚大面积推广 ,上海郊区番茄叶霉病越发严重 ,成了番茄栽培的重要问题。该病在上海通常于 3月份发病 ,5月达到高峰[1] 。但随着近年来的暖冬效应 ,少数大棚 1月份便开始发病 ,3月份达发病高峰。常规化学杀菌剂 ,如百菌清、多菌灵防效甚微且污染环境 ,急需高效低毒的药剂取而代之。作者曾报道产几丁质酶枯草芽孢杆菌 (Bacillussubtilis)G3菌剂在盆栽试验中对番茄叶霉病有较好的防治效果[2 ] 。本文报道G3菌剂田间防治该病的效果1　材料与方法1 .1　供试…     

长枝木霉菌T115D诱导大豆叶片防御酶活性及疫病盆栽防治效果

采用分光光度和盆栽方法,分别测定长枝木霉菌T115D对大豆叶片防御酶活性的影响及大豆疫病的防治效果。结果表明,菌株T115D发酵液的不同处理均可诱导大豆叶片PAL、POD、PPO、SOD和CAT的活性增强,并且比单独接种疫霉菌处理的酶活持续时间长、峰值高;提前接种木霉有孢子发酵液后,第2 d再挑战接种大豆疫霉菌的处理诱导效果最好,PAL、POD、PPO和CAT 4种酶的活性在处理后第5 d达到最大值,分别是Petri培养液对照处理的2.5、6.6、4.8和3.5倍。菌株T115D发酵液不同处理均可降低大豆疫病的发生。发酵液喷雾处理中,提前1 d接有孢子发酵液,第2 d接大豆疫霉菌处理的防效最好,其防效为73.3%,显著高于其他处理;发酵液灌根处理中发酵液和疫霉菌同时灌根处理的防效最好,其防效为51.8%,显著高于其他处理。菌株T115D发酵液不同接种量对大豆疫病的防治效果,以接有孢子的发酵液15 mL最高,防效为达70.9%。     

Antibiosis Contributes to Biological Control of Fire Blight by Pantoea agglomerans Strain Eh252 in Orchards

ABSTRACT Fire blight, caused by Erwinia amylovora, is the most serious bacterial disease of pear and apple trees. Biological control with strains of Pantoea agglomerans (syn. Erwinia herbicola) may provide an effective disease management strategy for fire blight. Most strains of P. agglomerans evaluated for suppression of fire blight produce compounds that inhibit the growth of E. amylovora in culture. The role of these inhibitory compounds in fire blight suppression in orchard environments has not been studied. In seven field trials in Oregon, we compared the population dynamics and disease suppression with P. agglomerans Eh252, a strain that produces a single antibiotic, with its near-isogenic antibiotic-deficient derivative, strain 10:12. Water or suspensions of Eh252 or 10:12 (1 x 10(8) CFU/ml) were applied at 30 and 70% bloom to pear or apple trees. Aqueous suspensions of freeze-dried cells of E. amylovora (3 x 10(5) CFU/ml) were applied at full bloom. Additional trees were treated with streptomycin or oxytetracycline at 30 and 70% bloom and in some experiments, 1 day after application of the pathogen. Population sizes of Eh252 or 10:12 on pear blossoms were estimated by spreading dilutions of blossom washes on culture media. Average population sizes of Eh252 and 10:12 on blossoms ranged from 10(5) to 10(7) CFU, and in five of six trials, the relative area under the population curve of Eh252 was not significantly different than that of its derivative 10:12. Both Eh252 and 10:12 reduced the growth of the pathogen on blossoms compared with inoculated water-treated controls. Eh252 significantly decreased the incidence of fire blight in six of seven field trials compared with the incidence on water-treated trees, and 10:12 similarly reduced the incidence of fire blight in four of seven trials. In three of seven field trials, trees treated with Eh252 had a significantly lower incidence of fire blight compared with trees treated 3 with 10:12. Overall,3 Eh252 reduced the incidence of fire blight by 55 +/- 8%, 10:12 by 30 +/- 6%, streptomycin by 75 +/- 4%, and oxytetracycline by 16 +/- 14%. The effectiveness of strain 10:12 compared with water treatment indicates that other mechanisms (e.g., competitive exclusion or habitat modification) also contribute to disease suppression by P. agglomerans. The increased suppression of fire blight by the parental strain Eh252 compared with the antibiotic-deficient mutant 10:12 indicates that antibiosis is an important mechanism of biological control of fire blight.     

The Role of Chitinase Production by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Strain C3 in Biological Control of Bipolaris sorokiniana

ABSTRACT The role of chitinase production by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain C3 in biological control of leaf spot on tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana, was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The filtrate of a broth culture of C3, with chitin as the carbon source, was separated into fractions. A high molecular-weight fraction (>8 kDa) was chitinolytic and more inhibitory than a low-molecular-weight, nonchitinolytic fraction to conidial germination and hyphal growth by B. sorokiniana and to leaf spot development. A protein fraction derived by ammonium sulfate precipitation and a chitinase fraction purified by chitin affinity chromatography also were chitinolytic and highly antifungal. The chitinolytic fractions caused swelling and vacuolation of conidia and discoloration, malformation, and degradation of germ tubes. When boiled, the chitinolytic fractions lost chitinase activity along with most of the antifungal properties. Two chitinase-deficient and two chitinase-reduced mutants of C3 were compared with the wild-type strain for inhibition of germination of B. sorokiniana conidia on tall fescue leaves and for suppression of leaf spot development in vivo. The mutants exhibited reduced antifungal activity and biocontrol efficacy, but did not lose all biocontrol activity. An aqueous extract of leaves colonized by wild-type C3 had higher chitinase activity than that of noncolonized leaves and was inhibitory to conidial germination. The addition of chitin to leaves along with the wild-type strain increased both chitinase and antifungal activity. The chitinase activity level of extracts from leaves colonized by a chitinase-deficient mutant of C3, with and without added chitin, was no higher than the background, and the extracts lacked antifungal activity. Chitinolysis appears to be one mechanism of biological control by strain C3, and it functions in concert with other mechanisms.     

枯草芽孢杆菌BL03对苹果霉心病和棉苗病害田间防治效果

枯草芽孢杆菌 (Bacillussubtilis) BL 0 3菌株 ,是作者从苹果树体上分离得到的拮抗菌株之一。室内测定对苹果霉心病菌 (Alternaria alternata)、炭疽病菌 (Colltotrichum gossypii)、红霉病菌 (Trichothecium roseum)和镰刀菌 (Fusarium sp.)等 1 0种病原菌的抑制效果均为1 0 0     

The Use of a GUS Transformant of Trichoderma Harzianum, Strain T3a, to Study Metabolic Activity in the Spermosphere and Rhizosphere Related to Biocontrol of Pythium Damping-off And Root Rot

The activity of Trichoderma harzianum in the spermosphere and rhizosphere of different plant species was studied by use of a beta-glucuronidase (GUS) transformant (strain T3a). Hereby, direct observation of micro-habitats supporting metabolic activity of T. harzianum is reported. Germination of conidia and mycelial growth were not supported by exudates from healthy roots of various ages. Instead, growth and activity of T. harzianum depended on access to dead organic substrates such as seed coats, decaying roots, and wounds, including those caused by infecting pathogens. A correlation between the GUS activity of T. harzianum and the biomass of Pythium ultimum in infected roots was established. On the basis of our observations, we suggest that the biocontrol ability of T. harzianum involves competition with the pathogen for substrates including the seed coat, and wounded or infected root tissue.