论生态示范区建设规划

生态示范区建设是促进区域生态环境保护的有效手段,要进一步搞好生态示范区的建设,必须加强生态示范区建设规划的理论研究,文章主要论述了生态示范区建设规划的性质,理论基础,基本流程和需要注意的问题。     

宁夏农业生态环境保护示范区建设及发展研究

农业生态环境的修复与保护已成为学术界关注的重要课题之一。农业生态环境保护示范区建设由此应运而生,成为推进区域农业可持续发展的重要举措,并发挥了重要的示范带动作用。宁夏积极开展了农业生态环境保护示范区建设的探索和实践。分析了宁夏农业生态环境保护示范区建设取得的生态、社会经济成效,对示范区建设发展中存在的制约因素作了解析。针对当前存在的突出问题,提出了示范区建设和发展的优化途径。     

现代特色农业示范区的建设策略探析

新的发展环境下,广西现代特色农业示范区的建设正在稳步推进,带动了广西地区农业结构的转型升级,对现代农业的发展有非常积极的意义。伴随现代特色农业示范区的建设,广大农民群众的收入水平显著提高,因此为进一步发展农业经济,需要继续保持示范区的稳定发展。基于此,从广西河池市凤山县核桃产业核心示范区的建设情况出发,就广西现代特色农业示范区的建设目标和建设策略进行了探讨,希望能为当地现代化农业的发展提供参考依据。     

广西现代特色农业示范区建设现状及未来发展探究

现阶段,广西现代特色农业示范区的建设正在进行,这在一定程度上促进了广西农业结构转型,对农业改革工作的开展具有重要意义。随着示范区建设不断深入,农民实现了持续增收的目标,所以示范区要保持长期发展。基于此,对广西现代特色农业示范区建设现状进行简要分析,在此基础上提出广西现代特色农业示范区未来发展策略与建议。     

杨凌节水农业综合技术体系集成与示范

介绍了杨凌节水农业综合技术体系集成与示范区建设的设计构想。示范区设计以现有节水农业技术在西北半湿润区的适应性和可操作性研究为基础。通过技术筛选、技术集成及示范,形成规范化技术标准。在综合分析节水示范区自然和社会因素的基础上,对节水技术进行组装凝练,建设综合节水示范区,监测示范区的农业和生态用水变化状况,评估节水效益;探索渠灌区节水农业综合示范区管理体制和运行机制,形成一套相对完整的节水农业技术集成和发展模式,形成与市场经济接轨的示范区建设、运行与管理机制;建立示范区节水效益评估方法及监测指标体系。     

韭园沟示范区建设成效与经验

韭园沟示范区生态工程建设项目是国家水利基本建设项目之一,是黄河中游水土保持生态建设中的一个重点项目。它是以小流域沟道坝系建设为主要措施的小流域综合治理示范区,项目经过2000~2004年的实施,取得了明显成效,其主要经验与做法是:①加强前期工作,提高示范区生态建设的科技含量;②注重组织管理,加强示范区建设组织领导;③坚持治理与试验研究相结合,体现了示范区生态工程建设技术特色;④做到“四个结合”,加快示范区工程建设;⑤抓好“三个环节”管理,确保示范区工程质量;⑥搞好示范区宣传,促进示范区成果的示范推广。韭园沟示范区在黄河中游黄土丘陵沟壑区第一副区具有典型的代表性,所取得的成果和经验可在黄土丘陵沟壑区乃至黄土高原更大的区域内广泛推广。     

集雨节灌技术在韭园沟示范区建设中的应用

结合韭园沟水土保持生态示范区建设,建设了大型集雨场,并布设了渗灌、低压管灌等,与穴灌进行不同灌溉方式的对比试验。结果表明,与穴灌相比,采取渗灌、低压管灌等方式,改善了示范区集约化枣园和大扁杏示范园区小气候和土壤理化性状,增加了适宜生长的田间水分持续天数,促进了树体生长发育和产量增加,改良了果实品质,并减少了用工。将雨水节灌技术应用于示范区建设和周边地区生产实践,有效地提高了韭园沟水土保持生态示范区建设的速度和科技含量。     

于桥水库周边农村生态示范区建设与水环境保护

在概要分析于桥水库库周农村概况及污染物特征的基础上,探讨了于桥库区周边农村建立生态示范区对于桥水库水环境保护的意义,论述了于桥库区周边农村生态示范区建设的主要内容,建立了生态示范区建设模式,利用青池三村生态家园建设模式、毛家峪生态旅游模式进行了实证研究。     

关于水土保持示范区建设若干问题的意见

通过多年参与国家水土保持(防风治沙)试验示范区(园)治理建设项目的实践和对多项治理建设项目的实地考察,针对各地水土保持(防风治沙)示范区(园)建设过程中遇到的若干问题,从建设目标、坚持原则、建设内容和管理措施4个方面,较为全面详细地提出了关于水土保持(防风治沙)示范区(园)建设若干问题的意见,以供进一步讨论完善,并希望在实际运用的过程中进一步充实提高,形成一个规范性的意见,供治理建设示范区(园)运用。     

积极推进水土保持大示范区建设 全面提升水土流失综合防治水平

大示范区建设是水土保持生态建设中的一个新生事物 ,目前尚处于探索阶段。大示范区建设是新时期全面提升水土流失综合防治水平的客观要求。开展大示范区建设必须搞好宏观布局 ,按项目区进行 ,规模化治理 ;搞好规划设计 ,充分发挥科技的支撑作用 ,不断创新建管机制。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌基因组研究概况

迄今为止,全球已有2个Bt株菌株完成了全基因组测序,1个Bt菌株正在拼接中,15个Bt菌株正在进行测序中。已有22个晚质粒完成了全序列测定。助是作为生物农药使用最广泛的微生物菌株,也是最为成功地将其杀虫晶体蛋白基因应用于植物转基因的微生物。在基因组进化、新基因发现、基因表达调控等方面一直是科学家研究的热点,并取得了相当多的成果。本文概述了苏云金芽孢杆菌基因组测序现状、基因组特征及比较基因学等方面的研究进展。     

中国生态农业的希望——黑龙江省拜泉县生态农业建设的启示

介绍了黑龙江省拜泉县生态农业建设的经验，指出该县有1个好的领导班子，特别是有1个好的带头人，他们把生态农业理论与拜泉县的实践紧密结合起来，并使之成为全县人民的自觉行为，保障该县生态农业建设取得了举世瞩目的成就。     

Correction of a large-scale soil map with the use of the new classification system of Russian soils

A large-scale soil map of one of the farms in the south of Karelia has been analyzed. This map was initially compiled in 1979 on the basis of the official Classification and Diagnostics of Soils of the Soviet Union (1977). We have corrected it with the use of the new Classification and Diagnostics of Russian Soils. Both the names of the map units and the particular delineations on the map have been changed. These changes are related to differences in the principles of soil diagnostics in the old and new classification systems and to real changes in the soil cover that have taken place after the map’s compilation. In particular, large areas of peat bogs have been drained, and the cultivated peat soils have been subjected to accelerated mineralization. Surface planing works after digging drainage channels have also changed the soil cover pattern. The revised large-scale soil map developed on the basis of the new classification system gives more adequate information about the real soil cover.     

根瘤菌在污染土壤修复中的地位和作用

根瘤菌是一种在环境中广泛存在,常与豆科植物共生结瘤固氮的细菌类群,在农、林、牧业的可持续发展中具有重要作用。近年来研究发现,除了人们熟知的固氮功能,根瘤菌还参与环境中重金属、有机物等污染土壤的修复,在生态环境修复、维持土地生产力以及节能减排方面发挥了重要的作用,尤其是根瘤菌与豆科植物联合修复污染环境效果更为显著。本文综合介绍了根瘤菌在重金属、有机物等污染土壤及滨海盐渍土壤修复中的地位、作用及潜在价值,以期为改善生态环境提供一些可参考的方法和依据。     

Review of the decontamination of aflatoxins by ammoniation: current status and regulation

Ammoniation of corn, peanuts, cottonseed, and meals to alter the toxic and carcinogenic effects of aflatoxin contamination has been the subject of intense research effort by scientists in various government agencies and universities, both in the United States and abroad. Results of these studies have been well documented over the last 20 years. Engineers have devised workable systems of treatment of whole seeds, kernels, or meals; chemists have identified and characterized products formed from the reaction of aflatoxin B1 with ammonia with and without a meal matrix; biochemists have studied the biological effects of these compounds in model systems; and nutritionists have studied animal responses to rations containing ammoniated or non-ammoniated components. This review describes these studies. Results demonstrate overwhelming support for the efficacy and safety of ammoniation as a practical solution to aflatoxin detoxification in animal feeds.     

