黄芪多糖联合新城疫疫苗胚胎免疫对雏鸡免疫器官发育的影响

为了探究黄芪多糖(APS)联合新城疫(ND)疫苗进行胚胎免疫对雏鸡免疫器官发育的影响，试验将300枚SPF种蛋置于孵化箱中孵化，在18.5胚龄时用APS佐剂联合ND疫苗进行胚胎免疫(APS+NDV组),同时设置APS组(注射APS)、NDV组(ND疫苗)、对照组(注射生理盐水),雏鸡出壳后在3,7,14,21,28日龄测定脾脏、法氏囊、胸腺三种免疫器官的器官指数并观察其形态学变化。结果表明：APS+NDV组脾脏指数在3,7,14,21日龄显著高于对照组(P<0.05),在7,14,21日龄均显著高于NDV组(P<0.05),7,14日龄显著高于APS组(P<0.05);APS+NDV组法氏囊指数在3,7,14,21,28日龄显著高于对照组(P<0.05),在3,7,14日龄均显著高于NDV组(P<0.05),14,21日龄显著高于APS组(P<0.05);APS+NDV组胸腺指数3,7,14日龄均显著高于对照组和NDV组(P<0.05)。14,21日龄时，APS+NDV组脾脏生发中心总面积占视野的比例、法氏囊小结髓质面积与皮质面积的比值显著高于...     

中草药添加剂对雏鸡新城疫免疫效果及抗病力的影响

为了研究中草药添加剂对雏鸡新城疫免疫效果及抗病力的影响,试验选择健康雏鸡400只,随机分为2组,每组200只,试验组从1日龄开始将1%中草药添加到雏鸡饲料中混匀饲喂,连喂50 d;对照组不添加任何物质正常饲喂雏鸡饲料。7日龄时所有鸡只免疫新城疫Ⅳ系弱毒疫苗,分别在14日龄和25日龄时测定血清中免疫球蛋白含量并进行血凝抑制试验,30日龄时进行攻毒试验,测定发病率、死亡率、保护率和血清抗体效价。结果表明:14日龄和25日龄时,试验组血清IgG、IgM含量均显著高于对照组(P0.05);血清IgA含量组间差异不显著(P0.05);14日龄时试验组新城疫抗体效价略高于对照组(P0.05),25日龄时试验组显著高于对照组(P0.05);试验组的发病率、死亡率极显著低于对照组(P0.01);试验组免疫保护率达99%,极显著高于对照组(P0.01)。说明中草药添加剂有明显提高雏鸡免疫球蛋白含量和促进新城疫抗体形成的作用,降低发病率和死亡率,提高免疫保护率,有利于提高鸡新城疫疫苗的免疫保护力和鸡的抗病力。     

乳酸菌制剂对鸡免疫应用效果的研究

本研究利用乳酸菌微生态饲料添加剂混料饲喂雏鸡,在7日龄和21日龄进行两次新城疫疫苗免疫后,检测相关指标。结果显示,试验组的新城疫血凝抑制效价(HI)明显高于对照组;法氏囊指数、脾脏指数、胸腺指数及红细胞免疫功能均高于对照组。结果表明本制剂对雏鸡具有免疫增强作用。     

益生芽胞菌制剂对鸡免疫促进作用的研究

本研究利用益生芽孢杆菌微生态饲料添加剂混料饲喂雏鸡，在7日龄和21日龄进行两次新城疫疫苗免疫后，检测相关指标。结果显示，试验组的新城疫血凝抑制效价（HI）明显高于对照组，差异极显著（P＜0．01），脾脏指数，胸腺指数均显著高于对照组，差异显著（P＜0．05），法氏囊指数高于对照组，差异不显著（P＞0．05），结果表明本制剂对雏鸡具有免疫调节作用。     

γ-氨基丁酸对肉雏鸡生产性能和血清生化指标的影响

为研究日粮中不同添加剂量γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对肉雏鸡生长性能和血清生化指标的影响,将500只1日龄三黄羽肉雏鸡随机分为5组(每组100羽),其中对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别在日粮中添加5、30、50和70 mg/kg的GABA,统计试验全期(1～42日龄)的生长性能指标,并测定21和42日龄血清生化指标。结果显示:试验Ⅳ组体重显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);试验Ⅳ组平均日增重显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);各组间平均日采食量差异不显著(P>0.05);试验Ⅱ组料重比显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结果提示:日粮中添加GABA可以增加肉雏鸡的体重、提高平均日增重、降低平均日采食量;肉雏鸡血清生化指标不受GABA的影响;日粮中推荐添加30 mg/kg的GABA。     

花椒对蛋雏鸡生长性能及免疫机能的影响

选用1日龄海兰褐壳蛋用雏鸡320只,随机分成4组,每组4个重复,每个重复20只鸡。Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ为试验组,在基础日粮的基础上分别添加0.1%、0.2%、0.3%的花椒,试验期4周,研究花椒对蛋雏鸡生长性能及免疫机能的影响。结果表明:整个试验期雏鸡的平均日增重试验组比对照组分别提高4.21%、12.10%、10.37%,料重比试验组比对照组分别降低1.72%、8.16%、7.73%,以Ⅲ、Ⅳ组效果最好,与对照组相比较差异显著(P<0.05);成活率试验组比对照组分别提高了6.16%、7.0%5、.95%,以Ⅲ组效果最好,差异显著(P<0.05);另外,花椒对雏鸡的免疫器官也有较大的影响,其中胸腺指数试验组较对照组分别提高了4.81%、9.83%、8.79%,差异显著(P>0.05;)脾脏指数试验组比对照组分别提高了11.29%、20.43%和21.51%,增长差异显著(P<0.05);法氏囊指数试验组比对照组分别提高了14.10%、31.28%和29.96%,差异显著(P<0.05);新城疫HI抗体滴度试验组与对照组比较以Ⅲ组抗体效价最高,Ⅲ组较Ⅰ组差异显著(P<0.05)。从试验中可以得出添加适量的花椒具有促进雏鸡生长,提高雏鸡免疫机能的作用,以0.2%的添加量比较适宜。     

