无土栽培基质速效钾测定方法的比较

将4种土壤速效钾测定方法用于无土栽培基质中速效钾的测定,测定结果经统计分析表明,2 mol.L-1冷HNO3、Mehlich3和ASI 3种方法与1mol.L-1中性NH4OAc法测定的速效钾存在极显著的相关性,并且在显著水平α=0.05,ASI法与Mehlich3法的速效钾测定结果没有显著性差异。这两种方法都可以用于无土栽培基质速效钾的测定。     

广西赤红土速效磷测定方法的比较研究

试验表明:Brayl、Al-Abbas、Olsen 和 Mehlich Ⅲ法均能用于广西赤红土速效磷的测定。如只测定土壤速效磷含量,以选用 Al-Abbas 或 Bray Ⅰ为好。如需要同时测定 P,K,Ca,Mg,N8,Mn,Cu,Fe 和 Zn 的速效含量,选用大规模联合提取剂 Mehlich Ⅲ法测定土壤速效磷含量也较为满意。     

Olsen法土壤速效磷温度校正系数的研究与应用

在不同温度条件下,对广西不同土壤类型的40个样本,采用Olsen法测定其速效磷含量,经统计分析,计算出Olsen法土壤速效磷温度校正系数。应用该校正系数,可将10～34℃下的测定值换算成25℃时的土壤速效磷含量。经验证表明,该校正系数误差小,精度高,已用于土壤普查,科研和农业生产,效果较好。     

基于几种土壤测试方法的华南菜田磷素丰缺指标研究

依托2002—2009年开展的蔬菜田间试验结果,土样分别用Olsen法、Mehlich 1法、Mehlich 3法和ASI法测定其有效磷含量,建立上述测试方法的菜田土壤磷素丰缺指标,并进行不同测试方法的相关研究。以蔬菜产量＜75%、75%～90%、90%～95%和＞95%为标准,将菜田土壤有效磷分为“低”、“中”、“高”和“极高”4个肥力等级; 对应的土壤有效磷丰缺指标Olsen-P为＜23、23～59、59～81和＞81 mg/kg; M1-P为＜19、19～102、102～179和＞179 mg/kg; M3-P为＜19、19～96、96～165和＞165 mg/kg; ASI-P为＜22、22～68、68～98和＞98 mg/kg。Olsen法、M3法、M1法和ASI法4种方法,两两的相关性均达到极显著水平。     

常规浸提剂与联合浸提剂测定我国北方石灰性土壤有效磷钾的比较

使用常规浸提剂与两种联合浸提剂Mehlich 3(M3)、ASI分别测定了中国8个地区10种土壤样品的有效磷、速效钾含量,分析比较了常规浸提剂与两种联合浸提剂测定土壤有效磷速效钾的差异性及相关性。统计分析表明,对于有效磷,M3、ASI两种联合浸提剂的浸提结果均大于常规浸提剂的浸提结果,且M3浸提剂浸提结果的变幅较常规浸提剂浸提结果相对较小,而精确度较高。相关分析表明,常规浸提结果与M3浸提结果呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数为0.680。对于速效钾,M3浸提剂的浸提量较常规浸提剂相近,常规浸提量与M3浸提量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数为0.996。综合而言,M3这种联合浸提剂是测定土壤有效磷、速效钾的理想浸提方法。     

