普通小麦中耐大麦黄矮病毒的Bdv1基因

大麦黄矮病是世界小谷粒作物为害最严重，发病最普通的病毒病。已知北美普通小麦品种Ａｎｚａ及ＣＩＭＭＹＴ的几个小麦材料耐ＢＹＤ。为了了解ＢＹＤ耐性遗传基础。对Ａｎｚａ和９个其它耐性小麦材料进行了研究。将耐病材料进行杂交。并与敏感亲本Ｂｏｂｗｈｉｔｅ或Ｂａｇｕｌａ杂交。１９９０年在墨西哥Ｔｏｌｕｃａ附近的田间。用ＢＹＤＶ血清型ＭＡＶ－Ｍｅｘ对亲本，Ｆ１及Ｆ２代进行了检测。１９９１年。在田间用相同的血清型     

利用外源遗传物质改良小黑麦

本文概述了当前六倍体和八倍体小黑麦存在的主要问题和改良方法。利用普通小麦的优良性状基因是六倍体、八倍体小黑麦改良的共同方法，由于染色体组间的差异，在导入普通小麦目的基因时，六倍体小黑麦（ＡＡＢＢＲＲ）主要是引入普通小麦Ｄ染色体组的品质性状基因，同时又需要保持Ｒ染色体组的完整性。八倍体小黑麦（ＡＡＢＢＤＤＲＲ）可以利用和普通小麦Ａ、Ｂ、Ｄ染色体组间重组直接导入普通小麦的目的基因，但导入过程将比较困难。     

利用外源遗传物质改良小黑麦

本文概述了当前六倍体和八倍体小黑麦存在的主要问题和改良方法，利用普通小麦的优良性状基因是六倍体、八倍体小黑麦改良的共同方法，由于染色体组间的差异，在导入普通小麦目的基因时，六倍体小黑麦（ＡＡＢＢＲＲ）主要是引入普通小麦Ｄ染色体组的品质性状基因，同时又需要保持Ｒ染色体组的完整性。八倍体小黑麦（ＡＡＢＢＤＤＲＲ）可以利用和普通小麦Ａ、Ｂ、Ｄ染色体组间重组直接导入普通小麦的目的基因，但导徼过程将比较困难     

英特网上的麦类作物基因组数据库

本文概括地介绍了英特网上有关麦类作物基因组的４个数据库,即美国农业部建立的有关小麦、大麦、黑麦、燕麦的基因组数据库ＧｒａｉｎＧｅｎｅｓ;苏格兰作物所建立的大麦基因组数据库ＢａｒｌｅｙＤＢ;日本建立的小麦种质资源数据库ＫＯＭＵＧＩ,以及美国农业部建立的麦类作物病原真菌基因组数据库ＰａｔｈｏＧｅｎｅｓ。     

英特网上的麦类作物基因组数据库

本文概括地介绍了英特网上有关麦类作物基因组的４个数据库,即美国农业部建立的有关小麦,大麦,黑麦,燕麦的基因组数据库Ｇｒａｉｎ Ｇｅｎｅｓ;苏格兰作物所建立的大麦基因组数据库ＢａｒｌｅｙＤＢ;日本建立的小麦种质资源数据库ＫＯＭＵＧＩ,以及美国农业部建立的麦类作物病原真菌基因组数据库Ｐａｔｈｏ Ｇｅｎｅｓ。     

优质强筋小麦新品种郑品优9号的遗传基础解析

为明确优质强筋小麦新品种郑品优9号的分子遗传基础及重要性状功能基因组成,利用小麦50 K SNP育种芯片对郑品优9号及其双亲郑麦366和豫麦34进行分析。结果表明,郑麦366和豫麦34对郑品优9号的遗传贡献率分别为68.26%和31.74%;在不同基因组和染色体水平,双亲对郑品优9号的遗传贡献率差异较大,郑麦366对郑品优9号A、B、D三个基因组的贡献率分别为68.60%、90.98%和27.63%,其中,郑麦366在B基因组染色体上的遗传贡献率均高于豫麦34,除1B染色体外,2B~7B染色体上的遗传贡献率均超过80%。重要性状功能基因组成分析发现,郑品优9号不仅聚合了多个优良品质基因,还携带有与抗病性和农艺性状相关的优异基因。本研究可为郑品优9号在遗传改良和生产中的应用提供理论依据。     

