吉氏巴贝斯虫实验动物模型的研究

用吉氏巴贝斯虫感染置换了犬红细胞的SCID鼠,吉氏巴贝斯虫在SCID鼠体内得到高水平的生长和增殖.虫体大小比在犬体内略增大,而且繁殖型虫体增多,常在一个红细胞内寄生有2、4、8、16和32个虫体.在感染的第10天前后,末梢血液中红细胞的染虫率高达12%左右.从SCID鼠末稍血液能检出虫体的期限为15～18天左右.从而成功地建立了吉氏巴贝斯虫的实验动物模型.     

从江及都匀地区牛带绦虫试验感染猪牛后从囊尾蚴寄生部位鉴别虫种

目的 观察从江及都匀牛带绦虫感染牛、猪的寄生部位分布及其形态鉴别虫种。方法 取贵州从江县及都匀市牛带绦虫病人虫体的3节孕节(约30000～40000虫卵)直接喂养14日龄约克种乳猪2头和17日龄荷兰乳牛犊2头，于62日龄、67日龄剖杀，观察囊尾蚴分布、形态、测量大小．观察成熟情况。结果 都匀牛带绦虫试验感染猪、牛，其囊尾蚴寄生在肝脏。从江牛带绦虫试验感染牛，其囊尾蚴寄生在全身肌肉，感染猪则仅寄生在肝脏。从江及都匀牛带绦虫感染猪牛后，两者囊尾蚴寄生部位不同。都匀牛带绦虫感染的猪囊尾蚴原头节有两圈类似小钩的点状结构，而从江牛带绦虫感染猪后原头节无小钩。结论 根据从江及都匀牛带绦虫感染牛、猪后囊尾蚴的寄生部位及其原头节小钩的差异，可以证实都匀牛带绦虫是亚洲牛带绦虫。     

犬泡状带绦虫潜在前期研究与PCR鉴定

为查明猪细颈囊尾蚴在犬体内发育为成虫后节片的最早排出时间（潜在前期）,将新鲜的猪细颈囊尾蚴经口感染6只无绦虫犬后,采用反复水洗沉淀法检测感染犬粪中排出的第1个绦虫节片,并用特异PCR方法鉴定其种属。结果显示,6只感染犬的潜在前期分别为60、63、65、69、72、73 d。同时,特异性PCR结果显示其序列与Genbank收录的泡状带绦虫序列的相似性为99%,确认犬排出的节片为泡状带绦虫。本研究为建立泡状带绦虫在宿主体内的发育模型提供了一定的基础资料。     

异源性抗原抗猪囊尾蚴感染的研究

本文报道了泡状带绦虫活化六钩蚴的超声裂解抗原可以诱导猪体产生抗猪带绦虫攻击感染的交叉保护作用。猪囊尾蚴匀浆抗原也使猪体产生了较强的抗猪带绦虫攻击感染的保护作用。泡状带绦虫六钩蚴超裂抗原免疫组与猪囊尾蚴匀浆抗原免疫组的保护情况是相似的,这表明异源免疫也可使猪体产生较好的抗猪囊尾蚴感染的免疫。由于制备异源性抗原的泡状带绦虫能够从狗的体内获得,因此在体外培养猪带绦虫未获成功之前可以解决从人体获取猪带绦虫的困难。     

两种带绦虫感染家猪的病理学比较研究

为了探明亚洲带绦虫和牛带绦虫在家猪体内的发育规律及致病性,试验用两种带绦虫卵分别灌胃感染家猪,于不同时间剖检,观察两种带绦虫在家猪体内的发育情况,并取肝组织进行病理检查.结果表明:家猪对两种带绦虫卵均易感,是亚洲带绦虫的适宜中间宿主,牛带绦虫的非适宜中间宿主;亚洲带绦虫囊尾蚴寄生数量多,各期发育良好;而牛带绦虫囊尾蚴寄...     

我县猪囊虫病情况浅析

猪囊虫病,又称猪囊尾蚴病,囊尾蚴是寄生在人体内的猪带绦虫的幼虫.猪和野猪是最主要的中间宿主,人则是猪带绦虫的终末宿主.猪感染猪囊虫往往是由于猪吃了混有猪带绦虫孕节卵的人粪便而感染发病.对养猪业危害极大,既危害人类健康也影响共公卫生.成为肉品卫生检验中的重要任务.笔者从事我县猪肉检验数十年,猪囊虫病肉在被检出的病肉中占据首位.不但影响了人民的食肉安全,而且使养猪户受到较大的经济损失.     

人工感染的亚洲带绦虫六钩蚴在幼猪体内的分布和致病观察

亚洲带绦虫是以猪为中间宿主的人体带绦虫,为了研究其幼虫的肝趋向性和组织选择性,试验分别用亚洲带绦虫虫卵灌胃和酶法孵化出六钩蚴后以静脉注射方式感染幼猪,35d后剖检,观察六钩蚴在猪体内的分布、发育和引起病变的特征。结果表明:两种途径入侵家猪的亚洲带绦虫六钩蚴都仅在肝脏发育成囊尾蚴;经静脉感染的幼猪肝脏、肺脏、肾脏、肌肉和皮下组织可检出以嗜酸性肉芽肿为主要特征的病变;经灌胃感染的幼猪则仅见肝脏出现病变,其他组织器官未见明显病变。     

牛囊尾蚴病感染情况调查

猪囊尾蚴病已被广泛了解和重视,而牛囊尾蚴病比较少见,且往往被兽医工作者和肉品检疫人员所忽视.为此,笔者对某食品公司连续10天从内蒙购入的黄牛共计800头,通过屠宰后检疫,进行了本病调查.结果检出感染囊尾蚴病牛14头,感染率为1.75%.感染强度为有6头牛在规定检疫部位两处检出虫体,有4头牛在规定检疫部位一处检出虫体,有4头牛在规定检疫部位虽没发现虫体,但在剔肉时检出了少量虫体.在40平方厘米的切面上有2头牛有2个虫体,其余的牛有1个虫体.     

千阳县猪囊虫病情况浅析

猪囊虫病,又称猪囊尾蚴.是寄生在人体内的猪带绦虫(Taenia Soelam)的幼虫——猪囊尾蚴(Gstlercuscelewtsae).猪和野猪是最主要的中间宿主,人则是猪带绦虫(Taenia Sotiam)的终末宿主.猪感染猪囊虫往往是由于猪吃了混有猪带绦虫孕节卵的人粪便而感染发病.因此,不但对养猪业危害极大,既危害人类健康也影响共公卫生.成为肉品卫生检验中的重大任务.笔者从事猪肉检验数十年,发现猪囊虫病肉在被检出的病肉中据首位.     

抗囊虫药物对体内成熟期猪囊尾蚴囊壁生化指标的影响

将无猪囊尾蚴感染的仔猪经人工感染猪带绦虫卵后，确认猪囊尾蚴成熟率达到80％以上后，分为三组，除一组不用任何药物作为对照外，其余两组分别采用囊效0号、囊效1号两种药物，通过检测囊尾蚴囊壁的HK、PK、LDH、MDH、G6PDH活性变化及GLc、LAC含量变化，结果表明药物通过抑制猪囊尾蚴虫体的延胡索酸还原酶复合体，使逆向三羧酸循环受阻，引起MDH、HK活性的抑制，进而干扰其他代谢途径，而宿主体内各系统的参与加速了虫体死亡的进程，应用的两种药物中NX1的药效优于NX0。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -