Effects of copper sulfate, tri-basic copper chloride, and zinc oxide on weanling pig performance

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary Cu and Zn on weanling pig performance. Diets were fed in 2 phases: phase 1 from d 0 to 14 postweaning and phase 2 from d 14 to 28 in Exp. 1 and 2 and d 14 to 42 in Exp. 3. The trace mineral premix, included in all diets, provided 165 mg/kg of Zn from ZnSO(4) and 16.5 mg/kg of Cu from CuSO(4). In Exp. 1, treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of added Cu from tri-basic copper chloride (TBCC; 0 or 150 mg/kg) and added Zn from ZnO (0, 1,500, or 3,000 mg/kg from d 0 to 14 and 0, 1,000, or 2,000 mg/kg from d 14 to 28). No Cu × Zn interactions were observed (P > 0.10). Adding TBCC or Zn increased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI during each phase. In Exp. 2, treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of added Zn from ZnO (0 or 3,000 mg/kg from d 0 to 14 and 0 or 2,000 mg/kg from d 14 to 28) and Cu (control, 125 mg/kg of Cu from TBCC, or 125 mg/kg of Cu from CuSO(4)). No Cu × Zn interactions (P > 0.10) were observed for any performance data. Adding ZnO improved (P < 0.02) ADG and ADFI from d 0 to 14 and overall. From d 0 to 28, supplementing CuSO(4) increased (P < 0.02) ADG, ADFI, and G:F, and TBCC improved (P = 0.006) ADG. In Exp. 3, the 6 dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of added Cu from CuSO(4) (0 or 125 mg/kg) and added Zn from ZnO (0 or 3,000 mg/kg from d 0 to 14 and 0 or 2,000 mg/kg from d 14 to 42). The final 2 treatments were feeding added ZnO alone or in combination with CuSO(4) from d 0 to 14 and adding CuSO(4) from d 14 to 42. Adding ZnO increased (P < 0.04) ADG, ADFI, and G:F from d 0 to 14 and ADG from d 0 to 42. Dietary CuSO(4) increased (P < 0.004) ADG and ADFI from d 14 to 42 and d 0 to 42. From d 28 to 42, a trend for a Cu × Zn interaction was observed (P = 0.06) for ADG. This interaction was reflective of the numeric decrease in ADG for pigs when Cu and Zn were used in combination compared with each used alone. Also, numerical advantages were observed when supplementing Zn from d 0 to 14 and Cu from d 14 to 42 compared with all other Cu and Zn regimens. These 3 experiments show the advantages of including both Cu and Zn in the diet for 28 d postweaning; however, as evident in Exp. 3, when 3,000 mg/kg of Zn was added early and 125 mg/kg of Cu was added late, performance was similar or numerically greater than when both were used for 42 d.     

Effects of concurrent copper deficiency and gastro-intestinal nematodiasis on circulating copper and protein levels, liver copper and bodyweight in sheep

Sheep were rendered hypocupraemic using parenteral ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (ATM). Fifteen thousand third stage larvae of Trichostrongylus axei and T. colubriformis in the ratio 1:1 were administered three times per week for six weeks, starting four weeks after cessation of ATM treatment. The changes in liver and plasma copper (Cu), caeruloplasmin activity, serum proteins, faecal nematode egg counts and total nematode counts were measured in the sheep for 10 weeks after infection. Decreases in liver Cu, plasma Cu and caeruloplasmin activities were detected soon after infection. There was a significant (P less than 0.05) interaction of the effects of Cu deficiency and nematode infection on these changes. Hypoproteinaemia, attributed to serum albumin loss, was demonstrated seven weeks after infection, but this was not associated with the interaction of Cu deficiency and nematode infection. No changes in serum globulins were detected. Although the results support the contention that gastro-intestinal nematodiasis can significantly exacerbate an existing Cu deficiency in sheep, there was no evidence that hypocuprosis would predispose sheep to higher nematode burdens.     

