江苏省土壤有机碳空间差异性以及影响因素研究

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a key role in the global carbon cycle.In this study,we used statistical and geostatistical methods to characterize and compare the spatial heterogeneity of SOC in soils of Jiangsu Province,China,and investigate the factors that influence it,such as topography,soil type,and land use.Our study was based on 24 186 soil samples obtained from the surface soil layer (0-0.2 m) and covering the entire area of the province.Interpolated values of SOC density in the surface layer,obtained by kriging based on a spherical model,ranged between 3.25 and 32.43 kg m 3.The highest SOC densities tended to occur in the Taihu Plain,Lixia River Plain,along the Yangtze River,and in high-elevation hilly areas such as those in northern and southwest Jiangsu,while the lowest values were found in the coastal plain.Elevation,slope,soil type,and land use type significantly affected SOC densities.Steeper slope tended to result in SOC decline.Correlation between elevation and SOC densities was positive in the hill areas but negative in the low plain areas,probably due to the effect of different land cover types,temperature,and soil fertility.High SOC densities were usually found in limestone and paddy soils and low densities in coastal saline soils and alluvial soils,indicating that high clay and silt contents in the soils could lead to an increase,and high sand content to a decrease in the accumulation of SOC.SOC densities were sensitive to land use and usually increased in towns,woodland,paddy land,and shallow water areas,which were strongly affected by industrial and human activities,covered with highly productive vegetation,or subject to long-term use of organic fertilizers or flooding conditions.     

采样密度对中国红壤地区土壤有机碳空间变异研究的影响效应

Spatial variability of soil organic carbon (SOC) of different land use patterns and soil types was examined in a county-wide red soil region of South China,using six sampling densities,14,34,68,130,255,and 525 samples designed by the method of grid sampling in 6 different grid sizes,labeled as D14,D34,D68,D130,D255,and D525,respectively.The results showed that the coefficients of variation (CVs) of SOC decreased gradually from 62.8% to 47.4% with the increase in soil sampling densities.The SOC CVs in the paddy field change slightly from 30.8% to 28.7%,while those of the dry farmland and forest land decreased remarkably from 58.1% to 48.7% and from 99.3% to 64.4%,respectively.The SOC CVs of the paddy soil change slightly,while those of red soil decreased remarkably from 82.8% to 63.9%.About 604,500,and 353 (P < 0.05) samples would be needed a number of years later if the SOC change was supposedly 1.52 g kg-1,based on the CVs of SOC acquired from the present sampling densities of D14,D68,and D525,respectively.Moreover,based on the same SOC change and the present time CVs at D255,the ratio of samples needed for paddy field,dry farmland,and forest land should be 1:0.81:3.33,while the actual corresponding ratio in an equal interval grid sampling was 1:0.74:0.46.These indicated that the sampling density had important effect on the detection of SOC variability in the county-wide region,the equal interval grid sampling was not efficient enough,and the respective CV of each land use or soil type should be fully considered when determining the sampling number in the future.     

Multi-scale processes influencing global carbon storage and land-carbon-climate nexus: A critical review

Carbon(C) is a key constitutive element in living organisms(plants, microbes, animals, and humans). Carbon is also a basic component of agriculture because it plays a dynamic role in crop growth, development, nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and other agricultural features. The presence of C enhances soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. The C cycle supports all life on the Earth by transferring C between living organisms and the environment. The global climate is changing, and th...     

环境与人为因子对水稻土有机质变化的影响——以长江中下游平原为例

Changes in soil organic matter (SOM) can affect food security,soil and water conservation,and climate change.However,the drivers of changes in SOM in paddy soils of China are not fully understood because the effects of agricultural management and environmental factors are studied separately.Soil,climate,terrain,and agricultural management data from 6 counties selected based on representative soil types and cropping systems in China were used in correlation analysis,analysis of variance,and cforest modeling to analyze the drivers of changes in SOM in paddy soils in the Middle and Lower Yangtze River Plain from 1980 to 2011.The aims of this study were to identify the main factors driving the changes in SOM and to quantitatively evaluate their individual impacts.Results showed that the paddy SOM stock in the study area increased by 12.5％ at an average rate of 0.023 kg m-2 year-1 over the 31-year study period.As a result of long-term rice planting,agricultural management practices had a greater influence than soil properties,climate,and terrain.Among the major drivers,straw incorporation,the most influential driver,together with fertilization and tillage practices,significantly increased the accumulation of SOM,while an increase in temperature significantly influenced SOM decomposition.Therefore,to confront the challenge of rising temperatures,it is important to strengthen the positive effects of agricultural management.Rational fertilizer use for stabilizing grain production and crop straw incorporation are promising measures for potential carbon sequestration in this region.     