原花青素对青脚麻肉鸡生产性能、养分利用和免疫器官的影响研究

试验旨在研究原花青素对青脚麻肉鸡生产性能、养分利用、屠宰性能和免疫器官的影响。选择1日龄青脚麻鸡400只随机分成4组,每组5个重复,每个重复20只鸡,饲喂添加0、50、100、150 mg/kg原花青素的基础日粮至49日龄。结果表明:处理组肉雏鸡21日龄前的采食量、日增重有显著提高(P<0.05),原花青素150组的料重比显著好于其他组(P<0.05);50 mg/kg原花青素显著提高(P<0.05)干物质、粗脂肪、粗纤维的代谢率;胸肌的滴水损失各处理组显著低于对照组(P<0.05);脾脏指数处理组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。本试验表明,饲料中添加原花青素可一定程度改善21日龄青脚麻肉雏鸡生产性能,增大胸肌率和腿肌率、降低胸肌的滴水损失和改善免疫器官指数。     

中药添加剂增强鸡ND免疫效果的试验研究

本试验选用1日龄健康京白904混合雏鸡180只,随机分为两组,即给药组(Ⅰ组)和不给药组(Ⅱ组),每组90只。试验期内,在Ⅰ组雏鸡日粮中添加1％的中药添加剂。自1日龄起连续饲喂30天。于7日龄时,Ⅰ、Ⅱ两组同时用NDⅡ系疫苗滴鼻。于15日龄、30日龄时,分别测量血清中HI抗体效价。于30日龄时,让供试鸡自然感染ND强毒。试验结果表明,添加中药组雏鸡血清HI抗体效价高于对照组,经生物学统计分析,15日龄时两组间差异不显著(P>0.05);而30日龄时,两组间有显著差异性(P<0.05)。自然感染ND强毒后,添加中药组雏鸡存活率明显高于对照组,生物学统计分析有显著差异性(P<0.05)。     

玉竹多糖和板蓝根多糖对环磷酰胺致雏鸡免疫抑制的调节作用研究

研究玉竹多糖和板蓝根多糖对环磷酰胺致雏鸡免疫抑制的调节作用。将120只1日龄雏鸡随机分成6组,分别为空白对照组、玉竹多糖对照组、玉竹多糖调节组、板蓝根多糖对照组、板蓝根多糖调节组、免疫抑制对照组,除空白对照组外,其余各组在7日龄时饮水免疫鸡新城疫、传染性支气管炎二联活疫苗(LaSota株+H120株)。测定免疫后不同阶段雏鸡新城疫疫苗抗体滴度、血清IgA含量和外周淋巴细胞OD570 nm值,以及脾脏指数和法氏囊指数。结果显示,环磷酰胺造模后,可见环磷酰胺抑制对照组抗体滴度持续处于较低的状态,血清IgA含量较低,外周淋巴细胞增殖受抑制,免疫器官指数较低;在免疫后14 d、21 d、28 d和35 d,玉竹多糖调节组和板蓝根多糖调节组血清抗体滴度显著高于免疫抑制对照组(P<0.05);在免疫后21d、35 d,玉竹多糖调节组和板蓝根多糖调节组血清IgA含量、外周淋巴细胞OD570 nm值和免疫器官指数显著高于免疫抑制对照组(P<0.05)。本试验结果表明,玉竹多糖和板蓝根多糖对环磷酰胺造模形成免疫抑制雏鸡免疫系统具有调节功能,可解除免疫抑制,使免疫系统恢复至正常水平,能够提高雏鸡新城疫疫苗抗体滴度、血清IgA含量,增强外周淋巴细胞增殖。     

沙蒿籽粉对肉仔鸡免疫功能的影响

试验选择1日龄AA肉仔鸡144只,完全随机分为3个日粮处理组,每组4个重复,每个重复12只鸡,进行42 d的饲养试验,旨在研究在肉仔鸡日粮中添加不同剂量的沙蒿籽粉对肉仔鸡免疫功能的影响。3种日粮分别是在基础日粮中添加0、0.1%和0.5%的沙蒿籽粉配合组成。结果表明,日粮中添加0.1%和0.5%沙蒿籽粉后,21和42日龄免疫器官指数无明显变化(P>0.05);21 d时s,CD4含量在组间差异不显著(P>0.05)4;2 ds,CD4在添加组含量均高于对照组,其中0.1%组显著升高(P<0.05)。此外,不论前期或后期,沙蒿籽粉添加组sCD8含量均极显著低于对照组(P<0.01);不论前期或后期,添加组IgA含量均低于对照组,差异极显著(P<0.01)。21日龄,添加组IgM含量低于对照组,差异显著(P<0.05);42日龄,添加组IgM含量与对照组相比呈下降趋势,差异不显著(P>0.05)。21和42日龄,添加组IgG含量均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);此外,21和42日龄时,新城疫抗体滴度均没有明显变化。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein