土壤添加沼渣对温室气体排放及小麦生长的影响

Digestate, the product obtained after anaerobic digestion of organic waste for biogas production, is rich in plant nutrients and might be used to fertilize crops. Wheat(Triticum spp. L.) was fertilized with digestate, urea, or left unfertilized and cultivated in the greenhouse for 120 d. Emissions of greenhouse gasses(carbon dioxide(CO_2), methane(CH_4), and nitrous oxide(N_2O)) were monitored and plant growth characteristics were determined at harvest. The digestate was characterized for heavy metals, pathogens, and C and N mineralization potential in an aerobic incubation experiment. No Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., or viable eggs of helminths were detected in the digested pig slurry, but the number of faecal coliforms was as high as 3.6 × 10~4colony-forming units(CFU) g-~(1)dry digestate. The concentrations of heavy metals did not surpass the upper limits established by US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). After 28 d, 17% of the organic C(436 g kg~(-1)dry digestate) and 8% of the organic N(6.92 g kg~(-1)dry digestate)were mineralized. Emissions of CO_2 and CH_4 were not significantly affected by fertilization in the wheat-cultivated soil, but digestate significantly increased the cumulative N_2O emission by 5 times compared to the urea-amended soil and 63 times compared to the uncultivated unfertilized soil. It could be concluded that digestate was nutrient rich and low in heavy metals and pathogens, and did not affect emissions of CH_4 and CO_2 when applied to a soil cultivated with wheat, but increased emission of N_2O.     

联合施用不同植物物质和鸡粪对土壤碳氮含量和蔬菜产量的影响

The use of plant materials as soil amendments is an uncommon practice amongst major farming communities in Ghana, although it is necessary for soil fertility improvement. An examination of the effects of soil amendments is necessary to encourage the use of under-utilized organic resources in Ghana. Thus, a field experiment was conducted using 8 different tropical plant materials mixed with chicken manure as soil amendments for growth of tomato as a test crop. The plant materials included Leucaena leucocephala, Centrosema pubescens, Sesbania sesban, Gliricidia sepium, Mucuna pruriens, Pueraria phaseoloides, Azadirachta indica, and Theobroma cacao. There were two other treatments: one with equivalent amounts of chemical fertilizers and the other with no-fertilizer input (control). Plant materials were mixed with chicken manure to obtain a uniform carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio of 5:1. Except the no-fertilizer control, all treatments received the same amount of nitrogen (N). To clarify the decomposition pattern of the plant materials in soil, an incubation experiment was conducted using only the plant materials before the field experiment. The Gliricidia treatment released significantly more mineral N than the other plant materials in the incubation experiment. However, the tomato fruit yield was not enhanced in the Gliricidia treatment in the field experiment. The known quality parameters of the tested plant materials, such as total N, total carbon (C), C:N ratio, and total polyphenols, had minimal effects on their mineralization dynamics. Azadirachta showed the best synergistic effect with chicken manure through significantly increasing soil microbial biomass and fruit yield of tomato. This result provides insights into the possible adoption of Azadirachta in combination with chicken manure as a soil amendment in small-scale agricultural holdings.     

造林恢复植被后土壤的化学计量学特征对其碳组分的影响

Afforestation is recognized as an important driving force for soil organic C(SOC) dynamics and soil element cycling.To evaluate the relationships between soil C:N:P stoichiometry and SOC fractions,soil C:N:P stoichiometry distributions at 0–200 cm soil depths were analyzed and the contents of SOC fractions were evaluated in 9 typical land-use systems on the Loess Plateau of China.The contents of light fraction organic C,particulate organic C(53,53–2 000,and2 000 μm),labile organic C,microbial biomass C,and dissolved organic C decreased with increasing soil depth and were higher in afforested soil than in slope cropland soil.Compared with the slope cropland,different vegetation types influenced soil C:N,C:P,and N:P ratios,especially when C:P and N:P ratios were significantly higher(P0.05).Moreover,SOC fractions at the 0–10 and 10–40 cm depths were particularly affected by soil C:P ratio,whereas those at the 40–100 and 100–200 cm soil depths were significantly affected(P0.05) by soil N:P ratio.These results indicate that changes in SOC fractions are largely driven by soil C:P and N:P ratios at different soil depths after afforestation.     

土壤碳氮对多年生能源草、覆盖作物和氮施肥的响应

Cover crop and nitrogen(N) fertilization may maintain soil organic matter under bioenergy perennial grass where removal of aboveground biomass for feedstock to produce cellulosic ethanol can reduce soil quality. We evaluated the effects of cover crops and N fertilization rates on soil organic carbon(C)(SOC), total N(STN), ammonium N(NH_4-N), and nitrate N(NO_3-N) contents at the0–5, 5–15, and 15–30 cm depths under perennial bioenergy grass from 2010 to 2014 in the southeastern USA. Treatments included unbalanced combinations of perennial bioenergy grass, energy cane(Saccharum spontaneum L.) or elephant grass(Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.), cover crop, crimson clover(Trifolium incarnatum L.), and N fertilization rates(0, 100, and 200 kg N ha~(-1)). Cover crop biomass and C and N contents were greater in the treatment of energy cane with cover crop and 100 kg N ha~(-1) than in the treatment of energy cane and elephant grass. The SOC and STN contents at 0–5 and 5–15 cm were 9%–20% greater in the treatments of elephant grass with cover crop and with or without 100 kg N ha~(-1)than in most of the other treatments. The soil NO_3-N content at 0–5 cm was 31%–45% greater in the treatment of energy cane with cover crop and 100 kg N ha~(-1)than in most of the other treatments.The SOC sequestration increased from 0.1 to 1.0 Mg C ha~(-1)year~(-1)and the STN sequestration from 0.03 to 0.11 Mg N ha~(-1)year~(-1)from 2010 to 2014 for various treatments and depths. In contrast, the soil NH_4-N and NO_3-N contents varied among treatments,depths, and years. Soil C and N storages can be enriched and residual NO_3-N content can be reduced by using elephant grass with cover crop and with or without N fertilization at a moderate rate.     

盐分对土壤呼吸和有机质动力学的影响与土壤电导率相关，而与渗透势的关系更为密切

Osmotic potential (OP) of soil solution may be a more appropriate parameter than electrical conductivity (EC) to evaluate the effect of salts on plant growth and soil biomass.However,this has not been examined in detail with respect to microbial activity and dissolved organic matter in soils with different texture.This study evaluated the effect of salinity and sodicity on respiration and dissolved organic matter dynamics in salt-affected soils with different texture.Four non-saline and non-sodic soils differing in texture (S-4,S-13,S-24 and S-40 with 4％,13％,24％ and 40％ clay,respectively) were leached using combinations of 1 mol L-1 NaC1 and 1 mol L-1 CaC12 stock solutions,resulting in EC (1:5 soil:water ratio) between 0.4 and 5.0 dS m-1 with two levels of sodicity (sodium absorption ratio (SAR) ＜ 3 (non-sodic) and 20 (sodic),1:5 soil:water ratio).Adjusting the water content to levels optimal for microbial activity,which differed among the soils,resulted in four ranges of OP in all the soils:from-0.06 to--0.24 (controls,without salt added),-0.55 to-0.92,-1.25 to-1.62 and-2.77 to-3.00 Mpa.Finely ground mature wheat straw (20 g kg-1) was added to stimulate microbial activity.At a given EC,cumulative soil respiration was lower in the lighter-textured soils (S-4 and S-13) than in the heavier-textured soils (S-24 and S-40).Cumulative soil respiration decreased with decreasing OP to a similar extent in all the soils,with a greater decrease on Day 40 than on Day 10.Cumulative soil respiration was greater at SAR =20 than at SAR ＜ 3 only at the OP levels between-0.62 and-1.62 MPa on Day 40.In all the soils and at both sampling times,concentrations of dissolved organic C and N were higher at the lowest OP levels (from-2.74 to-3.0 MPa) than in the controls (from-0.06 to-0.24 MPa).Thus,OP is a better parameter than EC to evaluate the effect of salinity on dissolved organic matter and microbial activity in different textured soils.     