1950--2010年间中国茶园碳储量的演变特征

Tea(Camellia sinensis),an economically important crop grown in mountain regions,has been planted for thousands of years in South China.Tea plantations can potentially act as carbon(C) sink in local agrosystems due to their high plant biomass and provide soil conservation service.To assess the contribution of tea plantations to C sequestration,the chronosequence variations of C storage were assessed in the plants and soils(0-20 cm) of tea plantations in China from 1950 to 2010,and then the inter-annual and decadal variabilities of total C storage were estimated.Total C stocks in tea plants and soils in 2010 were 34.4 and 93.45 Tg,respectively.Carbon sequestration from 1950 to 2010 was 30.6 and 39.0 Tg in the plants and soils,respectively.The highest C sequestration happened during the 1980 s and the lowest during the 1950 s.The decadal average C sequestration rate ranged from 20.4 to 113.9 g m~(-2) year~(-1) in the standing tea plants,and from 54.6 to 98.8 g m~(-2) year~(-1) in soils during the period of 1950 to 2010.The average ratio of C storage in soils to that in plants was 3.00 ± 0.35 before 1970 and 2.44 ± 0.18 after 1970.The results suggested that tea plantation ecosystems made an important contribution to the C sinks in Chinese tea-producing regions.     

水旱轮作与林地利用方式对中国滨海滩涂土壤微生物生物量碳的影响

Rice-wheat rotation and poplar afforestation are two typical land use types in the coastal reclaimed flatlands of eastern China.This study investigated two rice-wheat rotation lands(one reclaimed from 1995 to 2004 and cultivated since 2005, RW1, and the other reclaimed from 1975 to 1995 and cultivated since 1996, RW2) and a poplar woodland(reclaimed from 1995 to 2004 and planted in2004, PW1) to determine the effects of land use types and years of cultivation on soil microbial biomass and mineralizable carbon(C) in this coastal salt-affected region. The results showed that the soil in PW1 remained highly salinized, whereas desalinization was observed in RW1. The total organic C(TOC) in the top soil of PW1 and RW1 did not show significant differences, whereas at a soil depth of 20–30 cm, the TOC of RW1 was approximately 40%–67% higher than that of PW1. The TOC of 0–30-cm soil in RW2 was approximately 37% higher than that in RW1. Microbial biomass C(MBC) and mineralizable C(MNC) exhibited the trend of RW2 RW1 PW1. Sufficient nutrition with more abundant C substrates resulted in higher MBC and MNC, and soil respiration rates were negatively correlated with C/N in RW1 and RW2. Nutrient deficiency and high salinity played key roles in limiting MBC in PW1. These suggested that rice-wheat rotation was more beneficial than poplar afforestation for C accumulation and microbial biomass growth in the coastal salt-affected soils.     

中国西南地区西双版纳不同时期橡胶林生态系统的碳储量变化

Rubber(Hevea brasiliensis) plantations have been expanded rapidly in tropical regions of Southwest China and cover more than20% of land area in Xishuangbanna.Several studies have addressed changes of soil C stocks in rubber plantations;however,estimates of total ecosystem C stocks and their temporal changes in rubber plantations have been inadequately studied.This study calculated C stocks in soil,biomass,litter,and dry rubber(latex),and estimated the total ecosystem C stocks of rubber plantations in an age sequence of 3-,7-,9-,21-,27-,and 34-year-old in Xishuangbanna,Southwest China.The total C stocks in rubber plantations ranged from 150.3 to 283.7 Mg C ha~(-1),with a mean of 213.4 Mg C ha~(-1).The plantations≤9-year-old had significantly lower(P0.05)total C stocks than those older than 9 years.Carbon stocks in soil(mass equivalent) were between 107.1–170.5 Mg C ha~(-1) and in living biomass were between 2.8–95.7 Mg C ha~(-1),representing the largest and the second largest C components in a rubber plantation ecosystem.Neglect of dry rubber C stock resulted in an underestimate of 7.8%–14.2% of the total C stock in the rubber plantations older than 9 years,which was much larger than the contribution of litter C stock(less than 2%).     

