基于生态足迹的县域生态经济可持续发展研究--以宁夏西吉县为例

生态足迹是基于生物生产面积测度区域可持续发展的生物物理方法.利用该方法对宁夏西吉县1978-2003年的生态足迹变化动态进行了分析.该县人均生态足迹由1978年的0.190 5 hm2逐年增加至2003年的0.442 5 hm2,而同期的人均生态承载力则由0.304 4 hm2逐年减少到0.204 7 hm2,生态足迹与生态承载力呈反方向发展趋势.西吉县1978年的生态盈余为0.113 9 hm2,1986年以后开始出现生态赤字,2003年人均生态足迹增至0.237 8 hm2.说明西吉县人口对自然资源的利用逐年增加,目前已超出了自然生态系统的生态承载力范围,生态足迹与生态承载力之间的矛盾加剧,现有的发展模式是不可持续的,生态系统处于不安全状态.     

1995-2004年河北省生态足迹分析与评价

基于国内外生态足迹动态分析理论和最新成果,本文对河北省1995-2004年间的生态足迹进行了测算,并结合万元GDP占用生态足迹、生态足迹多样性指数和经济系统发展能力指数等指标,为综合评价河北省的生态可持续发展奠定了理论基础。结果表明:十年间,河北省人均生态足迹呈波动态势,人均生态承载力由1995年的0.4882hm2下降到2004年的0.4357hm2,生态赤字反映出区域生态系统正处于人类过度开发利用的压力之下,生态可持续发展受到严重影响,万元GDP生态足迹的平稳下降表明资源利用率不断提高,经济发展能力在逐步增强。     

甘肃省生态足迹与生态承载力动态分析

基于生态足迹和生态承载力的理论和计算方法对甘肃省1996-2009年人均生态足迹、人均生态承载力和人均生态赤字动态变化进行分析,并通过灰色GM(1.1)预测模型,对甘肃省2015年、2020年人均生态足迹、人均可利用生态承载力、万元GDP生态足迹进行了预测。结果表明:1)甘肃省1996-2009年间人均生态足迹逐年增大,由1.3835hm2增长到2.2973hm2。人均生态承载力变化不明显,存在生态赤字,且人均生态赤字逐年增大,由1996年的0.4256hm2增加到2009年的1.3515hm2。2)人均生态承载力基本维持在0.9213hm2-0.9579hm2之间,呈缓慢下降的趋势。3)生态赤字逐年扩大,以年均11.46%的速度快速增长。4)预测表明2015年人均生态足迹为3.4732hm2/人,2020年将达到4.7153hm2/人;生态赤字在2015年扩大到2.5355hm2/人,2020年为3.7759hm2/人。针对甘肃省生态现状,建议提高农业单位产量,改善工业发展模式等,走上可持续发展的道路。     

疆近十年生态足迹与生态承载力研究

文中在阐述生态足迹的理论和模型基础之上,设计了区域生态足迹计算方法,对新疆2001-2007年共7年的生态足迹及生态承载力进行了动态研究。结果表明:新疆人均生态足迹由1998年的2.5957hm2逐年增加到2007年的4.0551hm2,而人均生态承载力则由3.1270hm2逐年减少到2.8266hm2,,生态承载力与生态足迹呈现反向发展趋势。这十年来,新疆由生态冗余状态转变为生态赤字现象,目前处于不可持续发展状态。     

兰州市生态足迹变化趋势及其影响因子分析

本文利用生态足迹法对兰州市1996-2005年的生态足迹和生态承载力进行了研究。结果表明:兰州市人均生态足迹和生态承载力分别由1996年的1.66hm2、1.56hm2增加至2005年的2.15hm2、1.11hm2,同期的人均生态赤字也由0.10hm2上升到1.04hm2,分析兰州近几年人均生态足迹和生态承载力的变化趋势。运用相关分析、主成分分析法,分析影响生态足迹的主要因子。目前兰州市的人均生态足迹,已超出了自然生态系统的生态承载力范围,现有的发展模式是值得深思的。     

