节约成本的禽舍建造技术

未来家禽业的发展将面临许多问题。但有一件事是肯定的,那就是多数专家认为,随着丙烷燃气与电力使用成本的不断上升,禽舍的设计与建造将不得不比过去更加关注运营成本,特别是加热与散热成本。     

养猪生产中后代性别的预选——发展现状和应用前景

动物精子的性别可通过流式精子分选仪和DNA标识进行鉴定,而利用鉴定性别的精子(即性控精子)并借助人工授精技术或其它授精技术产生的后代,在过去5年中估计已多达30000个(其中大多数是母牛)。有关文献资料证明,能有效地区分X精子和Y精子的唯一标记物是精子染色体中的DNA。众所周知,目前世界各地采用的方法是Beltsville精子分选技术,该技术根据X精子群和Y精子群中DNA相对含量上的差异,用荧光染液(Hoechst33342染液)标记精子,随后利用流式细胞仪分选经荧光标记的精子,从而达到分离精子的目的。目前,X精子或Y精子正常的生产速度是每小时1500万个,该项技术已在家畜、实验动物和动物园动物中应用,如果将该技术应用在人上,在预选后代性别比例上可达90%～95%的成功率。因动物品种不同,性控精子在动物体内的授精部位也不相同。常规的人工授精技术、宫内授精技术、输卵管内授精技术、用于胚胎移植的体外受精(in-vitro fertilization,IVF)技术或子宫角深部授精技术均能有效地使动物怀孕,至于利用哪种技术进行性控精子的精则取决于动物品种。尽管所有动物都能获得高纯度的分选精子,但是在实际生产中利用低剂量精子还难以让母猪怀孕。子宫角深部授精技术每次授精0.5～1.00亿个性控精子已能产生可喜的效果:利用特制的输精管,输入常规人工授精所需精子量的五十分之一的性控精子,足以使动物怀孕。性控精子通过常规的授精技术能够被猪成功利用前,还需重新设计输精管,同时输精的次数和每次授精时精子数量也需作进一步的研究。分选精子的低温保存技术已被牛人工授精普遍采用。尽管已能利用冷冻的性别分选精子生产小猪,但是性别分选精子经冷冻和解冻处理后在常规生产中的应用还未达到最理想的效果。本文将讨论猪精子性别分选的最新研究成果及其发展趋势,并重点探讨将性别分选技术应用于养猪生产中必须对其进行必要的技术开发。     

猪人工授精技术要点

猪人工授精是近几年发展起来的重要繁育技术,它不仅可以节省公猪的饲养成本,还涉及到公猪的调教、精液的采集、精液的化验室检验、稀释和保存;发情鉴定、输精、妊娠检查、母猪的饲养管理等这些都是现代化规模养猪中重要的技术环节,直接决定着养猪企业的效益与发展。目前,困扰猪人工授精技术在我国推广的两个主要因素为精液的稀释保存过程中怎样保证质量及如何对母猪进行发情鉴定,以确定最佳的输精时间。人工授精应用与生产中有一套标准的操作方式,现简要介绍人工授精过程中重要的环节。     

种野猪的选择和饲养管理技术

1野猪的发情与配种野猪的被毛粗糙而稀疏,一般为灰色或灰黄色。成年母猪体重90-130kg,对外部环境反应灵敏。母野猪乳头一般为6-7对,年产2.5胎,通常每胎产仔10-15只。适宜的配种时间为仔猪出生后5-6月龄,体重达40-60kg。母野猪发情时,一般采     

猪人工授精技术要点

猪人工授精是近几年发展的重要技术,它不仅可以节约公猪的饲养成本,还涉及到现代化规模养猪中重要的技术环节,直接决定着养猪企业的效益与发展。猪人工授精包括公猪的调教、精液的采集、精液的化验     

小公猪去势中一些技巧问题的探讨

根据近40多年的文献研究和施术体会，笔者就目前养猪生产中的重要管理技术——小公猪去势中存在的问题，从失败教训和成功经验两个方面对小公猪去势的切口位置选择、精索断离方法、隐睾、鞘膜内疝、鞘膜外疝及腹股沟前方异位阴囊疝小公猪的手术技巧做了详细的阐述。     

浅谈大棚全龄养蚕技术

<正>大棚全龄养蚕是在大棚饲养大蚕成功的基础上,通过改进大棚的设施和结构,使其能达到满足小蚕饲养的要求,从而形成的一项全龄大棚养蚕新技术。具有省工、省力、节约成本、优质高效、且不破坏土地资源等特点。目前,该技术已在我国不少地方推     

发展饲料加工和饲料配合技术降低养猪饲料成本

饲料是饲养动物的物质基础,近几十年来现代化、集约化的动物饲养业尤其是养猪业的蓬勃发展离不开现代化的配合饲料工业的崛起.动物的优良遗传性能,必需有营养较为齐全的配合饲料才能充分发挥作用,丰富的饲料来源和饲料的加工以及饲料配合技术,是配合饲料的关键.我国十三亿人口的温饱问题已基本解决,现在则要求吃好,讲营养,注重健康长寿,普及和推广配合饲料,可以大大提高动物产品质量适合人们健康营养的需要. 在几十年普及和推广配合饲料中,即至目前的配合饲料,尤其是猪的配合饲料,主要饲料成分多集中在玉米、豆粕、添加剂、维生素、微量元素等,几种较为单一的成分,除了营养较为单一以外,影响最大的是玉米、豆粕等粮价不断攀升,致使养猪成本不断提高,猪肉价格又影响了物价的稳定,影响城乡居民对猪肉的需求.猪是杂食动物,较单一的饲料对猪肉产品的质量也有影响.为此,利用我国丰富的饲料资源,发展饲料加工技术和饲料配合技术不仅可以降低猪的饲料成本,更为重要的是提高了猪肉营养丰富的质量品质.     