Emission and Sink of Greenhouse Gases in Soils of Moscow

The first inventory and zoning of the emission and sink of methane and carbon dioxide in the urban structure of greenhouse gases from soils and surface technogenic formations (STFs) (Technosols) on technogenic, recrementogenic, and natural sediments have been performed with consideration for the global warming potential under conditions of different formation rate of these gases, underflooding, and sealing. From gas geochemical criteria and anthropogenic pedogenesis features, the main sources of greenhouse gases, their intensity, and mass emission were revealed. The mass fractions of emissions from the sectors of waste and land use in the inventories of greenhouse gas emissions have been determined. New sources of gas emission have been revealed in the first sector, the emissions from which add tens of percent to the literature and state reports. In the second sector, emissions exceed the available data in 70 times. Estimation criteria based on the degree of manifestation and chemical composition of soil-geochemical anomalies and barrier capacities have been proposed. The sink of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and the internal (latent) sink of methane in soils and STFs have been determined. Ecological functions of soils and STFs have been shown, and the share of latent methane sink has been calculated. The bacterial oxidation of methane in soils and STFs exceeds its emission to the atmosphere in almost hundred times.     

A review of applications of model–data fusion to studies of terrestrial carbon fluxes at different scales

Model–data fusion is defined as matching model prediction and observations by varying model parameters or states using statistical estimation. In this paper, we review the history of applications of various model–data fusion techniques in studies of terrestrial carbon fluxes in two approaches: top-down approaches that use measurements of global CO₂ concentration and sometimes other atmospheric constituents to infer carbon fluxes from the land surface, and bottom-up approaches that estimate carbon fluxes using process-based models. We consider applications of model–data fusion in flux estimation, parameter estimation, model error analysis, experimental design and forecasting. Significant progress has been made by systematically studying the discrepancies between the predictions by different models and observations. As a result, some major controversies in global carbon cycle studies have been resolved, robust estimates of continental and global carbon fluxes over the last two decades have been obtained, and major deficiencies in the atmospheric models for tracer transport have been identified. In the bottom-up approaches, various optimization techniques have been used for a range of process-based models. Model–data fusion techniques have been successfully used to improve model predictions, and quantify the information content of carbon flux measurements and identify what other measurements are needed to further constrain model predictions. However, we found that very few studies in both top-down and bottom-up approaches have quantified the errors in the observations, model parameters and model structure systematically and consistently. We therefore suggest that future research will focus on developing an integrated Bayesian framework to study both model and measurement errors systematically.     

Marsh soils of the Karelian shore of the White Sea

This paper studies marsh soils on the Karelian shore of the White Sea. The soil cover has been found to differ on shores of the open, closed, and transitional types. The open shores have mainly marsh primitive and soddy soils. In bays, there are marsh soddy gley and dredged peat gley soils, and the transitional shores have marsh peaty soils. All soils have poorly developed profiles, and their reaction is close to neutral. Organic and organic-mineral layers form depending on the position of a soil above sea level: a sod layer forms in uplands, and peaty and mud layers form in depressions, which are regularly flooded and have a high groundwater level.     

Origin of red clay layers interbedded with basalts of the Golan Heights

Red clay layers interbedded with basalt flows of Pleistocene age in the Golan Heights have been described and sampled for analyses. Data for these layers have been compared with those for modern soils of the locality. Because the layers have pedogenic features and most also contain quartz of assumed aeolian origin, they are considered to by paleosols even though they are low in organic matter. Smectite is the dominant clay mineral in the paleosols, as it is in modern soils of the area. At the same time, minerals characteristic of hydrothermal activities are absent. Low proportions of kaolinite as compared to those of modern soils are attributed to weathering under a drier climate in the Middle Pleistocene (approximately 0.7–1.6 m.y. B.P.) than that of the present. The paleosols are dense, have strong columnar structure and have well expressed mangans. These features, as well as the dehydration of iron oxides, are attributed to contacts with molten rock that become the basalt flows.     

重庆市蔬菜地土壤重金属特征研究

研究结果表明重庆市蔬菜地0~20cm和20~40cm土层土壤重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb含量无显著差异,Cd、Hg含量差异显著。不同土壤类型平均重金属含量和变异系数差异均较小。城郊区、工矿区和一般农区重金属Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb含量及阳离子代换量无显著差异。不同土壤类型和不同区域重金属间均具较强相关性,重金属Cu、Ni、Cr间具有较强伴生关系。重庆市蔬菜地土壤重金属Cd污染较重。