耕作方式对华北农田土壤有机碳储量及温室气体排放的影响

耕作方式能够改变土壤有机碳在土层中的分布,进而对土壤有机碳及土壤碳储量产生影响。该研究在模型调整的基础上选取了土壤有机碳(SOC)、土壤碳密度(SCD)、土壤呼吸(SR)以及生物量碳(BC)4个指标对DNDC(denitrification-decomposition)模型在华北麦-玉两熟农田的适用性进行验证,并用该模型模拟当地土壤碳储量(SCS)动态变化以及温室气体排放特征。结果表明,模型模拟值与实测值吻合良好,此模型可以适用于华北麦-玉两熟农田土壤有机碳的模拟研究;2001-2010年SOC和SCS逐年递增;对未来100a模拟发现,前15a旋耕(RT)和翻耕(CT)处理SOC增长迅速,而免耕(NT)SOC的剧烈增长趋势要持续近40a;对比各处理100a碳储量变化可知,前20aCT处理SCS最大,20a后NT处理SCS最大;各处理土壤全球变暖潜势(GWP)大小为CT>RT>NT。通过验证该文证明了DNDC模型可以较好地研究华北麦-玉两熟农田土壤碳循环;长久来看NT有利于农田SCS的积累以及GWP的降低。该研究能够为华北麦-玉两熟农作区固碳减排提供依据。     

牛粪堆肥方式对温室气体和氨气排放的影响

为明确堆肥过程中温室气体和氨气排放规律以及产生的总温室效应,在云南省大理州开展堆肥试验,并以奶牛粪便为试验材料,研究了农民堆肥(FC)、覆盖堆肥(CC)、覆盖-翻堆堆肥(CTC)和覆盖通风-翻堆堆肥(CATC)4种堆肥方式对温室气体和氨气排放的影响。结果表明:覆盖通风-翻堆堆肥(CATC)可提高堆肥腐熟度,有效降低CH4和N_2O排放,但并没降低CO2和NH_3排放;与农民堆肥(FC)相比,覆盖堆肥(CC)的CH4排放量增加了48.7%,而N2_O和NH3排放量与农民堆肥(FC)基本一致;覆盖-翻堆堆肥(CTC)虽然提高了腐熟度,但CH_4、CO_2和NH_3排放量较大;堆肥结束时,4个处理的总温室效应分别为25.6、32.9、38.1及18.0 kg/t;温度与CH_4、CO_2、N_2O和NH_3排放速率均极显著相关,pH值显著影响N_2O和NH_3的排放。因此,覆盖通风-翻堆堆肥(CATC)不仅能够满足堆肥产品的腐熟度要求,而且能够减少总温室效应,再加上其操作简便,能够在生产中推广应用。     

不同土壤湿度下平菇菌渣施用对土壤酶活性和温室气体排放的影响

【目的】菌渣被广泛认为是一种优良的植物生长基质和土壤改良剂,向土壤中施用菌渣可以提高土壤微生物活性与温室气体的排放,且土壤水分含量也可以调控菌渣对土壤酶活性与温室气体的排放。通过探究不同土壤湿度条件下平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus)菌渣对土壤酶活性的影响,以阐明不同土壤田间持水量下菌渣施用剂量-土壤温室气体排放-土壤酶活性之间的综合关系。【方法】本研究将平菇菌渣施入土壤并对土壤含水量进行调节,分析了在60%、75%、90%田间持水量条件下和菌渣添加量0.0%、2.5%、5.0%、10.0%时,菌渣添加量对土壤酶活性和温室气体排放的影响。【结果】脲酶、几丁质酶、β-葡糖苷酶与菌渣添加量呈正相关,在菌渣添加量为10.0%时活性最强,且在不同含水量下并无显著性差异。CO₂排放量与菌渣添加量呈正相关,在菌渣添加量为10.0%时排放量最高,不同土壤含水量下并为CO₂排放量其产生显著影响。N₂O排放量在菌渣添加量2.5%和无菌渣添加时与含水量呈正相关,N₂O排放量在菌渣添加量5.0%与10.0%时...     

长期定位施肥对农田土壤温室气体排放的影响

采用静态箱/气象色谱法,研究长期不同养分配施(CK,NK,NP,PK和NPK)后的农田土壤温室气体排放差异。结果表明,不同处理条件下,土壤CO2排放呈相似的变化趋势,受土壤温度和水分的共同影响,土壤CH4和N2O的时间变化在不同处理间存在差异,和温度水分的关系不明显。平均排放通量的分析表明,长期不同肥料配合施用后形成的不同肥力的土壤以及作物生长的差异是影响土壤温室气体排放的一个重要因素,土壤CO2平均排放通量顺序依次为CK相似文献   

蚯蚓对土壤温室气体排放的影响及机制研究进展

土壤是温室气体的重要源和汇。蚯蚓是土壤物质循环的重要参与者,能够直接或间接影响土壤CO2、N2O和CH4等温室气体的产生和释放。蚯蚓呼吸产生的CO2,是土壤呼吸的重要组成部分;蚯蚓自身肠道、分泌液、消化物和排泄物等微环境促进反硝化过程释放N2O。蚯蚓还通过取食、掘穴、排泄等活动,改变土壤理化性质、微生物组成和活性及其他土壤动物的组成,影响地上植物生长,调节土壤分解、矿化、硝化、反硝化和甲烷生成及氧化等生态过程,间接影响土壤温室气体的排放。蚯蚓对土壤温室气体排放的影响逐渐受到重视,但目前研究仍以室内培养和单因子环境条件的模拟为主,缺少野外原位实验和多环境因子的交互实验研究。长期监测和同位素示踪技术,是深入探讨蚯蚓影响温室气体排放机制的重要手段。温室气体类型上,CO2和N2O是研究热点,CH4研究比较罕见。未来研究,应重视不同生态类群蚯蚓与土壤理化特征、微生物组成、其他类群土壤动物和地上植物间的交互作用,加强机制研究,并关注土壤污染环境下蚯蚓功能性状的变化;综合评价蚯蚓对土壤温室气体排放和土壤碳氮固定的影响,科学评估蚯蚓活动对土壤碳氮释放的促进或减缓作用。     

长期施肥对栗褐土有机碳矿化的影响

【目的】 土壤有机碳矿化是土壤中重要的生物化学过程,与土壤养分的释放、土壤质量的保持以及温室气体的形成密切相关。本文以 25 年长期定位施肥试验为依托,对栗褐土土壤有机碳矿化速率、有机碳累积矿化量的动态变化进行研究,为科学管理土壤肥力、增加栗褐土碳汇、减少温室气体排放提供依据。 【方法】 田间试验开始于 1988,共设置 8 个施肥处理:不施肥 (CK);单施氮肥 (N);氮磷肥合施 (NP);单施低量有机肥(M₁);低量有机肥与氮肥合施 (M₁N);低量有机肥与氮磷肥合施(M₁NP);高量有机肥与氮肥合施 (M₂N);高量有机肥与氮磷肥合施 (M₂NP)。于 2013 年玉米播种前,采集耕层 (0—20 cm) 土壤样品,采用室内培养方法,对土壤碳矿化释放 CO₂ 的数量和速率进行测定,并利用一级动力学方程计算出土壤有机碳库潜在矿化势和周转速率。 【结果】 各肥料处理不同程度地提高了栗褐土总有机碳含量,以高量有机肥与化肥配施作用最为显著。与 CK 相比,M₂N、M₂NP 处理土壤总有机碳含量增加了 121.1%、166.8%。不同处理土壤样品培养有机碳矿化速率均在第一天达到峰值,随后急剧下降。5 d 后,下降趋缓,不同处理 CO₂ 产生速率趋于一致。培养期间,各处理矿化速率变化符合对数函数关系。长期施用不同肥料均可以提高栗褐土有机碳的矿化速率,其大小顺序为:有机肥与化肥配施 > 单施有机肥 > 单施化肥 > 对照。培养 57 d 后,各处理土壤有机碳累积矿化量为 555.0～980.3 mg/kg,以 M₂NP、M₁N 的累积量较高,为对照的 1.77 倍、1.73 倍。长期施肥栗褐土有机碳矿化率呈下降趋势,以处理 M₂NP 下降最明显,与对照相比,降低了 6.3 个百分点。施肥处理土壤的潜在矿化势均高于对照,M₁N、M₂NP 最高,为 923.7 mg/kg 和 926.4 mg/kg,较对照增加了 74.0% 和 74.5%。不同施肥处理均可明显提升土壤有机碳的周转速率,减少周转时间,其中处理 M₁NP、M₂NP 效果最为明显。 【结论】 长期施用化肥、有机肥及有机无机肥配施可有效促进栗褐土有机碳的积累,提高有机碳的矿化速率和周转速率,降低有机碳的矿化率 (累积矿化量占有机碳总量的比率),加强了土壤的固碳能力,以 M₂NP 处理的效果更佳。      

