不同利用方式对潮棕壤交换性钾钠及盐基总量的影响

为深刻认识土地利用变化对土壤交换性离子的影响,本文对潮棕壤水稻田、玉米地、撂荒地和人工林地4种土地利用方式经过14年后,在0～150cm剖面中土壤交换性钾、钠、交换性盐基总量的剖面分布及交换性钾钠比值变化进行了比较研究。结果表明,林地和撂荒地各土层交换性K含量及土体中交换性K储量具有高于水稻田和玉米地的趋势;水稻田和撂荒地0～20cm各土层的交换性Na含量显著高于林地和玉米地;林地0～150cm深度土壤交换性Na储量显著高于其他三种利用方式(P<0.05);0～150cm深度内土壤交换性盐基总储量大小依次为林地、玉米地、撂荒地、水稻田;水稻田剖面土壤交换性K/Na随土层深度增加而增大,其他3种土地利用方式则是随土层深度增加而降低。土壤管理和植物自身的特性在土壤剖面中交换性离子的构成以及土壤交换性盐基库的重建等方面可能起到重要作用。     

西藏酸性土壤的酸度特征

根据西藏7个土类6 6个土壤剖面2 5 7层土样的分析资料,探讨酸性土的酸度特征。西藏酸性土面积约占1/ 5 ,主要为山地湿润森林型和高山灌丛草甸型土壤,集中分布于藏东南地区。土壤pH主要决定于其潜性酸中的交换性酸,特别是其中占优势的交换性Al3 ,而受非交换性酸的影响较小。交换性酸中Al3 的相对比例随交换性酸总量增加而增大,随有机质增加而减小,H 的相对比例则呈相反的变化。非交换性酸主要来源于有机质(腐殖质酸性功能团缔合H和络合Al的解离)。土壤pH与交换性酸、非交换性酸饱和度分别呈近线性、非线性负相关,而与盐基饱和度呈非线性正相关,且主要受优势的交换性Ca2 制约。     

温室蔬菜栽培对土壤交换性盐基离子组成的影响

对沈阳市大民屯镇蔬菜生产基地温室番茄栽培条件下土壤交换性盐基离子组成变化的研究表明，使用5年和11年温室0～30cm土层的土壤交换性K平均含量分别是其相邻露地菜田的4．1倍和8．7倍。由于土壤交换性K含量的增加，交换性K与盐量总量的比值随温室使用年限增加而显著增加，而Ca＋Mg与盐基总量的比值随温室使用年限增加而显著降低。土壤水溶性与交换性Ca、Mg、K之间、水溶性阳离子总量与交换性盐基离子及总量之间具有极显著的相关关系（P〈0．01），表明温室土壤交换性盐基组成是土壤水溶性盐分积累的一个主要影响因素。与露地菜田相比，高量施肥条件下温室土壤交换性K含量的显著增加是交换性盐基组成及盐基离子之间比值变化的一个主要特征。     

氮、磷营养过量对土壤养分及黄瓜营养吸收的影响初探

采用土壤培养试验研究土壤氮、磷单个养分分别过量的条件下,土壤养分状况的改变以及黄瓜植株养分吸收的变化。结果表明,土壤氮素过剩使土壤交换性K、Ca、Mg含量增加6%左右,水溶性K、Ca、Mg含量成倍增加,易于形成土壤盐类障碍。土壤磷素过剩反而导致土壤交换性K、Ca含量下降,尤其是以交换性Ca下降为多,水溶性K、Ca、Mg含量减少50%左右。土壤氮素过剩抑制了黄瓜磷的吸收;相反,土壤磷素过剩时,氮吸收受抑。土壤氮、磷营养过剩在高量下均对黄瓜植株K、Ca、Mg的吸收表现出抑制作用。     

石灰性土壤交换性钙和镁测定方法的研究

石灰性土壤交换性盐基组成的测定,通行的方法是采用70%乙醇溶液反复洗盐,再经pH 8.50.1 mol L-1氯化铵-70%乙醇(CH3CH2OH)溶液进行多次交换处理,测定交换液中的K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+浓度。但此方法常常受操作步骤繁琐,以及土壤中碳酸盐的溶解量因多次浸提而增加的困扰,最终导致测定结果偏高。基于上述原因,选择不同浓度、不同pH的NH4OAc和NH4Cl 10种交换剂,对比分析10种交换剂中的碳酸盐溶解度和土壤交换性钙镁含量。结果表明,pH=8.5 1 mol L-1氯化铵-70%乙醇(CH3CH2OH)溶液较适合石灰性土壤交换性盐基的测定。此新方法是先经70%乙醇(CH3CH2OH)溶液洗盐,再用pH8.5 1 mol L-1氯化铵(NH4Cl)-70%乙醇(CH3CH2OH)溶液进行一次性交换处理,然后测定交换液的K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+浓度,简化了操作程序的同时有效抑制了土壤碳酸盐的溶解,降低了测定结果的偏差。     