浅析母猪分胎次饲养新技术

母猪分胎次饲养是一项不需要大的投入,通过管理方式和生产工艺的改变,就能提高猪群的健康水平和生产性能,最终提高整个猪场经济效     

The Beltsville sperm sexing technology: high-speed sperm sorting gives improved sperm output for in vitro fertilization and AI

The Beltsville sperm sexing technology is currently the only effective means of altering the sex ratio of offspring in livestock. The method is based on the flow-cytometric separation of X- and Y-chromosome-bearing sperm based on X/Y DNA content difference. It is an effective means of producing progeny of predetermined sex in cattle, swine, sheep, and laboratory animals. The method involves treating sperm with a DNA-binding fluorochrome, Hoechst 33342, and flow-cytometrically sorting them into separate X and Y populations that can subsequently be used for surgical intratubal or intrauterine insemination, deep-uterine insemination, regular artificial insemination in some cases, in vitro fertilization to produce sexed embryos for transfer, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection of ova. Skewed sex ratios of 85 to 95% of one sex or the other have been repeatably achieved in most species. The method has been used worldwide to produce several hundred morphologically normal animal offspring of the predicted sex. It has also been validated in the laboratory using DNA reanalysis of the sorted sperm populations and by fluorescence in situ hybridization and PCR of individual sperm. We developed a new orienting nozzle that we have fitted to both conventional and high-speed cell sorters that have been modified for sperm sorting. Recently we completed the adaptation of the new orienting nozzle to a Cytomation MoFlo high-speed cell sorter modified for sperm. This adaptation of the nozzle has increased the overall production rate of sorted X and Y sperm from about .35 million/h to 5 or 6 million sperm/h (each population). Calves have been born from cows artificially inseminated using conventional technique and sexed sperm. In addition, numerous litters of pigs have been born after transfer of embryos produced from X or Y sorted sperm.     

养鸡户如何科学自配饲料和有效节约饲料

在农村,许多养鸡专业户为了降低饲料成本而自配饲料,但由于原料采购量少、次数多、质量变化大,化验设备缺乏,加工设备简陋,专业知识有限,配方不科学,所生产的饲料营养不全,难以满足鸡的生产、生长需要或造成浪费,不能充分发挥其生产性能,往往得不偿失。针对存在的问题和不足,特提出养鸡产在且配饲料时应注意_的事项与节约饲料的有效措施。     

苹果采摘机设计及自动分拣

基于我国水果采摘机械发展缓慢、劳动强度大等问题,结合市场上原有的采摘器进行改良而设计的一种经济性,适于果林作业的半自动苹果采摘机械装置以及果实筛选装置。该装置操作简单,运行可靠,自动化程度较高,能够进行手动采摘,自动分拣,基本满足了家庭作业和水果厂商的要求。     

哺乳动物性别控制和鉴定技术的研究进展

文章对哺乳动物性别决定机理、受精前的性别控制技术、受精后的胚胎性别鉴定技术以及今后性别控制技术的前景和趋势等方面进行了综述。     

The use of near infrared transmittance kernel sorting technology to salvage high quality grain from grain downgraded due to Fusarium damage

The mycotoxins associated with specific Fusarium fungal infections of grains are a threat to global food and feed security. These fungal infestations are referred to as Fusarium Head Blight(FHB) and lead to Fusarium Damaged Kernels(FDK). Incidence of FDK 0.25% will lower the grade, with a tolerance of 5%FDK for export feed grain. During infestation, the fungi can produce a variety of mycotoxins, the most common being deoxynivalenol(DON). Fusarium Damaged Kernels have been associated with reduced crude protein(CP), lowering nutritional, functional and grade value. New technology has been developed using Near Infrared Transmittance(NIT) spectra that estimate CP of individual kernels of wheat, barley and durum. Our objective is to evaluate the technology's capability to reduce FDK and DON of downgraded wheat and ability to salvage high quality safe kernels. In five FDK downgraded sources of wheat,the lowest 20% CP kernels had significantly increased FDK and DON with the high CP fractions having decreased FDK and DON, thousand kernel weights(TKW) and bushel weight(Bu). Strong positive correlations were observed between FDK and DON(r = 0.90); FDK and grade(r = 0.62) and DON and grade(r = 0.62). Negative correlations were observed between FDK and DON with CP(r =-0.27 and-0.32);TKW(r =-0.45 and-0.54) and Bu(r =-0.79 and-0.74). Results show improved quality and value of Fusarium downgraded grain using this technology.     

哺乳动物性别决定机理及性别鉴定方法研究进展

哺乳动物的性别决定是由SRY基因为调控中心、多基因参与的级联调控过程。本文综述了性别决定基因及其功能、性别决定的分子模型及性别鉴定的方法等方面的研究进展。