多年定位试验条件下不同施磷水平对土壤无机磷分级的影响

通过对小麦/玉米轮作不同施磷水平7年14季定位试验土壤养分状况的分析与评价,探讨石灰性潮土有效磷耗竭和积累状况下土壤全磷、无机磷分级形态的变化规律,并运用通径分析和逐步回归分析,研究Olsen法、Mehlich3法、树脂交换法测定的土壤有效磷与各无机磷形态的关系。结果表明:(1)与初始土壤相比,N0P0K0、N2P0K2处理全磷总量分别降低了15.2%,29.7%,无机磷总量降低了13.5%,11.8%,N2P2K2、N2P3K2处理全磷总量分别增加了8.2%,27.2%,无机磷总量增加了11.1%,27.8%。供试土壤无机磷含量以Ca_(10)-P、Ca_8-P为主,施用磷肥可提高Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、Al-P、Fe-P占无机磷总量的相对比例。(2)磷耗竭状态下,植物利用的无机磷来源于缓效磷源(Ca_8-P、Al-P、Fe-P;75%)、无效磷源Ca_(10)-P(11.5%~14.0%)、速效磷源Ca_2-P(7.5%~8.9%);无机磷盈余状态下,积累的无机磷主要转化为Ca_8-P(50%~70%)、Al/Fe-P(10%~23%)、O-P(8%)、Ca_2-P(0.2%~1.8%)。(3)Ca_2-P、AlP对3种方法测得的有效磷均具有正向作用且贡献率较大。Olsen法测定的无机磷主要是Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P,Mehlich3法主要是Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、Al-P,阴离子交换树脂法主要是Ca_2-P、Fe-P。(4)Olsen法、Mehlich3法、树脂交换法均适于评价土壤有效磷水平,Olsen法最优。     

Olsen法有效磷对提取温度的响应及量化关系

Olsen法有效磷受到提取温度的显著影响,在严格标准温度25℃下用0.5 mol/L NaHCO3(pH=8.5)提取测定的有效磷不能良好反映田间实际温度下的土壤磷有效性。探明不同提取温度下的Olsen法有效磷对提取温度的响应并建立其与Olsen-P的量化关系,为评价田间不同温度下土壤磷的有效性提供依据。选择具有广泛Olsen-P含量(4～280 mg/kg)的24个黑土样品,采用Olsen法分别于10、15、20、25、30和35℃下测定其有效磷含量;统计分析其与Olsen-P的比值、线性响应关系系数等,随机选取16个黑土数据采用系数直接代入法、系数间接代入法、提取率拟合法、最小二乘法拟合法和两种二阶拟合法共6个换算方程,拟合和建立不同温度下Olsen法有效磷与Olsen-P的量化关系,通过剩余的8个黑土数据对换算方程验证对比,获得将Olsen-P换算成任意温度下土壤Olsen法有效磷含量的方程。结果表明,Olsen法有效磷均随提取温度的升高而显著增加,温度每升高1℃,Olsen法提取的土壤有效磷增加量为0.2～5.4 mg/kg;土壤Olsen-P含量越高,Olsen法提取有效磷的增量越大。不同温度下Olsen法提取有效磷的相对提取率也随温度升高而增加,10、15、20、30和35℃下的平均提取率分别为69.8%、76.1%、87.5%、113.7%和138.7%;并受Olsen-P含量的影响。构建的Olsen法提取有效磷量与提取温度和Olsen-P含量的双因素换算方程,通过方程预测值与实测值的决定系数(R2)、残差均方根(RMSE)和相对误差(RE)3个主要指标判断,并考虑简单易行,对比明确了系数直接代入法的换算方程[PT=(0.019×P25+0.170)×T+0.545×P25-3.247]最优,其R2、RMSE和RE分别为0.996、6.18和1.28(n=48)。该方程可用于土壤Olsen-P在 4～280 mg/kg范围内,10～35℃不同温度下,进行土壤Olsen-P与Olsen法有效磷含量间的换算。     

ASI法测定土壤有效磷、有效钾和铵态氮与我国常规分析方法的相关性

用ASI法测定了土壤有效磷、有效钾和铵态氮，并与我国常规分析方法进行了相关性研究。结果表明：（1）ASI—P与Olsen—P呈极显著正相关，其相关系数在水作条件下比旱作条件下高，在酸性条件下比中、碱性条件下高，随着土壤pH值升高，两者的相关系数迅速降低；（2）ASI—K与NH4OAc—K呈极显著正相关，其相关系数在旱作条件下比水作条件下高，在碱性条件下比中、酸性条件下高，且对pH值和水分条件的变化均较敏感；（3）ASI—N比碱解N低得多，且在水作条件的中、酸性pH范围相关性较好。     