铜和维生素A及其交互作用对饲料中粗蛋白和铜、铁、锌、锰表观存留率的影响

选用1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡448只,随机分为8组,每组4个重复,采用4×2(Cu×VA)完全随机设计,日粮铜的添加量为0、8、150、225mg/kg,VA添加量为1500、5000IU/kg,研究日粮中添加不同铜水平和VA水平对肉仔鸡不同生长阶段(0～4周龄和5～7周龄)粗蛋白表观存留率和铜、铁、锌、锰表观存留率的影响,结果表明:①日粮不同铜水平对前期粗蛋白表观存留率影响显著(P<0.01);对前后期铜、铁、锌表观存留率影响均显著(P<0.01);对前后期锰表观存留率影响显著(P<0.05)。②日粮不同VA水平对前后期粗蛋白表观存留率影响显著(P<0.05);对前期铁表观存留率影响显著(P<0.01),对前后期锌的表观存留率均不显著(P>0.05),但P值都小于0.09;对后期锰表观存留率影响显著(P<0.05)。③交互作用对前期粗蛋白表观存留率影响显著(P<0.01);对后期铜、前期锌、后期锰表观存留率影响显著(P<0.05);对前后期铁的表观存留率影响均显著(P<0.01)。     

铜和维生素A及其交互作用对饲料中粗蛋白和铜、铁、锌、锰表观存留存率的影响

选用1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡448只,随机分为8组,每组4个重复,采用4×2(Cu×VA)完全随机设计,日粮铜的添加量为0、8、150、225mg/kg,VA添加量为1500、5000IU/kg,研究日粮中添加不同铜水平和VA水平对肉仔鸡不同生长阶段(0～4周龄和5～7周龄)粗蛋白表观存留率和铜、铁、锌、锰表观存留率的影响,结果表明:①日粮不同铜水平对前期粗蛋白表观存留率影响显著(P<0.01);对前后期铜、铁、锌表观存留率影响均显著(P<0.01);对前后期锰表观存留率影响显著(P<0.05)。②日粮不同VA水平对前后期粗蛋白表观存留率影响显著(P<0.05);对前期铁表观存留率影响显著(P<0.01),对前后期锌的表观存留率均不显著(P>0.05),但P值都小于0.09;对后期锰表观存留率影响显著(P<0.05)。③交互作用对前期粗蛋白表观存留率影响显著(P<0.01);对后期铜、前期锌、后期锰表观存留率影响显著(P<0.05);对前后期铁的表观存留率影响均显著(P<0.01)。     

饲料铜水平对雏鸡组织器官中铜、铁、锌含量的影响

将80只1日龄艾维菌肉仔鸡随机分成4组,每组4个重复,每个重复5只鸡,对照组喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加硫酸铜10、50 mg/kg和100 mg/kg,试验期21 d.试验结果表明:随日粮铜添加水平的增加,肝脏、胫骨中铜含量有所增加,尤其是铜添加量为100 mg/kg时,肝脏、胫骨中铜含量都显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).肝脏、胫骨中铁含量随铜添加水平的升高而逐渐下降.肝脏、胫骨中锌含量也随铜添加水平的变化而变化.     

纳米铜对绵羊瘤胃液铜浓度、pH值及日粮表观消化率的影响

选用4只体重(55±2)kg、3岁装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的阉公羊,采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究日粮中添加纳米铜(添加量分别为:对照组0 mg Cu/kg、处理A组10 mg Cu/kg、处理B组20 mg Cu/kg、处理C组30 mg Cu/kg)对瘤胃液铜浓度、pH值及日粮表观消化率的影响。结果表明:(1)处理C组的瘤胃液铜浓度平均值显著高于对照组和处理B组(P<0.05);(2)瘤胃液铜浓度与瘤胃pH呈高度正相关(P<0.01),纳米铜有提高瘤胃液pH的趋势,处理C组的瘤胃液pH平均值显著高于对照组(P>0.05);(3)瘤胃液铜浓度与日粮OM的表观消化率呈高度负相关(P<0.05),处理C组CP、EE的表观消化率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。根据试验结果推断,添加纳米铜低于30 mg/kg时不会影响日粮表观消化率。     