镁碱度对土壤微生物生物量及氮素矿化的影响

土壤剖面中Mg2+的大量存在是土壤发生碱化的原因之一。测定了疏勒河昌马冲积扇缘镁碱化盐渍土土样的Mg2+碱度、Mg2+/Ca2+、pH值、HCO3-+CO32-等化学性质指标,分析了这些化学性质指标对土壤微生物生物量碳(氮)及其潜在可矿化氮的影响。结果表明:微生物生物量碳、微生物熵、微生物生物量氮随Mg2+/Ca2+、Mg2+碱度的升高而线性下降,而潜在可矿化氮随Mg2+/Ca2+、Mg2+碱度的升高而指数下降;另外,微生物生物量C/N与Mg2+/Ca2+和Mg2+碱度的反向变化关系说明,Mg2+碱化盐渍土环境中细菌在微生物群落中占优势。总之,高Mg2+碱度对土壤微生物而言是一种严重的胁迫环境,它使得微生物生物量变小、活性显著降低。     

大兴安岭旱作丘陵区耕地肥力演变研究

以全国第二次土壤普查资料为主要数据源,结合实地取样测定,比较分析了大兴安岭东南麓旱作丘陵区1981～2007年期间土壤肥力演变状况。结果表明,二十多年间耕地土壤养分含量发生明显变化。主要表现为:土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量明显下降,速效磷含量增加,但不同土壤类型的变化幅度不同;草甸土的有机质和全氮含量下降幅度大于暗棕壤和黑土,碱解氮含量在黑土中的下降幅度较大,暗棕壤次之,草甸土较低;暗棕壤中有效磷增加的幅度大于黑土和草甸土;速效钾在暗棕壤中下降的幅度最大,在黑土中下降的幅度最小;该区土壤中富含交换性钙、交换性镁、有效硫、有效硅等中量元素和锌、铜、铁和锰等微量元素;现有耕地约有87.2%的土壤缺硼,78.2%的土壤缺钼。     

中性水稻土中的铁解及其影响

我们曾发现,苏州地区的某些水稻土的耕层土壤,pH值可低至5.0-5.5,有些土壤的交换性Ca/Mg比值亦明显下降^[2,3]。黄棕壤在添加有机物质并淹水培育后,使其交换性镁含量增加和交换性钙含量下降^[1],而试样的pH值与交换性钙镁总量之间,出现显著的正相关(r=0.837,n=10)。     

大气O_3浓度升高对稻季耕层土壤溶液CaMg浓度的影响

利用中国稻/麦轮作系统O3-FACE（Ozone-Free Air Concentration Enrichment）试验平台,研究了大气O3浓度升高（比周围大气高50%）对稻季不同生育期耕层土壤溶液中Ca、Mg浓度的影响。结果表明,大气O3浓度升高对稻田0~15 cm耕层土壤溶液Ca浓度无明显影响,但Mg浓度呈现降低趋势;降低了15 cm处土壤溶液Ca、Mg浓度,其中对Mg浓度的降低幅度为20.97%,且达显著水平;大气O3浓度升高可改变耕层土壤溶液中Ca、Mg离子在不同深度的分布,降低15 cm处土壤溶液Ca、Mg浓度与5 cm处比值,降低幅度分别为13.50%、34.29%。文章指出大气O3浓度升高会对稻田生态系统土壤Ca、Mg元素地球化学循环产生重要影响,并可能因此影响稻米产量和品质。     