黑土和淡黑钙土的有效磷测定方法的研究

黑土和淡黑钙土在碳酸钙含量、pH等方面有显著差异,在土壤磷的化学组成上也是明显不同的.淡黑钙土Ca-P的百分组成明显的高于黑土,Fe-P含量则相反,无机磷占全磷的百分组成黑土低于淡黑钙土.通过小麦盆栽试验和土壤有效磷测定方法对比试验,对小麦吸磷量、土壤磷的组成、不同方法测得值和相对产量等几个方面所进行的综合分析和统计,一致表明在中性黑土上Bray 1(1:10)法和Olsen法最好.在石灰性淡黑钙土上以Bray 1(1:50)和Olsen法较好,但Olsen法测定结果受温度影响大,因此在黑土上宜采用Bray 1(1:10)法,在淡黑钙土上则以采用Bray 1(1:50)法为佳.     

我院1989年11项科技成果获奖

1.植物生长营养剂——多效好的生产与应用,获广西科技进步三等奖。2.Olsen 法土壤速效磷温度校正系数研究,与区内单位合作完成,获广西科技进步三等奖。3.晚籼新品种朝花矮试种示范及推广,获广西高校科技进步一等奖。     

Evaluation of Agro Services International Soil Test Method for Phosphorus and Potassium

Soil testing is widely adopted as an essential diagnostic tool for identifying soil nutrient factors that limit sustained crop production. A systematic approach for rapid soil testing and fertilizer recommendation has been introduced and widely used in China by Agro Services International (ASI), USA. To verify the usefulness and reliability of the ASI method in soil testing and fertilizer recommendation in comparison with other commonly used traditional soil testing methods, 294 soil samples from major agricultural regions and soil types in China with a wide range of soil pH, from 5.1 to 8.9, were taken and analyzed for available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) by the ASI multielement extraction solution and selected traditional methods, Olsen extractant for P, ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) extractant for K, and multielement extractant Mehlich 3 for P and K. Also, 46 soils were selected from northern China regions for a greenhouse trial with sorghum seedlings to determine if the soil testing values correlate well with plant response. Results indicated that the amount of soil P extracted by the ASI method (ASI P) was correlated to both soil extractable P tested by the Olsen extractant (Olsen P) and Mehlich 3 extractant (Mehlich 3 P). The correlation coefficient of ASI P with Mehlich 3 P (R² = 0.86) was greater than that of ASI P with Olsen P (R² = 0.74) across all selected soils. A good correlation was also found between the exchangeable K from the ASI method with the traditional ammonium acetate method (R² = 0.81) and the Mehlich 3 method (R² = 0.85). The results from the greenhouse trial showed that the extractable P and exchangeable K by the ASI multielement extraction solution could be used to represent the fertility status of soil P and K for the selected soils. Regression analysis indicated that the relative dry-matter yield of the sorghum plants can be predicted with either ASI P and ASI K values with the correlation coefficients (R²) values of 0.78 and 0.72 respectively and could be a good measure for soil testing and fertilizer recommendation in the selected soils and regions in China.     

Determination of Soil Available Phosphorus using the Olsen and Mehlich 3 Methods for Greek Soils Having Variable Amounts of Calcium Carbonate

The Mehlich 3 method for the determination of available phosphorus (P) is less laborious compared to the Olsen method and provides the advantage of multielement analysis. However, in Greece the Olsen P method is currently used because of its suitability for calcareous soils. The aims of this study were to compare (a) the Mehlich 3 and Olsen methods for 200 soils having different levels of pH and calcium carbonate and (b) Mehlich 3 colorimetric and Mehlich 3 inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis for 17 acidic and 23 alkaline soils. The correlation of Mehlich 3 P and Olsen P methods, excluding soils with pH less than 5 and soils with calcium carbonate levels from 10.3 to 48.3%, resulted in a linear slope of 0.24 and r² of 0.82, and thus for this range of soils the Mehlich 3 test provided a more reliable measurement of P compared to the Olsen method. This study confirms also previous results that show that Mehlich 3 ICP test measures more P compared to Mehlich 3 colorimetry.     