有机物料碳和土壤有机碳对水稻土甲烷排放的影响

基于30年水稻土长期施肥定位试验,在保证原有定位试验正常开展的前提下,将部分化肥处理变更为有机肥处理(或反之),通过观测一年水稻轮作周期内不同处理甲烷(CH_4)排放通量季节性变化,探讨不同肥力水稻土中外源有机碳及土壤有机碳含量对田间CH_4排放的影响。结果表明:施化肥处理和有机肥处理,水稻土全年CH_4累积排放量范围分别为1.73~4.72和35.09~86.60 g·m~(-2)。有机肥处理改施化肥后,田间土壤CH_4的排放量显著降低;化肥处理改施有机肥或有机肥处理增施有机肥后,田间土壤CH_4的排放量显著提高。外源有机碳的输入量是田间土壤CH_4年排放量的决定性因素,外源有机碳输入量(x)与水稻土CH_4年累积排放量(y)之间满足直线方程:y=0.087 7 x+3.265 7(R~2=0.965 9,n=21)。土壤有机碳同样也是影响稻田CH_4排放的因素,在不同有机碳水平的水稻土上施用等量相同化肥或有机肥,土壤有机碳含量高的水稻土都更有利于CH_4的产生。单施化肥稻田土壤CH_4排放的最主要碳源是土壤有机碳,有机碳含量(x)和水稻土CH_4年累积排放量(y)之间的指数方程:y=0.162 4 e~(0.162 2 x)(R~2=0.940 6,n=9)。有机肥可促进土壤有机碳分解释放CH_4,土壤有机碳含量相同的条件下,高量有机肥比常量有机肥的土壤有机碳分解比率高0.65%,等量相同有机肥但土壤有机碳含量不同的条件下,土壤有机碳分解比率无显著差异;同样,土壤有机碳也可促进有机物料碳分解释放CH_4,在常量有机肥或高量有机肥处理中,土壤有机碳含量高者比低者的有机物料碳分解比率分别多出3.57%和2.34%。     

Effect of straw biochar application on soil carbon,greenhouse gas emissions and nitrogen leaching: A vegetable crop rotation field experiment

Intensive vegetable crop systems are rapidly developing, with consequences for greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions, nitrogen leaching and soil carbon. We undertook a field trial to explore the effect of biochar application (0, 10, 20 and 40 t ha⁻¹) on these factors in lettuce, water spinach and ice plant rotation. Our results show that the 20 and 40 t ha⁻¹ soil treatments resulted in the SOC content being 26.3% and 29.8% higher than the control (0 t ha⁻¹), respectively, with significant differences among all treatments (p < .05). Biochar application caused N₂O emissions to decrease during the lettuce and water spinach seasons, by 1.5%–33.6% and 12.4%–40.5%, respectively, compared the control, with the 20 t ha⁻¹ application rate resulting in the lowest N₂O emissions. Biochar also decreased the dissolved nitrogen (DN) concentration in leachate by 9.8%–36.2%, following a 7.3%–19.9% reduction in dissolved nitrogen in the soil. Similarly, biochar decreased the nitrate (NO₃⁻) concentrations in leachate by 3.9%–30.2%, following a 3.8%–16.7% reduction in the soil nitrate level. Overall, straw biochar applied at rate of 20 t ha⁻¹ produced the lowest N₂O emissions and N leaching, while, increasing soil carbon.     

Influence of soil compaction on carbon and nitrogen mineralization of soil organic matter and crop residues

 We studied the influence of soil compaction in a loamy sand soil on C and N mineralization and nitrification of soil organic matter and added crop residues. Samples of unamended soil, and soil amended with leek residues, at six bulk densities ranging from 1.2 to 1.6 Mg m^–3 and 75% field capacity, were incubated. In the unamended soil, bulk density within the range studied did not influence any measure of microbial activity significantly. A small (but insignificant) decrease in nitrification rate at the highest bulk density was the only evidence for possible effects of compaction on microbial activity. In the amended soil the amounts of mineralized N at the end of the incubation were equal at all bulk densities, but first-order N mineralization rates tended to increase with increasing compaction, although the increase was not significant. Nitrification in the amended soils was more affected by compaction, and NO₃ ^–-N contents after 3 weeks of incubation at bulk densities of 1.5 and 1.6 Mg m^–3 were significantly lower (by about 8% and 16% of total added N, respectively), than those of the less compacted treatments. The C mineralization rate was strongly depressed at a bulk density of 1.6 Mg m^–3, compared with the other treatments. The depression of C mineralization in compacted soils can lead to higher organic matter accumulation. Since N mineralization was not affected by compaction (within the range used here) the accumulated organic matter would have had higher C : N ratios than in the uncompacted soils, and hence would have been of a lower quality. In general, increasing soil compaction in this soil, starting at a bulk density of 1.5 Mg m^–3, will affect some microbially driven processes. Received: 10 June 1999     

