Manufacture of UV absorbers and UV protection fabrics using microcapsules

This study aimed to develop UV protection fabrics by microencapsulation methods. The sol-gel method was used to manufacture spherical silica microcapsules in an O/W/O emulsion. UV protection fabrics were prepared by attaching microcapsules to cotton-knitted fabrics. The appropriate conditions for microencapsulation were 20 % (w/v) UV absorber content, 0.5 % (w/v) HPC addition concentration, 6 % (w/v) PEG addition concentration, 6 h agitation time, and 1000 rpm agitation speed. The particle distribution of microcapsules manufactured under the appropriate conditions was 2–12 μm, and the average particle size was 6.27 μm. With regard to the thermal characteristics of the microcapsules, the first peak appeared at 152 °C, with the second peak at 250 °C. Cotton-knitted fabrics treated with silica microcapsules maintained an 80–90 % UV protection rate even after repeated washing.     

响应面优化豆粕生物肽的生产工艺研究

以高温豆粕为原料,枯草芽孢杆菌为试验菌株,在单因素试验基础上,以发酵液a-N含量为响应值,对摇瓶发酵制备大豆肽工艺条件进行响应面优化.确定最佳工艺条件为:豆粕粒度40目,初始pH 6.8,种子培养时间16.25 h,碳源用量1.75％,豆粕用量10.75％,接种量6.25％,发酵时间48 h.在此条件下,发酵液α-N含...     

Carbohydrate degrading enzyme production by plant pathogenic mycelia and microsclerotia isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina through koji fermentation

The ability of hydrolytic enzyme production by two different isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina was studied on apple pomace as a substrate for solid state fermentation (SSF). Initial moisture level, temperature and fermentation period was optimized so as to achieve higher output. Among the two different isolates, microsclerotial (MphP) and mycelial (MphM), MphP was observed as a potential source of different hydrolytic enzymes as compared to MphM. MphP gave higher enzyme activities (IU/gram dry substrate (gds): filter paper cellulase (FPase) activity 196.21 ± 16.3 (120 h), carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) 279.34 ± 28.25 (72 h), β-glucosidase (BGL) 129.82 ± 12.41 (96 h), xylanase 2527.88 ± 46.15 (120 h), and amylase 2780.72 ± 38.13 (96 h), respectively at 70% (v/w) IML. The incubation temperature was also found to have impact on the enzyme production ability of Macrophomina strains. The higher enzyme activities were achieved (IU/gds) as follows FPase 276.13 ± 25.02 (40 °C, 120 h), CMCase 278.11 ± 24.47 (35 °C, 144 h), BGL 189.47 ± 15.05 (30 °C, 144 h), xylanase 3845.77 ± 43.38 (35 °C, 144 h) and amylase activity of 3309.45 ± 29.22 (35 °C, 120 h), respectively using MphP at 70% (v/w) IML. This study reports for the first time the potential of carbohydrate degrading enzyme bioproduction by different isolates of M. phaseolina.     

响应面优化低值豆粕液态制备多肽工艺

为优化低值豆粕液态发酵生产大豆多肽工艺,应用Minimum Run Equireplicated Res IV析因设计进行了主效因子的筛选,根据主效因子影响及变化方向进行爬陡坡试验,最后,应用二次旋转中心复合响应面设计对液态发酵多肽工艺进行了优化,优化工艺条件为豆粕浓度6.0%、pH 8.0、装瓶量93.0 mL.300 mL-1。最优条件下模型预测多肽含量为707.204μg.mL-1,验证试验结果为683.023±9.23μg.mL-1(n=6)。     

Effect of Extrusion Conditions and the Optimization of Phenolic Compound Content and Antioxidant Activity of Wheat Bran Using Response Surface Methodology