分子标记技术在小麦遗传育种中的应用现状

小麦庞大的基因组使得分子标记技术在小麦中的应用落后于大麦、玉米、水稻等作物。近年来,随着他子标记技术检测系统的发展和完善,分子标记技术在小麦中的应用已有了很大的进展。分子标记技术依靠提供准确、稳定可靠的ＤＮＡ水平的遗传标记,在小麦遗传育种研究中已用于构建遗传图谱、标定和定位目的基因、鉴定与标记外源染色体片段、鉴定品种真实性和纯度、绘制品种指纹图谱、遗传分析、物种演变、标记辅助选育等方面。     

浅析奎屯垦区农业管理中存在的问题

随着棉花新品种、新技术的推广,奎屯垦区整体植棉水平不断提高,但是,近年来,部分团场的棉花单产水平徘徊不前甚至下降,影响了垦区棉花的快速发展。就此问题并针对本团的实际情况做简要分析,供参考。1新技术的负面效应1.1作物遗传背景狭窄,抗性减弱。充分利用少数物种资源的特定基因,使新品种间基因构架单一。棉花品种也是如此。其育种手段,主要是常规育种和生物育种。生物育种中所导入的单价或双价基因源,是对少数单基因抗性材料的广泛应用。常规育种也是对某个高产、优质、抗逆的骨干材料在多个品种或品系中进行杂交或回交转育应用。培育出…     

随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）及其在茶叶科学领域的应用

随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）是用于作物种质资源鉴定及育种的分子标记。近年发展非常迅速，应用范围很广。本文就茶叶科学的几个方面论述了ＲＡＰＤ标记在茶叶科学研究的应用及前景：（１）茶树品种遗传连锁图谱的绘制，（２）茶叶种质资源鉴定及分类；（３）茶树目标性状基因的标记研究。     

黑龙江省小麦抗黄矮病研究初报

通过人工接种,对黑龙江省部分小麦主栽品种和１８２５份材料在田间进行抗、耐大麦黄矮病毒（ＢＹＤＶ）的鉴定与筛选。三年试验结果表明：主栽品种全部感病,而通过生物技术导入抗病基因后选育的３２个品系抗病性均表现较好,对其接种ＢＹＤＶ病毒不同株系后用ＥＬＩＳＡ检测病毒ＯＤ值,发现这批材料已具备了水平抗性,说明用基因导入的手段培育抗病品种是行之有效的。     

Reducing the incidence of allergy and intolerance to cereals

This paper reviews studies on allergy, intolerance and sensitivity to cereals, especially to wheat, barley, rye, maize, rice and oats with regard to reducing their incidences. Prevalence of allergy to cereals is generally low; prevalence of other cereal-related diseases are highest for wheat and lowest for oats. Compared to the other cereals, wheat (and its components wheat starch and vital gluten) are most abundantly applied in a broad range of food products world-wide, which justifies the major focus of this review on wheat. Current knowledge on diagnosis of the cereal-related diseases and on detection and characterization of the relevant proteins is discussed in the context of the development of prevention strategies. Aiming at their design and implementation, such strategies require building of knowledge frameworks at the primary, secondary and tertiary prevention levels. In this regard, selection and breeding of low-allergenic/low-intoleragenic crop varieties, application of processing and technological approaches, and the introduction of alternative safe cereal crops is discussed. Sustainable reduction of immune-related diseases in general (including cereal allergies and intolerances) is discussed with regard to eating habits and lifestyle factors, human genetic and physiological characteristics, and the role of the intestinal micro-flora.     