Soil organic and inorganic carbon sequestration by consecutive biochar application: Results from a decade field experiment

Biochar addition can expand soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and has potential ability in mitigating climate change. Also, some incubation experiments have shown that biochar can increase soil inorganic carbon (SIC) contents. However, there is no direct evidence for this from the field experiment. In order to make up the sparseness of available data resulting from the long‐term effect of biochar amendment on soil carbon fractions, here we detected the contents and stocks of the bulk SIC and SOC fractions based on a 10‐year field experiment of consecutive biochar application in Shandong Province, China. There are three biochar treatments as no‐biochar (control), and biochar application at 4.5 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 (B4.5) and 9.0 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 (B9.0), respectively. The results showed that biochar application significantly enhanced SIC content (3.2%–24.3%), >53 μm particulate organic carbon content (POC, 38.2%–166.2%) and total soil organic carbon content (15.8%–82.2%), compared with the no‐biochar control. However, <53 μm silt–clay‐associated organic carbon (SCOC) content was significantly decreased (14%–27%) under the B9.0 treatment. Our study provides the direct field evidence that SIC contributed to carbon sequestration after the biochar application, and indicates that the applied biochar was allocated mainly in POC fraction. Further, the decreased SCOC and increased microbial biomass carbon contents observed in field suggest that the biochar application might exert a positive priming effect on native soil organic carbon.     

Nitrogen and/or phosphorus fertilization effects on organic carbon and mineral contents in the rhizosphere of field grown sorghum

The effects of nitrogen (N) and/or phosphorus (P) fertilizers on the nutritional status in the rhizosphere were studied by monitoring throughout the growth period the concentrations of organic carbon (C), inorganic N, NaHCO₃ extractable P, exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) down in an Alfisol field, and of all these elements except for extractable P, and exchangeable Ca in a Vertisol field in semi-arid tropical India. These concentrations were compared between the rhizosphere soil and bulk soil of sorghum grown in both fields.

Organic C content of the rhizosphere soil increased with plant age and was significantly higher than that in the bulk soil throughout the growth of sorghum, but it was not affected by the rates of N or P fertilizer. Inorganic N concentration in the rhizosphere soil was significantly higher than that in the bulk soil until maturity in sorghum. The content of available P in the rhizosphere soil was significantly higher than in the bulk soil after the middle of the growth stage. Its average concentration in the rhizosphere soil across growth stages was significantly higher than in the bulk soil, which contradicts the observation in many reports that there is a depletion of P in the rhizosphere soil. The concentration of three exchangeable cations, K, Ca, and Mg, showed different patterns in the rhizosphere and the bulk soils. The concentration of K was almost constantly higher in the rhizosphere soil than in the bulk soil, Ca concentration was not different between the two soils, and Mg concentration was significantly higher in the bulk soil than in the rhizosphere soil. The reasons for these discrepancies cannot be explained at present. The concentrations of these cations were not affected by the rate of N or P fertilizer except for Mg at a later growth stage. The differences between rhizosphere and bulk soils in Alfisol were similar to those in Yertisol with respect to the concentration of organic C, inorganic N, and exchangeable K and Mg.     

Organo-mineral complexes in soil colloids: Implications for carbon storage in saline-alkaline paddy soils from an eight-year field experiment

The combination of organic carbon(OC) and reactive minerals is a crucial mechanism of soil carbon(C) storage, which is regulated by the formation of organo-mineral complexes on the surface of soil colloids. The effect of organic fertilizer on the storage mechanism of OC in soil colloids was studied through an 8-year field experiment, which included four treatments: i) no fertilization(control, CK), ii) only mineral N, P, and K fertilization(NPK), iii) NPK plus a low level(450 kg C ha^-1     

