农药在植物中的内吸和传导行为与施药技术研究进展

农药的施用方式和施用效果与其在植物中的内吸和传导行为密切相关.农药在植物表面和内部的内吸和传导行为,不仅与其自身理化性质有关,还受植物种类、生长期、生长条件及施药方式等因素的影响.研究农药在植物体内的内吸和传导行为及其影响因素,对于选择合适的施药技术及提高农药利用率具有重要的指导意义.本文综述了农药在植物体内的内吸和传...     

基于农药穿透生物学的杀菌剂生物测定

杀菌剂的生物测定是进行新品种筛选及抗性监测的重要手段。杀菌剂的生物活性是药剂、病原、环境间相互作用的结果。药剂在植物体的吸附、穿透和代谢是影响其生物活性的重要因子。基于农药穿透生物学的基本原理,通过对杀菌剂的作用特点、病原菌入侵行为、杀菌剂作用方式、传导方式以及杀菌剂的应用环境的分析,指出杀菌剂的生测离不开靶标寄主的参与,生物测定方法应尽可能真实地反映药剂在应用实践中的行为学特点,才有可能准确地表征化合物的生物活性或抗药性变化程度。     

农药登记的生物学资料评审基本原则

本文概述了我国农药登记的基本程序,重点介绍了农药登记的生物学资料评审原则,包括审查依据、资料审查和技术审查,而技术审查中又包括有效性、安全性、抗性、风险性等。我国农药登记管理工作已逐步从传统评价工作向风险评估和预测评估方向过渡。在生物学资料评审中,在加强有效性和安全性审查的同时,更要加强抗性和风险性等方面的审查。如何能科学、合理、公正的评价和管理农药,是我国农业可持续发展的一个重要课题。     

农药登记的生物学资料评审基本原则

概述了我国农药登记的基本程序,重点介绍了农药登记的生物学资料评审原则,包括审查依据、资料审查和技术审查,而技术审查中又包括效果、安全性、抗性、风险性等。我国农药登记管理工作已逐步从传统评价向风险评估和预测评估方向发展。生物学资料评审中,在加强效果和安全性审查的同时,更要加强抗性和风险性等方面的审查。     

导向农药分子设计及传导分布机制研究进展

导向农药是指可在植物体内向特定部位定向传导的农药.通过改善外源物质的传导性(尤其是韧皮部传导性)可显著提高导向农药在植物体内的系统性分布,有利于实现精准防控.文章综述了导向农药的分子设计理念、糖基导向农药和氨基酸导向农药的韧皮部传导性及生物活性等方面的研究进展,指出农药分子与相关氨基酸转运蛋白载体之间的构效关系将是今后...     

植物农药与植物保护

简要综述了植物源农药的研究概况，阐明了植物源农药的活性，作用机理，作用方式，用途，对植物源农药今后的发展前景和方向进行简述。     

有关转基因植物农药的安全问题

转基因植物农药是指利用分子生物学和基因工程技术将外派目标基因插入受体植物的基因组，使其遗传组成改变；以达到防浪病、虫、草、鼠害目的而产生的植物农药产品。在美国这种农药被称为“pjantpesti－”，这与一般意义的生物农药是有区别的。为完善基因工程工作的安全管理，国家科委于1993年颁发了（基因工程安全管理办法》，农业部又针对我国农业生物基因工程领域的研究和开发，于1996年制订了（农业生物基因工程安全管理实施办法》。转基因植物农药的安全性问题还涉及到昆虫抗性的控制等一系列问题。历史上，常规育种技术在提高作物抗虫…     