高铜对肉鸡肝线粒体膜通透性、脂类代谢及肝和肌肉铜含量的影响

选用1日龄健康AA肉鸡120只随机均分成4组,使用硫酸铜作为铜源,饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,对照组饲料铜含量为11mg/kg,3个试验高铜组饲料铜含量分别为110,220,330mg/kg,试验至60日龄结束,来探讨高铜日粮对肉鸡肝线粒体膜通透性、脂类代谢及肝和肌肉铜含量的影响。结果显示:(1)随着铜浓度的增加和/或饲养日龄的延长,线粒体膜通透性转换孔(Mitochondrial permeability transition pore,MPTP)逐渐扩大(P0.05);(2)血清总胆固醇(T-Ch)含量110,220mg/kg铜添加组低于对照组(P0.05),330mg/kg铜添加组极显著低于对照组(P0.01),而甘油三酯(TG)的含量在各高铜组均极显著低于对照组(P0.01);(3)与对照组相比,肝脏铜含量110,220mg/kg铜添加组有所增加(P0.05),330mg/kg铜添加组极显著增加(P0.01),肌肉中铜含量在各高铜组均极显著高于对照组(P0.01)。这说明高铜可造成肝线粒体不同程度的肿胀和损伤,改变肉鸡脂类的新陈代谢,明显增加肝和肌肉组织的铜含量。     

高铜日粮对肉鸡生长性能 肾铜残留及肾功能的影响

铜是动物营养必需的微量元素之一,广泛分布于动物体内各组织器官中,在机体造血、维持生产性能、增强机体抵抗力等方面有不可替代的作用.铜、铁、锌元素之间存在一定的拮抗作用,高铜饲粮对组织中铁、锌含量有一定的影响.     

羟基蛋氨酸铁、铜、锰、钵螯合率的测定

氨基酸微量元素螯合物的生物利用率比无机离子的利用率高2～3倍,使用氨基酸微量元素螯合物是解决过量添加无机盐造成环境污染这一难题的有效方法,同时也防止了无机盐产生的不良影响及对维生素的拮抗作用.     

Interactive relations between copper, iron, zinc, arsenic, cadmium and lead in the liver in sheep after experimental poisoning with copper oxide

The interactions between copper, iron, zinc, arsenic, cadmium and lead were studied in the livers of 12 ewes of the Improved Wallachian breed after experimentally induced intoxication with cuprous oxide from industrial emission. The highest correlation coefficient was recorded between the concentrations of copper and zinc in the livers of the experimental ewes (r = 0.916) and its value was at a significance level of p less than 0.05. The interaction between copper and arsenic in the liver of the experimental animals corresponded to a correlation coefficient of r = 0.359 and that between copper and cadmium corresponded to r = 0.129. The lowest correlation coefficient in the livers of the experimental animals was recorded between copper and lead (r = 0.073). As to the relationships between the remaining elements, the highest correlation coefficient (r = 0.667) was obtained between the contents of zinc and cadmium in the livers of the experimental ewes. The interaction of copper with the other risky metals after experimental intoxication was limited by the concentration of the studied elements in the industrial emission as well as by the course of the disease itself.     

Preparation,characterization, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity studies of copper/zincloaded montmorillonite

Background: A series of modified montmorillonites(Mt) including zinc-loaded Mt(Zn-Mt), copper-loaded Mt(Cu-Mt), copper/zinc-loaded Mt with different Cu/Zn ratio(Cu/Zn-Mt-1, Cu/Zn-Mt-2, Cu/Zn-Mt-3) were prepared by an ion-exchange reaction, and characterized using X-ray diffraction(XRD), fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The specific surface areas, antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of the modified Mt were investigated.Results: In the modified Mt, hydrated Cu ions and Zn ions were exchanged in the interlayer space of Mt and the particles were irregular shapes. The results showed that Cu/Zn-Mt enhanced antibacterial and antifungal activity compared with Zn-Mt and Cu-Mt possibly due to the synergistic effect between Cu and Zn. Among the Cu/Zn-Mt with different Cu/Zn raitos, Cu/Zn-Mt with a Cu/Zn ratio of 0.98 or 0.51 showed higher antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria(Escherichia coli), gram-positive bacteria(Staphylococcus aureus), fungi(Candida albicans).Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of Cu/Zn-Mt was correlated with its specific surface area. Cytotoxicity studies on IPEC-J2 cell showed a slight cytotoxicity of Cu/Zn-Mt.Conclusions: The current data provide clear evidence that in terms of its antimicrobial activity and relatively low toxicity, the Cu/Zn-Mt holds great promise for applications in animal husbandry.     