长期施肥对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及矿质态氮含量动态变化的影响

利用位于陕西杨凌的17年长期定位试验研究了长期不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(F)、化肥配施有机肥(F+M)和化肥加秸秆还田(F+S)处理对小麦-玉米轮作体系中作物不同生长时期土壤微生物生物量碳、氮(SMBC、SMBN)和矿质态氮含量的影响。结果表明,0—10 cm土层土壤SMBC、SMBN和矿质态氮含量的变化范围分别为264.8~752.2、37.51~14.8和3.83~8.5 mg/kg。不同处理相比,F+M处理中各采样时期(小麦苗期、拔节期、灌浆期及玉米播种期、大喇叭口期、灌浆期和收获后)土壤SMBC和SMBN含量均为最高,分别为不施肥对照的1.382~.65和1.892~.50倍;F+S处理矿质态氮含量最高,SMBC和SMBN也高于F和CK处理,大部分采样时期的差异达显著水平(P0.05);与CK相比,长期单施化肥也使各时期SMBC和SMBN含量提高。在小麦拔节期到灌浆期的旺盛生长阶段各施肥处理土壤SMBN含量均下降,而矿质态氮含量变化不大,处于较低水平;在玉米大喇叭口期到灌浆期的旺盛生长阶段,F+M、F+S和F处理土壤矿质态氮含量显著下降,而SMBN含量均有所升高。表明在土壤矿质态氮含量较高时,作物首先利用矿质态氮,而在土壤矿质态氮含量处于较低水平时,微生物固持的氮素可能会释放出来供作物吸收利用。     

Film fully-mulched ridge-furrow cropping affects soil biochemical properties and maize nutrient uptake in a rainfed semi-arid environment

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of plastic mulched ridge-furrow cropping on soil biochemical properties and maize (Zea mays L.) nutrient uptake in a semi-arid environment. Three treatments were evaluated from 2008 to 2010: no mulch (narrow ridges with crop seeded next to ridges), half mulch (as per no mulch, except narrow ridges were mulched), and full mulch (alternate narrow and wide ridges, all mulched with maize seeded in furrows). Compared to the no mulch treatment, full mulch increased maize grain yield by 50% in 2008 and 25% in 2010, but reduced yield by 21% in 2009 after low precipitation in early growth. Half mulch had a similar grain yield to no mulch in the three cropping years, suggesting half mulch is not an effective pattern for maize cropping in the area. Mulch treatments increased aboveground nitrogen (N) uptake by 21?34% and phosphorus (P) uptake by 21?42% in 2008, and by 16?32% and 14?29%, respectively, in 2010; but in 2009 mulching did not affect N uptake and decreased P uptake. Soil microbial biomass and activities of urease, β-glucosidase and phosphatase at the 0?15 cm depth were generally higher during vegetative growth but lower during reproductive growth under mulch treatments than no mulch. Mulching treatments increased carbon (C) loss of buried maize residues (marginally by 5?9%), and decreased light soil organic C (15?27%) and carbohydrate C (12?23%) concentrations and mineralizable C and N (8?36%) at harvest in the 0?20 cm depth compared with no mulch, indicating that mulching promotes mineralization and nutrient release in soil during cropping seasons. As a result of these biological changes, mineral N concentration under mulch was markedly increased after sowing in upper soil layers compared with no mulch. Therefore, our results suggest that mulched cropping stimulated soil microbial activity and N availability, and thus contributed to increasing maize grain yield and nutrient uptake compared with no mulch.     

长期施肥对棕壤有机碳组分的影响

对起始于1979年的棕壤长期肥料定位试验田2005年的耕层土壤不同有机碳组分进行了测定与分析,以探讨长期施肥影响土壤有机碳的过程及机理。结果显示:长期单施化肥降低了土壤的游离态颗粒有机碳（FPOM-C）含量,但进一步稳定了矿物结合态有机碳(MOM-C),最终提高了土壤总有机碳(TOC)含量;长期施用有机肥和有机肥配施化肥使土壤的FPOM-C、闭蓄态颗粒有机碳(OPOC)、MOM-C以及含量均显著提高,且增加效果好于单施化肥。从各组分有机碳所占比例或相对比值来看,长期施用有机肥和有机肥配施化肥提高了POM-C/TOC比例而降低了MOM-C/TOC比例,使FPOM-C/OPOM-C比值显著增大。表明土壤有机碳结构分组的应用有助于揭示长期施肥影响土壤有机碳的机理。