土壤有机碳活性组分沿中国长白山海拔坡度的分布情况

Understanding the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC) fractions to altitudinal gradient variation is important for understanding changes in the carbon balance of forest ecosystems.In our study the SOC and its fractions of readily oxidizable carbon(ROC),water-soluble carbon(WSC) and microbial biomass carbon(MBC) in the soil organic and mineral horizons were investigated for four typical forest types,including mixed coniferous broad-leaved forest(MCB),dark coniferous spruce-fir forest(DCSF),dark coniferous spruce forest(DCS),and Ermans birch forest(EB),along an altitudinal gradient in the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve in Northeast China.The results showed that there was no obvious altitudinal pattern in the SOC.Similar variation trends of SOC with altitude were observed between the organic and mineral horizons.Significant differences in the contents of SOC,WSC,MBC and ROC were found among the four forest types and between horizons.The contents of ROC in the mineral horizon,WSC in the organic horizon and MBC in both horizons in the MCB and EB forests were significantly greater than those in either DCSF or DCS forest.The proportion of soil WSC to SOC was the lowest among the three main fractions.The contents of WSC,MBC and ROC were significantly correlated(P < 0.05) with SOC content.It can be concluded that vegetation types and climate were crucial factors in regulating the distribution of soil organic carbon fractions in Changbai Mountain.     

互花米草入侵潮滩沼泽本土C4植物后土壤有机碳的动态变化

Invasion of an exotic C_4 plant Spartina alterniflora has been shown to increase soil organic carbon(SOC) concentrations in native C_3 plant-dominated coastal wetlands of China. However, little is known about the effects of S. alterniflora invasion on SOC concentrations and fractions in tidal marshes dominated by native C_4 plants. In this study, a field experiment was conducted in a tidal marsh dominated by the native C_4 plant Cyperus malaccensis in the Minjiang River estuary, China. Concentrations of SOC and liable SOC fractions, dissolved organic carbon(DOC), microbial biomass carbon(MBC), and easily oxidizable carbon(EOC),were measured in the top 50-cm soils of the C. malaccensis community, as well as those of three S. alterniflora communities with an invasion duration of 0–4 years(SA-4), 4–8 years(SA-8), and 8–12 years(SA-12), respectively. Results showed that both SOC stocks in the 50-cm soils and mean SOC concentrations in the surface soils(0–10 cm) of the C. malaccensis community increased with the duration of S. alterniflora invasion, whereas SOC concentrations in the 10–50-cm soils decreased slightly during the initial period of S. alterniflora invasion, before increasing again. The pattern of changes in labile SOC fractions(DOC, MBC, and EOC) with invasion duration was generally similar to that of SOC, while the ratios of labile SOC fractions to total SOC(DOC:SOC, MBC:SOC, and EOC:SOC) decreased significantly with the duration of S. alterniflora invasion. The findings of this study suggest that invasion of the exotic C_4 plant S. alterniflora into a marsh dominated by the native C_4 plant C. malaccensis would enhance SOC sequestration owing to the greater amount of biomass and lower proportion of labile SOC fractions present in the S. alterniflora communities.     

中国农田土壤有机碳贮存的空间特征

The soil organic carbon (SOC) pool is the largest component of terrestrial carbon pools. With the construction of a geographically referenced database taken from the second national general soil survey materials and based on 1546 typical cropland soil profiles, the paddy field and dryland SOC storage among quantified to characterize the spatial pattern of cropland SOC storage in China regions of China were systematically to examine the relationship between mean annual temperature, precipitation, soil texture features arid SOC content. In all regions, paddy soils had higher SOC storage than dryland soils, and cropland SOC content was the highest in Southwest China. Climate controlled the spatial distribution of SOC in both paddy and dryland soils, with SOC storage increasing with increasing precipitation and decreasing with increasing temperature.     