基于生态足迹法的城市化问题研究

依据1997-2006年西安市城镇居民和非城镇居民生态足迹时间序列,分析了城市化发展对生态足迹供需变化的影响,旨在探寻引起生态足迹供需变化的城市化驱动机制,以期为西安市城市化发展和生态环境建设提供理论依据。从1997年至2006年,西安市的人口城市化率由40.4%增加至45.7%,人均生态足迹从1997年的1.31hm2增至2006年1.64hm2,共增加了25%。人均生态足迹和城市化水平呈显著正相关。随着城市化水平的提高,万元GDP生态足迹呈明显的下降趋势。采用二次多项式方法对人均生态足迹和与城市化率的关系进行了拟合。推算出当城市化率达到50.66%时人均生态足迹达到拐点,即人均1.74hm2。同样采用多项式方法对人均生态足迹和与人均GDP的关系进行拟合,推算出当人均GDP达到2.67万元时,人均生态足迹达到拐点,此时人均生态足迹为1.79hm2。结合西安市实际情况,提出了合理调控城市化进程,科学规划城市布局,加大新型能源的推广力度,不断推广高科技农业技术,提高作物产量和大力发展生态经济的建议。     

2003-2007年山西省生态足迹动态变化分析

对山西省2003-2007年的生态足迹进行了计算分析。结果表明,研究时段内人均生态足迹由2003年的3.642329hm2上升到2007年的4.613971hm2,增长了26.68%;人均生态承载力由0.751188hm2下降到0.711400hm2,下降了5.3%。研究时段内历年均为生态赤字,且呈连年增长的趋势,至2007年人均生态赤字已高达3.902571hm2。表明山西省的生态发展不可持续。文中对计算结果进行分析后,提出了可持续发展的应对措施。     

陕西省2003年生态足迹计算分析

应用William Rees等提出的生态足迹分析法对陕西省2003年生态足迹进行了定量计算和分析.结果表明,2003年陕西省人均生态足迹为1.9298 hm2,可供给的人均生态承载力面积仅为0.8040 hm2,陕西省生态足迹是生态承载力面积的2.40倍,表明陕西省生态系统承受着较大的压力.同时对应用生态足迹分析法需要注意和完善的方面进行探讨.     

山西省生态足迹动态研究

生态足迹法是一种度量可持续发展程度的定量方法,运用生态足迹法对山西省1996~2005年的生态足迹和生态承载力进行了计算,并在此基础上运用spss软件得到的预测模型对山西省2006~2010年的生态足迹和生态承载力进行预测。结果表明:山西省人均生态足迹由1996年的1.2259hm2增加到2005年的1.3838hm2,人均生态赤字从1996年的0.4799hm2增加到2005年的0.6618hm2,增加了37.9%。在未来5年内,山西省人均生态赤字仍为增长趋势,山西省生态环境严重影响区域的可持续发展。     

基于生态足迹分析的青海湟水河流域可持续发展能力

基于生态足迹模型,计算2000-2005年湟水河流域生态足迹.结果表明:6年来,湟水河流域人均生态足迹从2000年的1.426 5 hm2/人增加到2005年的1/659 6 hm2/人,人均生态承载力从2000年的1.116 8 hm2/人减少到2005年的1.056 9 hm2/人,人均生态赤字从2000年的0.443 8 hm2/人增加到2005年的0.729 5 hm2/人,生态压力指数从2000年的1.45上升到2005年的1.78,表征状态由较不安全(4级)上升到很不安全(5级),现有发展模式不变的话,预测2010年生态赤字达0.943 2 hm2/人,生态压力指数为2.07,处于极不安全状态(6级).同时,随着湟水河流域生态足迹多样性指数从2000年的1.03提高到2005年的1.29,GDP生态足迹由2000年的2.702 3hm2/104元降低到2005年的2.215 6 hm2/104元,发展能力从2000年的1.46增加到2005年的2.14,预测2010年发展能力将提高到2.71.基于可持续发展理论,提出了实现湟水河流域可持续发展的措施和对策.     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.