毛细管电泳技术及其在作物贮藏蛋白研究中的应用

毛细管电泳 (Capillary Electrophoresis,CE)是近年发展起来的一种新的分离技术 ,已在蛋白质、氨基酸、核酸等的分离分析方面显示出极大的优越性。目前 ,国内外都开展了毛细管电泳技术用于作物贮藏蛋白分离分析的研究 ,并取得了很大的进展。本文介绍了毛细管电泳技术的发展概况、分离原理及其主要模式 ,总结了目前国内外在小麦、大麦、燕麦等麦类作物贮藏蛋白毛细管电泳分离中的研究进展 ,并展望了其应用前景。     

小麦族内的核质互作研究进展

本文从核质基因型互作、细胞质与染色体互作、细胞质与染色体（片段）互作和细胞质基因与细胞核基因互作４个层次综述了小麦族内核质互作研究的最新进展及其小麦遗传育种学的拓展,提出了小麦族内核质互作研究的重点领域－核质杂种的遗传变异、新型核质杂种的创制和杂种优势利用,并展望了这一领域的研究前景。     

Progress of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in breeding of Brassica napus

Gene editing technology provides important technical basics for the research in plant functional genes and crop genetic improvement. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing is an effective experimental tool for crop genome directed editing in recent years, which has been widely used in many crops as rice, wheat and other crops. CRISPR/Cas9 system was expected to be a powerful experimental tool in genetic improvement and molecular design breeding of rapeseed. This paper, which based on the development history and the latest research of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing technology in rapeseed, summarized the progress of CRISPR/Cas9 including plant type improvement, yield traits, quality improvement, disease and stress resistance improvement, yellow seed creation and other utilizes at present. The application scope, development direction and target analysis method of this technology in rape were focused. The problems of CRISPR/cas9 system in rapeseed breeding were analyzed and the improvement strategies were discussed. Finally, views on direction of rapeseed breeding by gene editing were emphasized.     

人工合成小麦染色体区段在小麦优良新品系中的分布

从人工合成六倍体小麦SHW-L1改良后代中选育的5个春小麦新品系,在青海表现出比对照品种高原448更优的农艺性状和产量潜力,推测源于外源物种的野生不良性状被淘汰,保留在新品系中的外源染色体区段可能对遗传改良有贡献。为了了解源自人工合成小麦SHW-L1的外源染色体区段在这5个改良新品系中的分布,利用11 660个具有染色体位置信息的多态性DArTseq标记对这5个改良品系进行了外源染色体区段分析。结果表明,共检测到78个外源染色体区段,其中,65个为源于四倍体小麦的A和B基因组,13个为来自于节节麦的D基因组。24个源于四倍体小麦的外源染色体区段分布于3个以上的品系中,这些区段主要来自于A基因组,其中2A有8个,7A有4个,1A有3个,6A有3个。本研究材料来自于混合选择,不同品系共有的外源染色体区段可能含有对当前育种有价值的重要基因位点或基因簇,这样的区段将是下一步关注的重点。     

Cisgenesis,a New Tool for Traditional Plant Breeding,Should be Exempted from the Regulation on Genetically Modified Organisms in a Step by Step Approach

Modern potato breeding requires over 100,000 seedlings per new variety. Main reasons are (1) the increasing number of traits that have to be combined in this tetraploid vegetatively propagated crop, and (2) an increasing number of traits (e.g., resistance to biotic stress) originates from wild species. Pre-breeding by introgression or induced translocation is an expensive way of transferring single traits (such as R-genes, coding for resistance to biotic stress) to the cultivated plant. The most important obstacle is simultaneous transfer of undesired neighbouring alien alleles as linkage drag. Stacking several genes from different wild sources is increasing this linkage drag problem tremendously. Biotechnology has enabled transformation of alien genes into the plant. Initially, transgenes were originating mainly from microorganisms, viruses or non-crossable plant species, or they were chimeric. Moreover, selection markers coding for antibiotic resistance or herbicide resistance were needed. Transgenes are a new gene source for plant breeding and, therefore, additional regulations like the EU Directive 2001/18/EC were developed. Because of a strong opposition against genetic modification of plants in Europe, the application of this Directive is strict, very expensive, hampering the introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops and the use of this technology by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Currently, GM crops are almost the exclusive domain of multinationals. Meanwhile, not only transgenes but also natural genes from the plant species itself or from crossable plant species, called cisgenes, are available and the alien selection genes can be avoided in the end product. This opens the way for cisgenic crops without alien genes. The existing EU directive for GM organisms is not designed for this new development. The cisgenes belong to the existing breeders’ gene pool. The use of this classical gene pool has been regulated already in agreements regarding breeders’ rights. We are proposing a step by step approach starting with a crop and gene specific derogation and monitoring towards a general exemption of cisgenic plants from the Directive. Two examples, i.e. development of cisgenic potato for resistance to Phytophthora infestans and cisgenic apple for resistance to Venturia inaequalis are discussed shortly for illustration of the importance of cisgenesis as a new tool for traditional plant breeding. Cisgenesis is simplifying introgression and induced translocation breeding tremendously and is highly recommended for SMEs and developing countries.     