Soil particulate organic carbon under different land use and management

Abstract. Changes in particulate organic carbon (POC) relative to total organic carbon (TOC) were measured in soils from five agronomic trial sites in New South Wales, Australia. These sites covered a wide range of different land use and management practices. POC made up 42–74% of TOC and tended to be greater under pasture and more conservative management than traditional cropping regimes. It was the form of organic carbon preferentially lost when soils under long-term pasture were brought under cultivation. It was also the dominant form of organic carbon accumulating under more conservative management practices (direct drilling, stubble retained and organic farming). Across all sites, changes in POC accounted for 81.2% (range 69–94%) of the changes in total organic carbon caused by differences in land use and management. Significant differences were found between pasture and cropped soils in the carbon content in the <53 μm fraction, particularly for hardsetting soils. However, even with these, POC was a more sensitive indicator of change caused by land use and management practices than TOC. The current method for measuring POC involves dispersion using sodium hexametaphosphate. The dispersing agent was found to extract 4–19 % of the TOC, leading to a significant under-estimation of POC.     

耕作方式对华北农田土壤固碳效应的影响

研究不同耕作方式对华北农田土壤固碳及碳库管理指数的影响,可为探寻有利于农田固碳的耕作方式提供科学依据。该研究在中国农业大学吴桥实验站进行,试验于2008年设置了免耕秸秆不还田(NT0)、翻耕秸秆不还田(CT0)、免耕秸秆还田(NT)、翻耕秸秆还田(CT)和旋耕秸秆还田(RT)5个处理。研究测定分析了土壤容重、有机碳、易氧化有机碳含量及不同耕作方式下的碳库管理指数。通过对不同耕作方式下0～110cm土壤的分析,结果表明,随着土层的加深,土壤有机碳含量不断下降,NT显著增加了表层(0～10cm)土壤有机碳含量,而>10～50cm有机碳含量较其他处理(NT0除外)有所下降,深层(>50～110cm)处理间差异不明显;土壤容重与有机碳含量呈显著的负相关关系(P<0.01);0～30cm土层有机碳储量以NT最高,CT与其无明显差异,二者较CT0分别高出13.1%和11.0%,而至0～50cm土层,CT的碳储量最高,但与NT无显著差异(P<0.05);与CT0相比,NT0降低了各层土壤易氧化有机碳含量,而NT则在0～10cm土层表现为增加;RT、CT分别显著增加了0～10、>10～30cm土层的碳库管理指数。结果表明,秸秆还田可改善土壤质量,提高农田碳库管理指数,同时碳库管理指数受耕作方式的影响也较大,尤其是CT和RT;NT通过减少土壤扰动、增加有机质的输入,可提高上层土壤有机碳的储量。     

An assessment of subsoil organic carbon stocks in England and Wales

It is estimated that half the soil carbon globally is in the subsoil, but data are scarce. We updated estimates of subsoil organic carbon (OC) in England and Wales made by Bradley et al. (2005) using soil and land‐use databases and compared the results with other published data. We estimated that the soils of England and Wales contained 1633, 1143 and 506 Tg of OC at 0–30, 30–100 and 100–150 cm depths, respectively. Thus, half of the soil OC was found below 30 cm depth. Peat soils accounted for the largest proportion, containing 44% of all the OC below 30 cm despite their small areal extent, followed by brown soils, surface‐water gley soils, ground‐water gley soils and podzolic soils. Peat soils had more than 25% of their profile OC per unit area in the 100–150 cm depth, whereas most other soils had <8% at this depth. The differences between soil types were consistent with differences in soil formation processes. Differences in depth distributions between land uses were small, but subsoil OC stocks in cultivated soils were generally smaller than in soils under grassland or other land uses. Data on subsoil OC stocks in the literature were scarce, but what there was broadly agreed with the findings of the above database exercise. There was little evidence by which to assess how subsoil OC stocks were changing over time.     

