绵羊支原体肺炎灭活疫苗的研制及其免疫效果的初步观察

绵羊传染性胸膜肺炎一年四季均有发生,常呈地方流行性,接触传染性强。特别是在气候多变、异常寒冷的11月份至第2年的2月份最为集中,此时不但发病率高,死亡率也很高。大小羊均可感染,但1-2月龄羔羊发病率最高,特别是当继发链球菌或巴氏杆菌感染时死亡率则更高。病羊是该病的主要传染源,病原体主要经呼吸道分泌物排出;通过空气、飞沫经呼吸道感染发病。本病的发病率为14．28％～96．87％,死亡率为22．58％～91．1％,给畜牧业造成严重损失。因此,如何做好易感群中健康羊的免疫,是预防和控制本病发生的关键。为简化免疫程序,提高免疫效果,从而设计本试验。     

山羊传染性胸膜肺炎的症状及诊治

山羊传染性胸膜肺炎是由山羊霉形体引起的山羊特有的急性或慢性高度接触性传染病，特征为高热、咳嗽、纤维性肺炎和胸膜炎。病原体是丝状霉形体山羊亚种，为细小、多形性的微生物，革兰氏染色阴性。病原主要存在于病羊的肺、胸水和纵隔淋巴结中，主要经呼吸道分泌物排菌，通过空气飞沫经呼吸传染，且多感染3岁以下的山羊。该病在羊群中的发病率和死亡率有较大差异，初次发病羊群的发病率和死亡率均较高，经过一段时间后逐渐趋于缓和，发病率和死亡率明显下降。如果羊舍卫生条件过差、潮湿、通风不良，羊群饲养密度过大、长途运输、饲喂不良、营养缺乏、羊群严重缺乏青饲料，维生素缺乏，特别是维生素E供应不足、天气突变等均会导致山羊传染性胸膜肺炎的发生。     

梅花鹿霉形体与巴氏杆菌混合感染的病例诊治

梅花鹿霉形体病是一种以慢性呼吸道症状为主的传染性疾病,一般是隐性感染,但由于饲养条件不良,或者其它细菌、病毒等微生物的混合感染,则发生严重的呼吸道障碍。因其流行范围较广,发病率较高,难以在短时间内治愈,给梅花鹿养殖业带来了危害。该病在慢性发病的过程中,虽不造成大批的死亡,但能使梅花鹿的生产性能下降,给其他病原体侵入创造条件。该病可在鹿场内代代相传,难以清除。2011年2月接到送检死鹿的肺脏、肝脏等病变组织,经问询和实验室检查诊断为鹿霉形体和     

1起山羊传染性胸膜肺炎的诊治

山羊的传染性胸膜肺炎又称“烂肺病”，病原体为丝状霉形体，是接触性传染病。临床以咳嗽、高热为主要特征，多呈地方性流行，一旦发病，在羊群中传播迅速。病原体主要存在病羊的肺、胸水和纵膈淋巴结中，革兰氏染色呈阴性。本病主要感染3岁以下的山羊，主要通过和病羊接触或经空气通过呼吸道感染；营养缺乏、寒冷潮湿、羊群拥挤等因素，常可诱发本病。笔者现将一起山羊传染性胸膜肺炎的诊治情况介绍如下。     

山羊传染性胸膜肺炎诊治

<正>山羊传染性胸膜肺炎是由支原体引起的高度接触性传染病。1流行特点1.1传染源病羊和带菌羊是本病的主要传染源。带菌羊发病症状不明显,但病程长,其肺组织内含有的大量的病原体在相当长的时间内具有很强的活力,故带菌羊是最危险的传染源。1.2传播途径病原体可通过飞沫经呼吸道引起感染,被污染的饲料和饮水也可传播本病。1.3易感动物不同地区,不同品种、年龄、性别的山羊均可感染本病,本病以三岁以下山羊最易     

羊支原体肺炎诊断与防治

羊支原体肺炎,是一种广泛流行在绵羊和山羊的高度接触性传染病,又称羊传染性胸膜肺炎。病羊和带菌羊是本病的主要传染源,患病羊的肺脏组织和胸腔渗出液中均含有大量的病原体,经呼吸道分泌物排出,污染舍饲用具。在自然状态下,羊支原体性肺炎主要通过飞沫传染,该病发生后能够在羊群中猛烈传播,可波及全群,主要影响呼吸系统,它通常是零星或地方性流行。在临床上以高热、咳嗽、肺脏及胸膜的浆液性和纤维素性炎症为特征[1]。发病率在20%~30%,有时高达60%~80%,死亡率在10%~30%之间,3岁以下的羊最容易感染。     

浅谈鸡传染性法氏囊病的综合防治

鸡传染性法氏囊病是由病毒引起15日龄以内雏鸡和育成鸡的一种急性接触传染性疾病。该病主要是破坏鸡法氏囊淋巴细胞，使鸡的免疫机能发生障碍，体液免疫受剑抑制，本病除造成死亡外，主要增加了其它传染瘸易感性，易造成合并感染。该病发病率较高，特别是肉仔鸡，发病率最高，死亡率可高达30％。     

中西医结合治疗山羊传染性胸膜肺炎

山羊传染性胸膜肺炎是由羊丝状支原体引起山羊特有的一种接触性传染病,也是山羊易感的病原之一,病羊和隐性病羊是本病的主要传染源,随痰、鼻液和飞沫经呼吸道传染。该病以高热、咳嗽、纤维蛋白渗出性肺炎和胸膜炎为特征。发病率高,传播快,死亡率高,给山羊生产发展带来极大影响。     

山羊传染性胸膜肺炎的诊治

山羊传染性胸膜肺炎又称为"烂肺病",是由支原体所引起的高度接触性传染病。1流行特点本病只感染山羊,其他畜禽不会感染,各品种的山羊均可感染发病,奶山羊发病较一般山羊快,尤其以3岁以下的山羊发病率高。病羊和隐性病羊是主要传染源。本病主要经呼吸道感染,或病羊接触了健     

羊传染性脓疱病的综合防治措施

羊传染性脓疱病又称传染性脓疱性皮炎,俗称"羊口疮"。该病是由传染性脓疱病毒引起的一种急性、接触性传染病,以患羊唇部皮肤黏膜形成丘疹、脓疱、溃疡和厚痂为主要发病特征。该病的发病率高、传播迅速,倘若继发其他疾病,将加大死亡率,给养殖户造成极大的经济损失。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.