现代农药已进入绿色农药时代植物源农药需求增长

近几年,随着环保观念的深入人心,污染小的绿色农药渐渐成为主流,不少污染严重、环保数据不合格的企业将失去枣场。     

合成生物学助力链霉菌天然产物农药创制与产业化

病虫草害防控是国家总体安全建设的重要组成部分。微生物天然产物农药是病虫草害绿色防控体系的重要成员, 在保障国家粮食安全、生态安全和农产品质量安全, 筑牢国家生物安全屏障中具有重要作用。链霉菌以能够产生丰富的次级代谢产物而著称, 是天然产物农药的资源宝库, 也是重要的天然产物药物的工业生产菌。然而, 随着病虫草害抗药性增强, 新发、突发病虫草害增多等问题不断涌现, 以及天然产物研究面临新骨架、高活性化合物发现难度增大, 工业菌株产量提升困难等瓶颈, 链霉菌天然产物农药创制与应用正面临巨大挑战。合成生物学作为一门交叉学科, 突破了生物学研究的传统模式, 为天然产物药物研发提供了新的思路与策略。本文综述了近年来合成生物学在链霉菌研究领域的技术革新, 以及合成生物学在推动链霉菌天然产物资源发现、天然产物高效生物制造等方面的研究进展, 并对合成生物学助力链霉菌天然产物农药的创制与产业化进行了展望。     

植物诱导抗病信号传导途径

植物抗病性可被多种因素所诱导,诱导的抗病信号传导是抗病性诱导的机制所在。文章论述了植物诱导抗病性的种类、产生过程和两条重要的抗病信号传导途径,并着重对两条途径进行分析和比较。     

Studies on regulation of plant physiology by pesticides

Some agrochemicals have unique activities on plant, which modes of actions differ from those of herbicides and plant growth regulators. Because these induce useful and important phenotypic characteristics by activating physiological mechanisms in plant cell, understanding the underlying mechanism of their activities should be crucial for plant physiology and agriculture. As examples of such agrochemicals, studies on agrochemicals that activate the plant immune systems or root elongation, are described. Plant activators, inducers of systemic acquired resistance, were divided into two types, acting on upstream and downstream of salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis, respectively. They have been useful research tools to clarify the regulation mechanism of SA-mediated disease resistance and to investigate another type of disease resistance mechanism mediated by brassinosteroids. By analyzing the roles of phytohormones in the isoprothiolane-induced root elongation indicated a positive effect of jasmonic acid and ethylene on primary root elongation. These types of research, categorized to one of chemical biology, would provide novel insight into plant physiology, which also contribute to control of crops.     

Microscopy and image analysis in the study of plant pathogens and the application of pesticides

Problems associated with the preparation of diseased plant material for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the uses of TEM to meet the specific needs of plant virologists are discussed. Methods of collecting spray droplets for analysis by an image-analysing computer method are described.     

Uptake and translocation of non-ionised pesticides in the emergent aquatic plant parrot feather Myriophyllum aquaticum

The uptake of four (14)C-labelled non-ionised compounds, the methyl carbamoyloxime insecticide/nematicide oxamyl and three model phenylureas, from solution by rooted stems of the aquatic plant parrot feather [Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc], together with translocation to the emergent shoots, was measured over periods of 24 and 48 h. Uptake into the submerged tissues of roots and stem base could be ascribed to two processes: movement into the aqueous phase of cells and then partitioning onto the plant solids. This latter process was related to lipophilicity (as measured by the l-octanol/water partition coefficient, K(ow)) and gave rise to high uptake rates of the most lipophilic compounds. Translocation to shoots was passive and was optimal at log K(ow) approximately 1.8, at which the efficiency of translocation of compound was about 40% of that of water. This optimum log K(ow) was identical to that observed previously in barley, although the translocation efficiency was somewhat less in parrot feather. Solvation parameters were applied to model uptake and translocation of a set of ten compounds by barley with the particular objective of understanding why translocation efficiency is lower at log K(ow) > 1.8.     

几种药剂对苗木中星天牛幼虫毒杀效果初探

试验选用25 g/L溴氰菊酯、40%氧乐果乳油、啶虫脒、40%辛硫磷、80%敌敌畏乳油、茶皂素、10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂、45%杀螟硫磷等药剂对星天牛幼虫进行浸泡处理,并研究了部分药剂的混配浸泡效果,得出结果:溴氰菊酯500倍、溴氰菊酯500倍+啶虫脒500倍、辛硫磷500倍+敌敌畏500倍处理星天牛幼虫15 min,4d后幼虫死亡率达到100%。在对红枫嫁接苗中星天牛幼虫的药剂浸泡试验中,溴氰菊酯500倍处理在浸泡48 h、辛硫磷500倍+敌敌畏500倍处理在浸泡36 h都可完全杀死星天牛幼虫。     

Considering degradation kinetics of pesticides in plant uptake models: proof of concept for potato

BACKGROUND

Degradation kinetics of pesticides in plants are crucial for modeling mechanism-based pesticide residual concentrations. However, due to complex open-field conditions that involve multiple pesticide plant uptake and elimination processes, it is difficult to directly measure degradation kinetics of pesticides in plants. To address this limitation, we proposed a modeling approach for estimating degradation rate constants of pesticides in plants, using potato as a model crop. An operational tool was developed to backward-estimate degradation rate constants, and three pesticides were selected to perform example simulations.

RESULTS

The simulation results of thiamethoxam indicated that the growth dynamics of the potato had a significant impact on the degradation kinetic estimates when the pesticide was applied during the early growth stage, as the size of the potato determined the uptake and elimination kinetics via diffusion. Using mepiquat, we demonstrated that geographical variations in weather conditions and soil properties led to significant differences in the dissipation kinetics in both potato plants and soil, which propagated the variability of the degradation rate constant. Simulation results of chlorpyrifos differed between two reported field studies, which is due to the effect of the vertical distribution of the residue concentration in the soil, which is not considered in the majority of recent studies.

CONCLUSIONS

Our proposed approach is adaptable to plant growth dynamics, preharvest intervals, and multiple pesticide application events. In future research, it is expected that the proposed method will enable region-specific inputs to improve the estimation of the degradation kinetics of pesticides in plants. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

农业生产模式与植物保护的发展

"绿色"农产品已经成为当今人类的主要关注点,而"绿色"的关键在于植物保护的思想、技术和策略。本文总结了农业生产模式的4个阶段:原始农业、传统农业、化学农业和物理农业,论述了农业生产模式及其与植物保护思想发展的关系,详细阐述了这4种农业生产模式下植物保护思想的产生、发展和变化的过程。同时,重新排序了IPM植保工程的5项措施:植物检疫、农业防治、物理防治、生物防治和化学防治。强调针对不同作物,制定标准化的IPM工程操作体系,以确保农产品的绿色品质。     

Effectiveness and mode of action of phosphonate inhibitors of plant glutamine synthetase

BACKGROUND: Aiming at the rational design of new herbicides, the availability of the three‐dimensional structure of the target enzyme greatly enhances the optimisation of lead compounds and the design of derivatives with increased activity. Among the most widely exploited herbicide targets is glutamine synthetase. Recently, the structure of a cytosolic form of the maize enzyme has been described, making it possible to verify whether steric, electronic and hydrophobic features of a compound are in agreement with inhibitor–protein interaction geometry. RESULTS: Three series of compounds (aminophosphonates, hydroxyphosphonates and aminomethylenebisphosphonates) were evaluated as possible inhibitors of maize glutamine synthetase. Aminomethylenebisphosphonate derivatives substituted in the phenyl ring retained the inhibitory potential, whereas variations in the scaffold, i.e. the replacement of the second phosphonate moiety with a hydroxyl or an amino residue, resulted in a significant loss of activity. A kinetic characterisation showed a non‐competitive mechanism against glutamate and an uncompetitive mechanism against ATP. A docking analysis suggested the mode of bisphosphonate binding to the active site. CONCLUSION: Results made it possible to define the features required to maintain or enhance the biological activity of these compounds, which represent lead structures to be further exploited for the design of new substances endowed with herbicidal activity. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

分子生物学技术在检疫性有害生物诊断中的应用

检疫检验技术随着科学技术的发展,特别是近年来高新生物技术的突飞猛进,也得到了长足的发展,但与横向的相关领域如入类医学诊断、动物医学诊断等相比,在总体水平上还存在着较大的差距.在检疫性有害生物的诊断技术上提高检测的准确性、灵敏度和缩短检验时间、简化检测程序是植物检疫工作面临的重要课题.分子生物学技术经过近10年的快速发展,为有害生物的诊断打下了坚实的基础.