Effect of different levels of copper nanoparticles and copper sulphate on performance,metabolism and blood biochemical profiles in broiler chicken

A study was conducted to investigate the influence of copper administration in ovo to chicken embryos and/or supplied in drinking water to growing chickens in the form copper nanoparticles (Cu‐NP) or copper sulphate (CuSO₄). The fertilised eggs were assigned to three groups (n = 50 per group): control (not injected), injected with 50 mg/kg Cu‐NP or with 50 mg/kg CuSO₄ at day 1 of incubation. Thereafter, 126 one‐day‐old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to seven post‐hatched groups: control not injected and not provided with Cu in the drinking water, injected with 50 mg/kg Cu‐NP + 20 mg/kg in water, not injected + 20 mg/kg Cu‐NP in water, injected with 50 mg/kg CuSO₄ + 20 mg/kg in water, not injected + 20 mg/kg CuSO₄ in water, injected with 50 mg/kg Cu‐NP and injected with 50 mg/kg CuSO₄. The experiment was carried out from day 1 to 35 post‐hatching. The in ovo injection of Cu improved the final body weight, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio in relation to the control group. Conversely, the provision of Cu in the drinking water had less of an effect on growth performance in comparison with the injected groups. A significant improvement was shown in energy and nitrogen utilisation, being better for Cu‐NP than CuSO₄. The cholesterol, urea and glucose levels in the blood were reduced by Cu‐NP treatment in relation to the other groups. The relative weight of the liver was decreased, while bursa of Fabricius was increased in Cu groups in relation to the control group. Cu excretion was only reduced in chickens injected with 50 mg/kg Cu‐NP + 20 mg/kg in water. The immune‐related genes were not affected by the treatments. The in ovo injection of Cu‐NP might improve broiler performance more efficiently than the injection of CuSO₄ or the provision of Cu‐NP and/or CuSO₄ in drinking water.     

Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium

In experiment 1, 6 pregnant mares received a concentrate that contained a trace mineral premix that provided 14.3 mg Cu, 40 mg Zn, 28 mg Fe, 28 mg Mn, 0.08 mg Co, 0.16 mg I, and 0.16 mg Se/kg concentrate (group A). Seven mares received the same concentrate plus 502 mg Zn and 127 mg Cu once daily (group B). No differences (P > .05) in foal growth data, or Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum were observed. In experiment 2, 6 pregnant mares received the same concentrate as group A (group C), and 8 mares received the same concentrate fortified with 4× the trace mineral premix (group D). Group C mares had higher serum Zn concentration at 1 day (P < 0.01) and 56 days (P < 0.04). Group C mares had higher milk Fe concentration at 28 days (P < .01), and group D mares had higher milk Cu concentration at 56 days (P < .01). Group C foals had higher serum Cu concentration at 14 days (P < .03). The results from this study provide no evidence to indicate that supplementing late gestating and lactating mares with higher dietary trace mineral levels than those recommended currently by NRC has any influence on foal growth and development, or on the Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of the mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum.     

Trace element supplementation of sheep: evaluation of various copper supplements and a soluble glass bullet containing copper, cobalt and selenium

The effect of 5 different copper supplements on copper status of Merino sheep at pasture was examined. Transient increases in plasma copper concentrations occurred following treatment with copper calcium EDTA, copper sulphate, and glass bullets impregnated with copper, cobalt and selenium, but these increases were not considered to be a reliable indication of changes in liver copper reserves. Sheep receiving the glass bullet or 2.5 g oxidised copper wire particles orally or 50 mg copper as copper calcium EDTA parenterally had liver copper concentrations significantly greater than those of untreated sheep for periods up to 51 weeks. Oral doses of 30 mg copper as copper oxychloride, or 300 mg copper as copper sulphate did not alter the liver copper reserves at any stage. The bodyweight and greasy fleece weights were not significantly altered by any of the copper supplements. Plasma vitamin B12 concentrations in sheep given the glass bullet were increased for about 5 months. Thereafter increased plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were observed in all sheep. Blood selenium concentrations were also high during the experiment thereby preventing the evaluation of the glass bullet as a source of selenium.     

Clinical, morphologic, and chemical studies on copper toxicosis of Bedlington Terriers.

In a study of 90 Bedlington Terriers, 68 had a defect that resulted in the accumulation of toxic excesses of copper in the liver. Concentrations of copper were 5 to 50 times that of clinically normal mongrel dogs. The bulk of this excess copper was sequestered in lysosomes. When copper concentrations exceeded 2,000 micrograms/g dry liver, progressive signs of functional and morphologic disturbance appeared as focal hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis, and ultimately cirrhosis. The disorder, which appears to be inherited, could only be diagnosed by liver biopsy. It was latent for many years in some dogs but led early in life to acute or chronic hepatic disease and death in others.