Comparison of extractants for the determination of available phosphorus,potassium, calcium,magnesium and sodium in some Ethiopian and German soils

Abstract

A study was conducted with the purpose of comparing the efficiency of Mehlich 1, Mehlich 3, and calcium acetate lactate (CAL) extractants for the deter‐ mination of available phosphorus (P) and exchangeable cations [potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sodium (Na)] on 22 Ethiopian and 10 German agricultural soils. The Olsen and NH₄OAc extractants were used as standards against which P and exchangeable cations values were compared. Results showed that, in general, highly significant correlations were found between all of the methods for available P and exchangeable cations determination on the Ethiopian soils. The highest correlation was, however, found with the Mehlich 3 extractant. On the ten soils from Germany, the Olsen method did not give significant cor‐ relation with the CAL method for P determination. The CAL and Mehlich 3 extrac‐ tants were also not good indicators of Na availability when compared with the NH₄OAc method. It can be generalized that the Mehlich 3 is a suitable extractant for P, K, Ca, Mg, and Na in Ethiopian soils, but further study is recommended to confirm these findings under field conditions.     

Determination of Appropriate Soil Test Extractant for Available Phosphorus in Southwestern Nigerian Soils

Evaluation of five soil phosphorus (P) extractants was done on southwestern Nigerian soils from sedimentary and basement complex parent materials to determine the relationship between the extractants and the most appropriate extractant for the soils. The soils differed in properties. Generally, soils from the basement material had less available P compared with sedimentary material. Olsen extracted the greatest P. Bray 1 measured 67% of Olsen P, Hunter measured 52%, Mehlich measured 42%, and Ambic measured 24%. Positive and significant regression (P < 0.001) existed among Bray 1, Olsen, Mehlich, Hunter, and Ambic extractants. The strongest relationship was found among Olsen, Mehlich, and Ambic P. The relationship between maize P uptake and extracted P was quadratic, whereas the relationship with Mehlich was logarithmic. Bray, Mehlich, and Olsen P were the significant contributors to the maize P uptake and dry-matter yield. Extractants in order of P extraction were Olsen > Bray 1 > Hunter > Mehlich > Ambic.     

Comparison of Colorimetric and ICP Methods of Phosphorus Determination in Soil Extracts

The traditional method for quantifying phosphorus (P) in Manitoba soil extracts is the molybdate blue–ascorbic acid colorimetric method. The shift from this traditional method to newer and more sophisticated analytical methods such as inductively coupled plasma (ICP) optical emission spectroscopy for P determination in soil extract could have serious implications on agronomic and environmental P management. Thus, the objectives of this study were to compare P determination by colorimetric and ICP methods in four extractants, namely Olsen, Mehlich 3, CaCl₂, and water extraction methods and to evaluate the possibility of developing conversion equations for P determination for the two methods in Manitoba soils. A laboratory experiment was conducted to establish relationships between P determination by colorimetric and ICP methods. Sixty surface soil samples (30 manured and 30 nonmanured) were collected from across Manitoba and extracted with Mehlich 3 reagent, Olsen solution, calcium chloride (CaCl₂) solution, and deionized water. Extractable P in the extract was determined by colorimetric (Col-P) and ICP (ICP-P) methods. The concentrations of P measured by the two methods were statistically analyzed. Mean comparison showed that P amounts determined by ICP in Mehlich 3, water, and CaCl₂ solutions were significantly greater than those determined by colorimetric method (P < 0.05) in the study. The differences between P determinations by the two analytical methods in the extractants were probably due to the presence of organic P, which was included in ICP determination but not in colorimetric determination. The influence of other factors such as the presence of colloidal particles on the P that was determined by the two methods could not be ruled out. However, Olsen P determined by the colorimetric method was not significantly different from the values determined by ICP (P > 0.05) probably because the alkaline nature of this extractant enhanced the hydrolysis of organic P in the extract, thus including organic P in the colorimetric determination of P. There were significant correlations between the two methods of P determination in the various extracting solutions with correlation coefficients ranging between 0.94 and 1.00. The two methods of P determination were linearly related for all the extracting solutions.     