The extrusion process (EP) consists of heat and mechanical treatments under different conditions of moisture, shear, and pressure and rapidly causes structural alterations and changes in the functional properties of the extruded material. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of extrusion conditions and optimize the wheat bran extrusion conditions to achieve the greatest content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity using response surface methodology. The EP factors evaluated were feed moisture (FM) (25–33.54%) and final extrusion temperature (T) (140–180 °C). The properties evaluated in the extruded material were bound total phenol content (BTPC), total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity (AOX). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and response surface methodology were used in the evaluation. The determination coefficients, (FM)² and (T)², very significantly affected the BTPC and bound 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl content (BDPPHC). The optimization was performed by overlaying two contour plots to predict the best combination regions. The optimized extrusion conditions were the following: FM?=?30% and T?=?140 °C, which provided BTPC?=?3547.01 μgGAE/g (predicted: 3589.3 μgGAE/g) and BDPPHC?=?9.5 μmolTE/g (predicted: 10.4 μmolTE/g); and FM?=?30% and T?=?180 °C, which provided BTPC?=?3342.3 μgGAE/g (predicted: 3727.7 μgGAE/g) and BDPPHC?=?9.5 μmolTE/g (predicted: 9.3 μmolTE/g). The EP increased the phenolic compounds and AOX, and enhancement of these properties in wheat bran products could make them functional foods.     

The influence of inoculum density and environment on the development of potato blackleg

Significant increases in pre-emergence seedpiece decay and preemergence shoot infection were observed asErwinia carotovora var.atroseptica inoculum density increased. As inoculum density increased, a point was reached where virtually 100 per cent of the disease was expressed as preemergence decay and no typical postemergence blackleg occurred. Soil temperature and soil moisture markedly affected blackleg incidence, especially at low inoculum densities. Increasing soil temperature (from O°C to 30°C) and soil moisture (from 65 to 100% of field capacity) usually resulted in an increased total blackleg incidence. The effect of soil temperature and soil moisture appeared to be masked at high inoculum densities. Conditions such as low inoculum density and/or cool soil temperatures and low soil moistures which apparently slowed the rate of seedpiece decay usually increased the amount of postemergence blackleg, but also reduced the total amount of disease which occurred. It is suggested that conditions which are not optimal for the pathogen result in increased amounts of typical easily diagnosed postemergence blackleg expression, whereas conditions which favor the pathogen may reduce this phase of the disease but actually increase the total loss by increasing the amount of seedpiece decay and preemergence death of potato shoots.     

响应面法优化麦麸酯酶提取工艺

为提高小麦加工副产物麦麸的利用率,从中提取植物酯酶,并优化麦麸酯酶的提取工艺,本研究以NaNO_3-磷酸缓冲液为溶剂对麦麸酯酶进行水浴静置提取,在单因素试验的基础上,利用Box-Behnken试验,进一步研究了NaNO_3浓度、提取时间、提取温度3个因素的交互作用对麦麸酯酶活力的影响。最终确定麦麸酯酶的最佳提取工艺为NaNO_3浓度0.15moL·L~(-1)、提取温度35℃、提取时间60min,此条件下单位酶活的预测值为23 338U·mL~(-1),验证值为23 018.7U·mL~(-1),达到预测值的98.63%。综上所述,此优化条件能够较好地从麦麸中提取植物酯酶,并保持较高的酶活性。     

茶叶烘干机干燥数学模型的建立 Ⅱ.茶叶烘干机多薄层干燥模型

把绿茶揉捻叶在链板式茶叶烘干机内的干燥过程视作一个多薄层的干燥过程,并依据薄层叠代计算的原理,建立了茶叶烘干机多薄层干燥数学模型,在进叶叶层厚度为3—4厘米、进风温度为85—120℃和链轮转速为3—7转/分钟的干燥条件下,出叶含水率的模型预测值与实测值之间的绝对差均值为1.49(%,湿基),烘干机干燥过程含水率变化的模型预测值与实测值之间的均方差小于0.03145。     

Effect of Water on the Mechanical Behaviour of Extruded Flat Bread

The effect of water on the mechanical properties of extruded breads was studied, at room temperature. As the moisture content was increased from 6 to 9% moisture, the resistance to fracture (compression tests) or rupture (tensile tests) was improved. Above this moisture range, plasticisation by water was the dominant phenomenon. The brittle to ductile transition was observed to occur within a moisture content range from 9 to 13·7% (w/w). The influence of water on the crispness of extruded bread, evaluated with sensory evaluation, is also described.     