Characterizing nitrogen use efficiency in natural and agricultural ecosystems to improve the performance of cereal crops in low-input and organic agricultural systems

Low-input and organic farming systems have notable differences in nitrogen (N) sources, cycling and management strategies compared to conventional systems with high inputs of synthetic N fertilizer. In low-input and organic systems, there is greater reliance on complex rotations including annual and perennial crops, organic N sources, and internal N cycling that more closely mimic natural systems. These differences in farming system practices fundamentally affect N availability and N use efficiency (NUE) and could impact crop traits and breeding strategies required to optimize NUE. We assess genetic and environmental factors that could assist breeders in improving crop performance in low-input and organic farming systems by examining NUE in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Crop plants have often been bred for high N productivity, while plants adapted to low N ecosystems often have lower productivity and higher levels of internal N conservation. Breeders can potentially combine N productivity and N conservation through the use of elite and wild germplasm. Beneficial genetic traits include the ability to maintain photosynthesis and N uptake under N stress and the ability to extract soil N at low concentrations, perhaps through beneficial associations with soil microorganisms. In addition, breeding for specific adaptation to climactic and management practices so that crop uptake patterns match N availability patterns, while minimizing pathways of N loss, will be critical to improving NUE.     

大豆主导品种、主推技术及其推广应用

2005年以来,农业部连续4年开展了大宗农产品主导品种、主推技术推介工作。4年间,共推介大豆主导品种22个、大豆综合配套栽培技术4项。主导品种和主推技术的推介,加快了新品种、新技术的推广速度,充分展现了科技对粮食增产、农业增效和农民增收的支撑作用。介绍了农业部推介大豆主导品种的类型、适宜区域和在生产中的比重和作用,分析了主推技术的要点和增产效益,比较了大豆主要品种与水稻、小麦、玉米、棉花、油菜等大田主要品种覆盖比例的大小。从主要品种占全国总播种面积的比例看,六大作物品种区域适应能力排序为：玉米〉小麦〉棉花〉大豆〉油菜〉水稻。作者提出,在今后的大豆育种工作中,应重点加强品种适应性的改良;在主导品种推介中,应适当增加大豆、水稻等光温敏感、区域性强、适应范围窄等作物的主导品种数目。     

基于FISH和SNP标记分析百农64对其衍生品种的遗传贡献

百农64因其抗病性好、适应性广，已成为黄淮南片麦区小麦育种的重要亲本之一。本研究将荧光原位杂交（FISH）和小麦55K SNP芯片分析相结合，对百农64及其衍生品种（百农207、百农160、华育198和04中36）和相关亲本共8份小麦材料进行全基因组分析，揭示百农64对其衍生后代的遗传贡献。结果表明，在研究材料中共鉴定出48种染色体多态类型（block），A、B和D基因组分别为18、20和10种，其中1A和6B染色体多态类型最多；在百农64和百农207中鉴定出了臂间倒位perInv6B，在5份小麦材料中鉴定到了小麦-黑麦T 1RS/1BL易位。利用55K SNP芯片在供试材料的A、B和D基因组分别获得8 504、9 726和5 093个多态性SNP标记，多态信息含量（PIC）变异范围在0.110~0.375之间，平均值为0.295；百农64特异性SNP在衍生品种的A、B和D三个基因组上的分布比例分别为54.2%、46.9%和36.5%，6A染色体比例最高（85.4%），在百农207、华育198和04中36各染色体上分布比例的平均值均超过了50.0%。整合48个细胞学和23 323个SNP标记分析显示，除百农160以外，其余3个衍生后代与百农64的遗传相似系数（GS）都超过了0.700；聚类分析结果显示百农64与其4个衍生品种聚为一类，与遗传相似系数结果一致。研究表明百农64对其衍生后代遗传贡献率较高，这为小麦种质资源利用和新品种选育过程中的亲本选配提供了理论支撑。