Determination of Soil Feature Effects on Plant-Available Phosphorus Extraction using Response Surface and Cate–Nelson Methodology

In this study, four soil extraction methods (Olsen, Soltanpour, Mehlich 3, and water saturation) were used to identify optimal concentrations of phosphorus (P) required for plant growth. Olsen soil extraction for P was the most appropriate method for soil types of this study as the greatest correlation coefficient for soil-test P and with plant factors was achieved. The optimal amount of soil features (pH, organic carbon, lime, gypsum, and clay) determined by using response surface methodology (a new optimization method) were 7.49, 0.66, 41.82, 4.21, and 31.34, respectively. More soil P was extracted when the soil had optimal amounts of these features, showing each feature had a significant effect on extracted soil P. Furthermore, the graphical method of Cate–Nelson determined the optimal amounts of P using Olsen, Soltanpour, Mehlich 3, and saturation extract methods for wheat as 15, 6.5, 35, and 1.5 mg kg^?1 soil in nongypsic soils and 17, 3.5, 45, and 2.5 mg kg^?1 soil in gypsic soils.     

Extraction Methods for Phosphorus and Their Relationship with Soils Phosphorus‐Buffer Capacity Estimated by the Remaining‐Phosphorus Methodology‐A Pot Study with Maize

Abstract

This work aimed to calibrate Mehlich 1, Mehlich 3, Bray 1, Olsen, and ion‐exchange resin extraction methods with maize phosphorus (P) responses in a pot study with lowland and upland soils with different P‐buffer capacities and to evaluate whether the calibration can be enhanced through the knowledge of remaining P. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications in a factorial arrangement involving five P concentrations and four lowland or seven upland soils. The remaining P for each soil was determined, P‐buffer capacity was estimated, and the soils were grouped according to the results. Correlation coefficients showed that the remaining P is strongly dependent on clay and soil organic‐matter content, and its determination was useful to the evaluation of the extractants. The classification and grouping of soils according to their P‐buffer capacity improved the correlations between extracted P and plant response for Mehlich 1 and Bray 1 extractants. The Mehlich 3, Olsen, and resin methods presented better performances, independent of soil grouping.     

Evaluating iron‐impregnated paper strips for assessing available soil phosphorus

Abstract

Iron (Fe)‐impregnated filter paper strips (Pi) have been proposed as a method for measuring available soil phosphorus (P). A well‐defined Pi method has not yet been developed and Pi strips are often prepared with different filter papers and procedures. A study aimed at arriving at a consistent Pi method is thus needed. Four types of Pi strips, prepared with the two most widely used papers, Whatman No. 50 and 541, following a procedure that incorporates improvements both proposed in the literature and made in our laboratory, were evaluated for P extraction capacity and error. Two of the best strips, which are significantly different in P extraction capacity, along with the Mehlich 1 (0.05M HCl and 0.0125M H₂SO₄) and the Olsen method (0.5M NaHCO₃, pH 8.5) were further evaluated in a greenhouse experiment involving eight soils planted with corn (Zea mays L.). Results indicated that strips prepared with both Whatman No. 50 and 541 were appropriate for P extractions as long as strips were washed with deionized water after treatment with ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH). At room temperatures the strips probably contain both hydrous Fe hydroxides and oxides in both crystalline and amorphous forms. Pi P was well correlated with Olsen P and P uptake in all soils, indicating that Pi is generally applicable in diverse soils. No obvious advantage was found for the Pi with respect to the Olsen method. Both the Pi and the Olsen method were better extractants with respect to the Mehlich 1, which was ineffective for extracting P in calcareous soils. Extractable P by Mehlich 1, Olsen, and Pi all correlated highly with accumulated plant available P estimated by eight sequential crops in the greenhouse. However, none of the methods could account for all the variation in plant P removal.