Accelerated ageingof wheat grains: Part I- Influence on rheological properties of wheat flour

Natural ageing is defined as handling and storage of freshly harvested grain for several years under storage condition to achieve suitable flour quality after milling. Accelerated ageing of wheat which is obtained using higher temperature during a specific storage time under controlled relative humidity may improve the quality of wheat flour. The present study addresses the effect of accelerated ageing on the rheological properties of wheat flour produced by freshly harvested wheat. The process of accelerated aging was performed by three different factors including rise in wheat moisture content (16, 18 and 20% w/w), control of storage temperature (30, 40 and 50°C) and control of the storage time (2, 5 and 8 days) using a central composite design. After the grain milling, rheological properties of wheat flour of different treatments were studied. Results indicated that promoting the storage time to 8 days and temperature up to 40°C could improve rheological properties such as dough stability, dough development time and farinograph quality number. This phenomenon may be due to oxidation and rearrangement of disulfide bonds resulting in increasing strength and improving flour quality. Increasing moisture content and storing in higher temperatures resulted in weakening rheological properties.     

Kinetics of ascorbic acid degradation in un-pasteurized Iranian lemon juice during regular storage conditions

The aim of this research was to determine shelf life stability of un-pasteurized lemon juice filled in clear or dark green glass bottles. Presence of light, time and temperature affect the ascorbic acid retention in citrus juices. Bottles were stored at room temperature (27 +/- 3 degrees C) and in the refrigerator (3 +/- 1 degrees C). Total soluble solids, total titrable acidity and pH value were measured every three weeks and analysis was carried out on ascorbic acid content by means of titration method in the presence of 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol. The study was carried out for 12 weeks after which slight changes in color, taste and apparent texture in some samples were observed and ascorbic acid content reduced by 50%. Soluble solids content, pH value and total acidity were 5.5 degrees Brix, 2.73 and 5 g/100 mL, respectively which appeared not to be significantly influenced by storage time or conditions. Ascorbic acid content initially at 38.50 mg/100 mL was sharply reduced to about 22 mg/100 mL within the first three weeks of storage. The final ascorbic acid content of all samples was about 15 mg/100 mL. The deteriorative reaction of ascorbic acid in the juice at all conditions followed a first-order kinetic model with activation energy of 137 cal mol(-1).     

Optimization of switchgrass and extruder parameters for enzymatic hydrolysis using response surface methodology

Switchgrass is an important biomass that can be hydrolyzed to yield fermentable sugars through pretreatment, which is the primary and expensive step in conversion of biomass to bio-ethanol. Most of the pretreatment operates in batch mode, which is energy intensive, requires high capital, results in decomposition of hemicellulose, and formation of inhibitors. Considering these shortcomings, a novel biomass pretreatment method using a high shear bioreactor could be a viable continuous one. The current study was undertaken to determine the effect of biomass parameters such as moisture content (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% wb) and particle size (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mm) over a range of barrel temperature and screw speed (45-225 °C and 20-200 rpm). Statistical analyses revealed that among the independent variables considered temperature, screw speed, and moisture content had significant effect on sugar recoveries. Proposed quadratic model to predict glucose, xylose, and combined sugar recoveries from switchgrass had a high F and R² values indicating that the model has the ability to represent the relationship among the independent variables studied. The optimum pretreatment condition of barrel temperature 176 °C, screw speed 155 rpm, moisture content 20% wb, and particle size 8 mm resulted in maximum glucose, xylose, and combined sugar recoveries of 41.4, 62.2 and 47.4%, respectively. The optimum pretreated switchgrass had 50% higher surface area than that of the control.     

接种AM真菌对脱毒马铃薯产量的影响

在苗盘和大田条件下研究了接种丛枝菌根真菌对脱毒马铃薯菌根侵染率和产量的影响。在苗盘试验条件下,接种Glomus mosseae(BEG167)和Glomus versiform(G.v)2种菌种。在灭菌土壤中,接种BEG167和G.v,脱毒马铃薯侵染率分别达到27%和32%;BEG167使组培脱毒苗移栽生成的微型薯产量比不接种处理增加54.2%。未灭菌土壤上接种BEG167和G.v,侵染率则分别为44%和27%,而对照的侵染率为22%;接种BEG167使组培脱毒苗移栽生成的微型薯产量比不接种处理增加25.2%;在灭菌和未灭菌土壤条件下,接种G.v均降低了组培脱毒苗移栽生成的微型薯产量。在大田试验条件下,采用混合菌种(BEG167+G.v,体积比1:1)作为接种剂。接种菌根菌剂使脱毒马铃薯侵染率由21%提高到47%,薯块产量增加21%。上述结果证明,在苗盘和大田条件下,接种菌根真菌都能侵染马铃薯根部,并能增加产量。     

Toxicity of Acorus calamus rhizome powder from Eastern Nepal to Sitophilus granarius (L.) and Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)

