巨桉萌芽更新试验研究

通过对巨桉皆伐迹地进行萌芽更新试验,结果表明:巨桉第一代伐桩萌芽率达98.7%,1年生萌芽林树高、胸径分别比同龄实生林提高273.3%、390.0%;4年生树高、胸径、单株材积、蓄积分别比同龄实生林提高18.9%、24.3%、74.7%和54.0%,单位面积、单位蓄积造林更新费用分别仅为同龄实生林的67.6%、43.9%,经济效益明显。     

几种优良桉树引种试验初报

对澳大利亚的大花序桉、托里桉、柳桉、巨桉进行引种及早期测试。结果表明,二年生大花序桉平均高232.5cm,平均胸径1.975cm;巨桉平均高660cm,平均胸径5.65cm;柳桉平均高670cm,平均胸径6.45cm;托里桉平均高507.5cm,平均胸径4.95cm.。从树高、胸径差数及T值差异性看,柳桉、巨桉生长量明显优于对照,托里桉与对照生长量则无明显差异,大花序桉明显低于对照生长量。     

不同造林密度对巨尾桉生长指标的影响

对巨尾桉不同造林密度的林分生长指标进行了分析,结果表明:巨尾桉不同造林密度对林木胸径、树高及单株材积都有影响,但树高差异不大。不同造林密度对巨尾桉胸径和单株材积的影响为:随着密度的增大,林分平均胸径和单株材积变小,当造林密度为1110株/hm~2时,平均胸径和单株材积最大;当造林密度为2500株/hm~2时,林分的蓄积量最大。     

海岸带木麻黄林窗套种巨尾桉生长与降风效果分析

以福建惠安县崇武半岛海岸木麻黄林带为研究对象,探讨木麻黄林内的林窗套种巨尾桉的林分生长效果,开展了复层林结构的林带防风效能观测。结果表明,块状套种巨尾桉后生长较快,4年树高平均可达8.75 m,胸径9.95 cm,并形成异龄复层林。该林分平均可降低风速81.35%,这对改善林带结构,提高林分防护效能十分有利。     

尾叶桉及其杂交种无性系早期生长变异分析

本文对9个尾叶桉、巨尾桉、尾巨桉无性系0.5~2.5年生试验林生长率、差异性及林分直径结构分析,发现林龄0.5~1.5 a是无性系树高生长高峰期,此时树高生长率达79.20%~96.27%,是林龄1.5~2.5 a树高生长率的3~4倍;林龄1.5~2.5 a时,各无性系林分胸径、树高、单株材积生长率分别为19.66%~25.67%、18.58%~27.96%、52.57%~62.54%,生长率最大的是E7号无性系(胸径、单株材积)和E6号无性系(树高);秩次相关分析表明：各无性系胸径、单株材积生长量在不同林龄时排序变动不大,而无性系树高生长量排序在不同林龄时变动较大;差异性分析表明：无性系间胸径、树高、单株材积生长差异显著,但随林龄增加有差异减小趋势;林龄2.5年生时,E5号无性系胸径、单株材积生长量最大,分别达11.39 cm、0.0736 m3;各无性系林分树木径阶范围为6~14 cm或8~14 cm,以10 cm或12 cm径阶树木占最大比例,除E8号无性系外,其余8个无性系树木径阶分布总体上近似正态分布。     

闽南山地尾巨桉DH3229与红锥不同比例混交的林分生长分析

为探索桉树与红锥适宜的混交比例,将尾巨桉DH3229与红锥按照1︰3、1︰4、1︰6的株数比例进行星状混交造林,调查分析12年生不同混交比例的林分生长情况。结果表明,不同混交比例下,混交林中红锥胸径、材积达显著差异水平,以N(尾巨桉)︰N(红锥)=1︰6处理的平均胸径最高,达到15.26 cm,平均单株材积最高达0.164 m^(3);混交林中尾巨桉DH3229的胸径、树高、材积在不同混交比例间均达极显著差异水平,以N(尾巨桉)︰N(红锥)=1︰4混交比例的最优,平均胸径、平均树高、平均单株材积、平均林分蓄积量分别达到26.64 cm、27.04 m、0.767 m^(3)和99.643 m^(3)/hm^(2)。综合混交林的各项生长指标,以N(尾巨桉)︰N(红锥)=1︰4为最优,可进一步示范应用。     

长泰山地巨尾桉引种造林调查初报

对长泰县巨尾桉山地引种造林情况调查表明:巨尾桉造林1—3年.树高年均生长量3m左右,胸径年均生长量3cm以上,年均蓄积量15m~3/hm~2以上;从全面调查看出267hm~2巨尾桉林分,96%当年郁闭成林.     

尾巨桉萌芽更新不同密度处理对林分初期生长的影响

对尾巨桉不同处理更新3.2a生林分的生长调查,分析结果表明:在密度1 110株/hm2时,植苗更新林分平均胸径比萌芽更新林分高6.8%;平均单株材积比萌芽更新高11.4%;萌芽更新林分平均胸径随保留密度的增大而减小,方差分析结果表明不同处理尾巨桉林分胸径生长有极显著差异。萌芽更新林分平均单株材积随保留密度的增大而减小,萌芽保留1 110株/hm2平均单株材积比2 100株/hm2减小26.5%。在相同密度1 110株/hm2时,植苗更新林分每公顷蓄积比萌芽更新高23.1%。萌芽更新林分单位面积蓄积随密度的增大而增大,林分密度2 100株/hm2的林分每公顷蓄积量比密度1 110株/hm2高53.7%。     

巨桉种源试验及其在我国适生范围的研究

1987年在福建省长泰县和海南省琼海县进行了我国首次系统巨桉种源试验。参试种源来自澳大利亚的巨桉自然分布区、巴西的人工林和南非种子园。 当巨桉林龄18个月时,长泰试验点平均高4.51m,胸径4.2cm,种源间差异均不显著;琼海试验点平均高4.45m,胸径3.6cm,种源间差异显著。地点间平均树高几乎相同,但胸径差异显著。试验发现,基因型与环境之间的交互作用明显。巨桉的种群变异可能是不规则的。 应用GENSTAT统计程序进行的生物气候预测分析表明,巨桉在我国的适生范围大致始于温州,沿海岸与南岭平行至黔桂边界,向南经雷州半岛至海南岛东南,以及川、滇境内的一些不连续地区。     

邓恩桉和巨尾桉在桂西北高海拔地区的生长表现

为了探明高海拔地区引种桉树的生长状况,在桂西北900-930m的地段上引种邓恩桉和巨尾桉,分别对其生长调查和经济效益分析,结果为：6年生邓恩桉和巨尾桉的平均胸径分别为18.53 cm和17.83 cm;平均树高分别为22.12m和24.03m;林分平均蓄积量为227.82 m3·hm-2和217.62 m3·hm-2;年平均纯收入分别为20998元·hm-2和19980元·hm-2。研究结果充分说明,在桂西北高海拔地区引种邓恩桉和巨尾桉,具有速生、高产和显著的经济效益,应值得推广。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.