重建生态系统有机碳贮量的时空变异

In global change research, changes of soil organic carbon (SOC) reservoirs in tropical and subtropical regions are still unknown. The temporal-spatial variability of SOC stocks was determined in a basin of over 579 km² in subtropical China from 1981 to 2002. ArcGIS8.l software was utilized for spatial analysis of semivariance, ordinary kriging (OK), and probability kriging (PK). Grid and hierarchical approaches were employed for the sampling scenario in 2002 with 106 Global Position System (GPS) established spots sampled. Bulk topsoil samples (0-30 cm) were collected at three random sites on each spot. The SOC content for 1981 came from the SOC map of the Second National Soil Survey. Geostatistical results of the nugget to sill ratio (0.215-0.640) in the rehabilitating ecosystem indicated a moderate spatial dependence for SOC on this large scale. The range of SOC changed from 2.04 km in 1981 to 7.15 km in 2002. The mean topsoil SOC increased by 4.6% from 10.63 g kg^-1 (1981) to 11.12 g kg^-1 (2002). However, during this 21-year period 25.2% of the total basin area experienced a decrease in SOC. Also, the probability kriging results showed that the geometric mean probabilities of SOC ≤ 6.0 g kg^-1, ≤ 11.0 g kg^-1 and > 15.0 g kg^-1 were 0.188, 0.534 and 0.378, respectively in 2002, comparing to 0.234, 0.416 and 0.234 in that order in 1981, respectively. The SOC storage in the topsoil increased by 17.0% during this time with the main increase occurring in forests and cultivated land, which amounted to 82.5% and 17.0% of the total increase, respectively.     

土地整理对农田土壤碳含量的影响

土地整理对土壤的强扰动会影响土壤的碳循环平衡,为了研究土地整理对农田土壤碳含量的影响,通过间接采样和随机采样方法,采集了江苏3个土地整理区土地整理前后土样进行有机质测定,初步分析了不同土地整理区土地整理后的土壤碳含量变化及其变化差异原因。主要结论有：1）通过土地整理,3个土地整理区土壤碳含量都有得到提高。其中,苏南丹阳土地整理区碳质量分数提高了26.05%,碳密度提高23.87%,提高幅度最大,碳密度变化方向与碳含量变化具有一致性,但提高幅度低于碳含量。这与各整理区原有土质、土地整理工程施工方式、施工时间等因素密切相关。2）水田碳质量分数显著高于旱地碳质量分数,但是经过土地整理旱地碳含量提高幅度大于水田,水田在整理前后碳含量变化幅度不大。3）在土地整理项目实施前应制定适宜的土地整理规划,实施有利于土壤固碳的土地整理工程。     

半干旱区县域农田土壤有机碳固存速率及影响因素——以甘肃庄浪县为例

通过对甘肃省庄浪县梯田土壤采样分析,结合第二次土壤普查及庄浪县耕地质量评价数据,估算梯田土壤固碳速率并分析其影响因素。结果表明: 1）该县农田土壤沟谷台地的有机碳含量最高,沟谷、 梁峁坡地次之,沟谷川坪地有机碳最低,不同地形有机碳含量差异显著（P0.05）; 2）80% 的样点土壤有机碳含量在6.0~11.0 g/kg之间,总体上020 cm农田土壤有机碳含量呈现正态分布,剖面有机碳含量从上至下呈逐渐递减规律; 3）现阶段庄浪县020 cm农田土壤有机碳密度为20.02 t/hm2,低于全国耕层土壤有机碳密度平均水平（33.45 t/hm2）,近30年020 cm 土壤固碳速率为C 63 kg /(hm2a),近5年固碳速率为 C 26 kg /(hm2a); 4）在半干旱区县域尺度上,地形部位可解释43%的有机碳变异性,有机肥、 坡向和田面坡度三者之和可解释47.1% 的有机碳变异性,土壤类型可解释9.9% 的有机碳变异性。综合分析表明,庄浪县农田土壤有机碳密度在过去30年间呈增加趋势,可能与庄浪县在60年代开始的大规模梯田建设和水土流失治理有关。     