Powders prepared from sweetflag Acorus calamus rhizomes collected at both high (1700 m) and low (900 m) altitude in Eastern Nepal were admixed with wheat at concentrations in the range 0.05–2% w/w and the wheat infested with Sitophilus oryzae or S. granarius adults. Following a 7 day incubation, the mortality of both species was significantly lower at 20 °C than at 30 °C, and the material collected from high altitude was slightly less toxic than that from low altitude. The moisture content of the wheat (14 or 17%) and the part of the rhizome used to prepare the powder (young or mature growth) had no apparent effect on the toxicity of the preparation. Sitophilus granarius (L.) adults were more tolerant of the material than S. oryzae (L.), while the converse was true for larvae developing in treated grain. An admixture rate of approximately 2% w/w admixed rhizome powder was required to give complete kill of adults of both species following 7 days exposure at 20 °C, while a concentration of 1% w/w either prevented the emergence of adults or killed them rapidly following emergence when wheat containing eggs of either species was incubated for 7–8 weeks at 30 °C.

The β-asarone content of the rhizome powders was determined by GC-MS as 6.4 and 4.7% w/w (mature section of rhizomes collected at high and low altitudes, respectively) and 3.6 and 4.0% w/w (young sections of rhizomes collected at high and low altitudes, respectively). It is anticipated that, under field conditions and in the temperature range 20–30 °C, the initial residue of approximately 1300 mg/kg β-asarone required to disinfest wheat containing these weevil species would decline rapidly due to evaporation.     

Optimization of process parameters influencing the submerged fermentation of extracellular lipases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus

The present study was aimed at optimization, production and partial purification of lipases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus. Various nutritional and physical parameters affecting lipase production such as carbon and nitrogen supplements, pH, temperature, agitation speed and incubation time were studied. Refined sunflower oil (1% v/v) and tryptone at a pH of 6.2 favored maximum lipase production in Pseudomonas at 30 degrees C and 150 rpm, when incubated for 5 days. In C. albicans refined sunflower oil (3% v/v) and peptone resulted in maximum lipase production at pH 5.2, 30 degrees C and 150 rpm, when incubated for 5 days. In A. flavus coconut oil (3% v/v) and peptone yielded maximum lipase at pH 6.2, 37 degrees C, 200 rpm after an incubation period of 5 days. The lipases were partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and dialysis. In P. aeruginosa enzyme activity of the dialyzed fraction was found to be 400 U mL-' and for C. albicans 410 U mL(-1). The dialysed lipase fraction from A. flavus demonstrated an activity of 460 U mL(-1). The apparent molecular weights of the dialyzed lipases were determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The dialyzed lipase fraction obtained from P. aeruginosa revealed molecular weights of 47, 49 and 51 kDa, whereas, lipases from C. albicans and A. flavus demonstrated 3 bands (16.5, 27 and 51 kDa) and one band (47 kDa), respectively. These extracellular lipases may find wide industrial applications.     

Method and quantity of liquid formulation of phosphobacteria required for seed inoculation

The survival of vegetative and sporulated cells of the Bacillus cultures on the seeds of the crop plants was tried in different combinations. One milliliter inoculum with 1 mL adhesive combination or sterile water showed better results followed by 1.5 mL inoculum with 0.5 mL adhesive or sterile water. The population of 5.5x10(5) cfu seed(-1) on black gram, 10.5x10(5) cfu seed(-1) on soybean and 6.5x10(5) cfu seed(-1) on maize were observed after 12 h of incubation in 1 mL sporulated inoculum mixed with 1 mL of rice gruel. The sporulated inoculum along with rice gruel favoured the adherence of the regenerated cells as rice gruel is rich in nutrient content.     

分级固态发酵生产甘蔗尾梢饲料工艺研究

以甘蔗尾梢为主要原料,采用分级固态发酵技术研究生产甘蔗尾梢饲料的工艺条件,通过单因素和正交实验,对一级发酵工艺中接种量、水分含量、一级发酵时间和二级发酵工艺中精粗比、二级发酵时间5个因素进行了优化。结果表明：当接种0.15%发酵菌剂于一级发酵底物中,调整其水分含量为50%,密封常温发酵5 d后按3∶7比例将一级发酵料与新鲜甘蔗尾梢混合均匀,压实密封进行二级发酵,21 d后甘蔗尾梢饲料品质最佳。所得甘蔗尾梢饲料粗蛋白含量为15.24%,粗纤维含量为24.03%。分级固态发酵技术可快速、有效提高甘蔗尾梢饲料中粗蛋白含量,同时降解粗纤维,改善饲料适口性,可应用于甘蔗尾梢饲料的制备。     

响应面法优化磷酸化改性花生分离蛋白－多肽膜的制备工艺

    为了优化磷酸化改性花生分离蛋白-多肽膜制备工艺条件，在单因素基础上，通过响应面Box-Benhnken进行实验设计。结果表明，最优工艺参数：蛋白浓度8%、pH值8.2、甘油百分含量（占蛋白）13.4%、黄原胶百分含量（占蛋白）1%、时间60min、温度69℃、超声波功率270W、超声波频率28kHz、多肽溶液的浓度61mg/mL；此工艺条件下，膜厚度、吸水率和透光率理论预测值分别为86μm、41.9%和53.6%，验证实验值分别为88±2μm、43.1±1.2%和52.4±1.5%，两者的差值分别为2.33%、2.86%和2.24%，说明响应面二次模型的拟合良好；磷酸化改性花生分离蛋白-多肽膜的抗拉强度9.62MPa、断裂延伸率101.68%、溶解性47.69%、水蒸气透过率6.95 g•m-2· h-1等功能性质和DPPH自由基清除活性IC50值7.70 mg·mL-1、羟自由基清除活性IC50值5.98 mg·mL-1、超氧阴离子自由基清除活性IC50值4.20 mg·mL-1、铁离子螯合力活性IC50值3.79 mg·mL-1、铜离子螯合力活性IC50值13.61 mg·mL-1、脂质过氧化抑制活性IC50值8.62 mg·mL-1、铁还原力IC50值13.93mg·mL-1、钼还原力IC50值5.49mg·mL-1等抗氧化活性较磷酸化改性花生分离蛋白膜有所改善。本研究结果为磷酸化改性花生分离蛋白在蛋白膜方面的应用提供一种新途径。     

Simultaneous Isolation of Wheat High Molecular Weight and Low Molecular Weight Glutenin Subunits

A procedure was established for isolating simultaneously high molecular weight (HMW-GS) and low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) from chloroform-defatted wheat flour. Temperature conditions were optimised to obtain maximum yield and purity. A pre-extraction of gliadin was performed with 50% (v/v) propan-1-ol at room temperature. Glutenin subunits were solubilised from the residue at 60 °C with 50% (v/v) propan-1-ol containing 1% (w/v) dithiothreitol. The HMW-GS in the glutenin mixture were then precipitated selectively by increasing the propan-1-ol concentration to 60%. Upon addition of propan-1-ol to a final concentration of 85%, LMW-GS were precipitated. It was shown by densitometric scanning of SDS–PAGE gels that the isolated glutenin subunits were very pure. Furthermore, a partial separation of LMW-GS into B and C type subunits was observed when the propan-1-ol concentration was increased gradually.     

Drought-induced root plasticity of two upland NERICA varieties under conditions with contrasting soil depth characteristics

To identify differences in root plasticity patterns of two upland New Rice for Africa (NERICA) varieties, NERICA 1 and 4, in response to drought under conditions with contrasting soil profile characteristics, soil moisture gradients were imposed using a sloping bed system with depths ranging 30–65 cm and a line-source sprinkler system with a uniformly shallow soil layer of 20 cm depth. Varietal differences in shoot and root growths were identified only under moderate drought conditions, 11–18% v/v soil moisture content. Further, under moderate drought soil conditions where roots could penetrate into the deep soil layer, deep root development was greater in NERICA 4 than in NERICA 1, which contributed to maintaining dry matter production. However, under soil conditions with underground impediment to deep root development, higher shoot dry weight was noted for NERICA 1 than for NERICA 4 at 11–18% v/v soil moisture content, which was attributed to increased lateral root development in the shallow soil layer in NERICA 1. Enhanced lateral root development in the 0–20-cm soil layer was identified in NERICA 1 even under soil conditions without an impediment to deep root development; however, this did not contribute to maintaining dry matter production in upland rice. Thus, we show different root developmental traits associated with drought avoidance in the two NERICA varieties, and that desirable root traits for upland rice cultivation vary depending on the target soil environment, such as the distribution of soil moisture and root penetration resistance.