长期施肥与地膜覆盖对棕壤交换性钙、镁的影响

本文以沈阳农业大学棕壤长期定位试验站（始于1987年）玉米连作试验为研究对象,探讨了施肥与地膜覆盖对棕壤中交换性钙、镁含量的影响,以及交换性钙、镁和pH之间的相关性。研究结果表明:试验地040 cm土壤交换性钙含量在1.34～2.52 g/kg之间,交换性镁含量在0.30～0.66 g/kg之间,目前都比较丰富,作物基本不会出现缺钙缺镁症状。经过24年的不同施肥处理,施有机肥土壤表层（020 cm）交换性钙和交换性镁含量呈明显增加趋势,施用化肥土壤表层交换性钙和交换性镁含量呈明显下降趋势。无论不覆膜还是覆膜,单施化肥底层（2040 cm）土壤交换性钙和交换性镁含量大于表层;施用有机肥土壤交换性钙含量在两个层次差异不明显,交换性镁含量土壤表层大于底层。覆膜与不覆膜相比,单施化肥土壤覆膜后表层土壤交换性钙和交换性镁含量增加,底层含量降低,而有机肥处理表现的不明显。土壤表层交换性钙和交换性镁与pH之间都有极显著的正相关关系。     

安徽省沿淮地区几种主要土壤诊断特性和系统分类研究

本文对安徽省沿淮地区的黄棕壤、黄褐土、水稻土、砂姜黑土、潮土和石灰土等六种主要土壤的典型剖面进行系统研究,按《中国土壤系统分类(修订方案)》确定了各土壤剖面具有的诊断层和诊断特性,进行了分类检索,得出了这六种典型土壤剖面在中国土壤系统分类中所属的分类单元,并与现有发生学分类进行了参比。典型剖面研究结果表明:这些土壤分别被划归铁质湿润淋溶土土类、粘磐湿润淋溶土土类、简育水耕人为土土类、淡色潮湿雏形土土类、简育潮湿变性土土类、钙质湿润淋溶土土类。     

云南曲靖植烟土壤交换性钙、镁与关联土壤属性的特征研究

利用GPS定位采集云南曲靖核心烟田耕层土壤样品651个,测定土样交换性钙、镁及pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量,研究交换性钙、镁分布特征及其与土壤其他属性的关系。结果表明:①交换性钙、镁含量均值分别为3 054.3、258.12 mg/kg,变异幅度较大,且两者含量属适宜的占比较低,仅为6.3%和29.8%,总体含量丰富。不同烟区间交换性钙、镁含量差异较大;②交换性钙、镁含量与pH及有机质、全氮、全磷含量呈极显著正相关,交换性钙含量与全钾含量相关性不显著,交换性镁含量与全钾含量呈极显著正相关。采用曲线估计分析每两个属性之间的回归关系,共建立9个拟合曲线函数方程,决定系数为0.118～0.285,拟合误差均在3%以内,拟合优度较好,调节土壤pH、有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾含量对钙镁养分的平衡有重要影响。     

重庆渝东北植烟区土壤交换性钙镁与土壤属性的关联特性研究

为明确重庆渝东北植烟区土壤中交换性钙、镁养分状况与土壤属性的关联特性，为烟区养分管理提供参考依据，利用GPS定位技术在渝东北植烟区采集了1 092个代表性土壤样品，对巫溪、巫山、奉节、万州、涪陵和丰都6个区县植烟土壤交换性钙和交换性镁含量分析，同时与其他土壤属性进行关联分析。结果表明：重庆渝东北植烟土壤交换性钙、镁含量丰富，其平均值分别为10.85 cmol/kg和1.79 cmol/kg，但也存在缺乏现象，且区域分布不均衡。总体来看，土壤交换性钙缺乏(<6 cmol/kg)占比28.30%，土壤交换性镁缺乏(<1.0 cmol/kg)占比42.75%。涪陵县与丰都县的土壤交换性钙、镁缺乏最严重，占比分别为40.00%和55.00%。丰都县与万州区土壤交换性钙、镁含量最适宜烤烟种植，占比分别为42.00%和36.61%。母质是影响土壤交换性钙、镁含量的重要因素，二叠系泥灰岩发育形成的土壤交换性钙、镁含量较高，侏罗纪紫色砂岩含量最低。植烟土壤pH、阳离子交换量与交换性钙、镁存在显著正相关关系，而土壤交换性酸总量与二者呈显著负相关，交换性钙镁缺乏是引起烟田酸化的主要原因。1～2...     