Current trends of soil organic carbon in English arable soils

Abstract. A model of the impact of land management changes upon soil organic carbon (SOC) was constructed, and the total amount of topsoil organic carbon was estimated for the arable area of England from 1940 to 2000. The largest influence on the overall mean SOC in arable topsoils proved to be a decline in the area of both permanent and temporary grassland. SOC declined over a prolonged period (60 years), but has now reached a plateau. Modelling changes in mean values enabled a statistical evaluation to be made between a measured decline in the number of sites with 'high' SOC levels between 1980 and 1995, and the decline predicted by the model. The SOC content of arable soils in England was measured at National Soil Inventory sites twice in recent decades: in 1980 and 1995. The proportion of fine textured soils in the lowest SOC class (<2.3%) rose from just over 40% to about 50% over the same period. There was a significant difference between the observed values of 1995 and those expected from modelling the decline from 1980 values, in the category of 'low SOC' fine textured soils. The variation in the fine textured soils represents a significant and widespread decline in topsoil organic carbon concentrations, which was greater than the underlying long-term trend.     

Land Use and Soil Organic Carbon in China’s Village Landscapes

Village landscapes, which integrate small-scale agriculture with housing, forestry, and a host of other land use practices, cover more than 2 million square kilometers across China. Village lands tend to be managed at very fine spatial scales (≤ 30 m), with managers both adapting their practices to existing variation in soils and terrain (e.g., fertile plains vs. infertile slopes) and also altering soil fertility and even terrain by terracing, irrigation, fertilizing, and other land use practices. Relationships between fine-scale land management patterns and soil organic carbon (SOC) in the top 30 cm of village soils were studied by sampling soils within fine-scale landscape features using a regionally weighted landscape sampling design across five environmentally distinct sites in China. SOC stocks across China’s village regions (5 Pg C in the top 30 cm of 2 × 10 6 km 2 ) represent roughly 4% of the total SOC stocks in global croplands. Although macroclimate varied from temperate to tropical in this study, SOC density did not vary significantly with climate, though it was negatively correlated with regional mean elevation. The highest SOC densities within landscapes were found in agricultural lands, especially paddy, the lowest SOC densities were found in nonproductive lands, and forest lands tended toward moderate SOC densities. Due to the high SOC densities of agricultural lands and their predominance in village landscapes, most village SOC was found in agricultural land, except in the tropical hilly region, where forestry accounted for about 45% of the SOC stocks. A surprisingly large portion of village SOC was associated with built structures and with the disturbed lands surrounding these structures, ranging from 18% in the North China Plain to about 9% in the tropical hilly region. These results confirmed that local land use practices, combined with local and regional variation in terrain, were associated with most of the SOC variation within and across China’s village landscapes and may be an important cause of regional variation in SOC.     

The soil organic carbon: Clay ratio in North Devon,UK: Implications for marketing soil carbon as an asset class

Building up stocks of agricultural soil organic carbon (SOC) can improve soil conditions as well as contribute to climate change mitigation. As a metric, the ratio of SOC to clay offers a better predictor of soil condition than SOC alone, potentially providing a benchmark for ecosystem service payments. We determined SOC:clay ratios for 50 fields in the North Devon UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve using 30 cm soil cores (divided into 0–10 cm and 10–30 cm depth samples), with soil bulk density, soil moisture and land-use history recorded for each field. All the arable soils exceeded the minimum desirable SOC:clay ratio threshold, and the ley grassland soils generally exceeded it but were inconsistent at 10–30 cm. Land use was the primary factor driving SOC:clay ratios at 0–10 cm, with permanent pasture fields having the highest ratios followed by ley grass and then arable fields. Approximately half of the fields sampled had potential for building up SOC stock at 10–30 cm. However, at this depth, the effect of land use is significantly reduced. Within-field variability in SOC and clay was low (coefficient of variation was ~10%) at both 0–10 cm and 10–30 cm, suggesting that SOC:clay ratios precisely characterized the fields. Due to the high SOC:clay ratios found, we conclude that there is limited opportunity to market additional carbon sequestration as an asset class in the North Devon Biosphere or similar areas. Instead, preserving existing SOC stocks would be a more suitable ecosystem service payment basis.