湘东第四纪红色黏土发育的典型土壤在中国土壤 系统分类中的归属

选取湖南省东部地区12个由第四纪红色黏土发育的典型土壤剖面,在对其成土环境、剖面形态特征及其理化性质进行研究的基础上,按照中国土壤系统分类方案,检索出了其诊断层和诊断特性,据此确定了其在中国土壤系统分类中的归属。结果表明,供试土壤剖面包含了淡薄表层、暗瘠表层、低活性富铁层、黏化层、聚铁网纹层等10个诊断层和诊断特性,其在中国系统分类体系中的位置分别为:淋溶土、富铁土和雏形土3个土纲;湿润淋溶土、湿润富铁土和湿润雏形土3个亚纲;简育湿润富铁土、铝质湿润淋溶土和铝质湿润雏形土3个土类;暗红简育湿润富铁土、表蚀简育湿润富铁土、网纹简育湿润富铁土等6个亚类;按照土族和土系划分标准,建立了黏质高岭石型酸性热性-普通铝质湿润淋溶土等9个土族和燕塘系(43-LY01)等12个土系。研究发现:受亚热带气候影响,许多土壤剖面发生了富铁铝化过程,且由于淋溶强烈,形成了聚铁网纹层,而现行的《中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)》还不能给出一个合适的位置,因此建议在铝质湿润淋溶土亚类中增设一个可以反映相关特性的网纹铝质湿润淋溶土亚类。     

Effect of Calcium/Magnesium Ratio in Soil on Magnesium Availability,Yield, and Yield Components of Maize

Abstract

The effect of calcium (Ca)/magnesium (Mg) ratio in the soil on Mg availability, yield, and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.) was investigated both in the greenhouse and the field at eight different Ca/Mg ratios ranging from 1∶1 and 8∶1. In the greenhouse, exchangeable Ca/Mg ratios of 2∶1 to 3∶1 gave optimum yield of maize without Mg‐deficiency symptoms. The Ca/Mg ratios in the soil were positively and significantly correlated with Ca content and negatively and significantly correlated with Mg content. The Ca/Mg ratio in the soil was also positively and significantly correlated with observed Ca/Mg ratio in the maize plant tissue. The Ca/Mg ratio in the soil could be a limiting factor for Mg nutrition of the maize plant. Under field conditions, exchangeable Ca/Mg ratios in the soil showed no significant effects on the Ca and Mg contents of the maize earleaf. However, optimum maize yield was obtained at an exchangeable Ca/Mg ratio of 6∶1.     

CALCIUM DEFICIENCY IN SOME solONETZIC SOILS OF ALBERTA

Analysis of displaced soil solutions, at half available moisture percentage, indicated that Mg to Ca (Mg/Ca) ratios and Ca to total cation (Ca/TC) ratios ranged from 0.35 to 3.64 and 0.74 to 0.04, respectively, in the A and B horizons of the solonetzic soils under study. The growth of barley in simulated solution cultures commenced to decline when the Mg/Ca ratio in solution exceeded 1.0, or when the Ca/TC ratio was lower than 0.15, regardless of levels of salinity, concentrations of Ca or Mg, or differences in ionic strength. Reduced growth was followed by symptoms of Ca deficiency. Growth of barley in soil from various horizons of solonetzic soils supported the results found in solution culture. Calcium amendments to soils with low Ca/TC ratios or high Mg/Ca ratios in the soil solution, gave increases in growth and prevented Ca deficiency.     

Evaluation of Nutrient Release in Salt‐Saturated Soils

Abstract

The effects of irrigating with saline water on native soil fertility and nutrient relationships are not well understood. In a laboratory experiment, we determined the extent of indigenous nutrient [calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn)] release in salt-saturated soils. Soils were saturated with 0, 75, and 150 mmolc L^?1 sodium chloride (NaCl) solution and incubated for 1, 5, 10, and 15 days. The saturation extracts were analyzed for pH, ECe, and water‐soluble Ca, Mg, K, Mn, and Zn, and the remainder soil samples were analyzed for exchangeable forms of these elements. In a subexperiment, three soil types (masa, red‐yellow, and andosol) were saturated individually either with 100 mmolc L^?1 of NaCl, sodium nitrate (NaNO₃), or sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) salt. These salts were also compared for nutrient release. Soils treated with NaCl released higher amounts of water‐soluble than exchangeable nutrients. Except for Zn, the average concentrations of these nutrients in the soil solution increased significantly with time of incubation, but concentrations of the exchangeable forms varied inversely with time of incubation. The masa soil exhibited the highest concentrations of Ca and Mg, whereas K was highest in andosol. The extract from soils treated with NaCl contained greater amounts of soluble cations, whereas soils treated with Na₂SO₄ produced the lowest concentration of these elements irrespective of the type of soil used.     

Ammonium Chloride Solution as an Alternative Laboratory Procedure for Exchangeable Cations in Southern Brazilian Soils

Most Brazilian soil-testing laboratories use Mehlich 1 and 1.0 M potassium chloride (KCl) solutions as extractants for the determination of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sodium (Na) and for exchangeable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and aluminum (Al) in agricultural soil samples. Other laboratories use a combination of exchangeable ionic resin and KCl procedures. With recent adoption of the inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES) in routine soil-testing laboratories, soil extraction with 1.0 M ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) became an alternative due to the possibility of determining all exchangeable elements in one run (Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Na, and Al), leaving determination of phosphorus (P) with Mehlich 1 or exchangeable ionic resin. To evaluate the performance of the NH₄Cl solution, an experiment was carried out with thirty-seven samples of soils representative of the southernmost state of Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul. Four extraction solutions [Mehlich 1 at soil/solution ratio of 1:10 and 1.0 M ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc), 1.0 M KCl, and 1.0 M NH₄Cl at soil/solution ratio 1:20] were used with three different shaking times (5, 30, and 60 min). Correlation coefficients among all methods were high. Mehlich 1 did not perform well against NH₄OAc and NH₄Cl, despite the high correlation coefficients, with values consistently lower for K, even when the time of extraction was increased from 5 to 30 or 60 min. However, for concentrations less than 0.30 cmol kg^?1 (i.e., in the range of K deficiency), both solutions performed similarly. Calcium and Mg increased with time of shaking. Comparable values of exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K, as well as of Al and Mn, were obtained with 1.0 M NH₄Cl with 60 min shaking and the standard procedures of 1.0 M NH₄OAc and 1.0 M KCl. The determination of Al by traditional titration/back-titration of the 1.0 M KCl solution gave slightly greater results compared to ICP-OES obtained using extraction with 1.0 M NH₄Cl. The results indicate that for Ca, Mg, Mn, and Al, it is possible to replace the traditional 1.0 M KCl extraction with 1.0 M NH₄Cl solution, with 60 min shaking time and a soil/solution ratio of 1:20.     

日光温室栽培对土壤养分累积及交换性养分含量和比例的影响

研究了日光温室栽培下陕西关中地区不同土壤养分累积及交换性养分含量及比例的变化,结果表明：日光温室栽培下土壤有机质、硝态氮、有效磷和速效钾等养分显著累积,土壤阳离子交换量明显增加,而土壤pH却出现下降趋势。日光温室土壤交换性K^＋含量显著增加;日光温室和大田土壤交换性Ca^2＋含量相比无明显差异,而日光温室土壤交换性Mg^2＋的含量及其离子饱和度有所提高。日光温室土壤钙饱和度、Ca/K和M g/K均明显低于大田土壤。认为日光温室栽培下大量施用钾肥,是土壤钙离子饱和度及Ca/K和M g/K比例降低的主要原因,建议在评价日光温室土壤养分有效性时,应综合考虑交换性养分的含量、饱和度及离子间的比例关系。     

成土作用及人为活动对水耕人为土钙镁行为的影响

The formation of Stagnic Anthrosols is closely related to rice planting and parent materials. Six representative pedons,two from each of three Stagnic Anthrosol subgroups, Vertic Haplic-, Vertic Gleyic-, and Sulfic Gleyic-Stagnic Anthrosols,from different parent materials and soil formation processes, from Liaoning Province, China, were selected and used along with additional supporting data to assess the potential impact in each soil subgroup combination of both pedogenic and anthropogenic factors on the migration and geochemical characteristics of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) and their relations to soil particle-size composition. Results revealed that exchangeable Mg was correlated positively with clay and silt content, but negatively with sand content, suggesting that clay and silt could retain more exchangeable Mg than sand. Also, in the six pedons exchangeable Ca/Mg ratios generally decreased with depth, which was most likely due to the preferential retention of Mg below the Apl horizon and the effects of bio-cycling in rice-soil systems. The pedons with high pH had smaller exchangeable Ca/Mg ratios than those with low pH. Thus, it was concluded that exchangeable Ca/Mg ratios could be helpful in classification of Stagnic Anthrosols.