柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染对蛋鸡生产肠炎沙门氏菌污染蛋和感染肠炎沙门氏菌敏感性的影响

为揭示球虫感染对蛋鸡的肠炎沙门氏菌敏感性及鸡蛋的肠炎沙门氏菌污染率的影响而进行了本研究。结果显示,柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染对蛋鸡生产肠炎沙门氏菌污染蛋及感染肠炎沙门氏菌的敏感性均具有增强作用。具体表现为：柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染可使肠炎沙门氏菌污染蛋壳显著增多（Ｐ＜０．０５）;球虫感染鸡所产蛋,无论是新鲜的还是贮存１周后的,其蛋内容物的肠炎沙门氏菌阳性率比仅感染肠炎沙门氏菌鸡所产蛋要高;球虫感染鸡盲肠中的沙门氏菌阳性率和沙门氏菌数显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）;球虫感染鸡输卵管中的肠炎沙门氏菌也有增多;球虫感染使泄殖腔拭子的肠炎沙门氏菌阳性率增加。研究结果表明,柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染可以增加鸡群中肠炎沙门氏菌的水平及其垂直传播的危险。     

鸡沙门氏菌病防治

鸡沙门氏菌病防治用０．３％的过氧己酸带鸡消毒鸡舍，用１５０×１０－６的强力霉素和０．０４％的氯霉素片剂混合拌料，日喂两次，重病鸡单独饲养，投喂氯霉索和强力霉素。鸡沙门氏菌病防治...     

广西近期暴发肉鸡多发性关节炎病例的病原检测报告

引起肉鸡关节炎和多发性关节炎（polyarthritis）的病原体主要有：禽呼肠孤病毒（avianre．ovirus,ARV）,沙门氏菌包括鸡白痢沙门氏菌（S．pullorum）、鸡伤寒沙门氏菌（S．gallinarum）和副伤寒（paratyphoid）沙门氏菌,     

兰州地区鸡沙门氏菌病病原分离与鉴定

鸡沙门氏菌病包括鸡白痢、鸡伤寒和鸡副伤寒3个疫病,鸡白痢是由鸡白痢沙门氏菌所引起;鸡伤寒是由鸡伤寒沙门氏菌所引起;鸡副伤寒是由多种沙门氏菌所引起。目前已知的沙门氏菌有1700多种,也有报告约2000个血清型,其中能引起鸡副伤寒者主要有10     

2006--2012年广西鸡沙门氏菌感染情况调查

运用分子生物学、血清学以及病原分离鉴定等多种方法，对2006～2012年广西规模养殖场、农村散养鸡以及活禽市场鸡血清和组织样本进行鸡白痢-伤寒沙门氏菌抗体和沙门氏菌病原检测和鉴定。结果发现，血清样本中规模场鸡白痢伤寒抗体阳性率较低，平均为2．16％，其中种公鸡的阳性率平均为1．55％，核心群母鸡阳性率平均为1．66％，生产群母鸡阳性率平均为4．16％；但广西农村散养鸡和活禽市场鸡白痢-伤寒沙门氏菌的污染情况不容乐观，其中农村散养鸡白痢-伤寒沙门氏菌阳性率为21．78％～24％，平均为22．52％（320/1421），活禽市场鸡阳性率为20．81％～33．2％，平均达到27．51％（2800/10177）；发病鸡的组织样品沙门氏菌平均阳性率为4．9％（29/592），阳性株以伤寒沙门氏菌为主，共13株占44．83％（13/29），其次为亚利桑那沙门氏菌8株，占27．59％（8/29），第三种是沙门氏菌的某些亚种（无法定型），最少为猪霍乱沙门氏菌2株，占6．9％（2/29）。     

鸡沙门氏菌病的防治

<正>鸡沙门氏菌病是由沙门氏菌属引起的一组传染病,主要包括鸡白痢、鸡伤寒和鸡副伤寒。沙门氏菌属是一大属血清学相关的革兰氏附性杆菌,共有3000多个血清型。禽沙门氏菌病依据其病原体不同可分为五种类型。由鸡白痢沙门氏菌所引起的称为鸡白痢,由鸡伤寒沙门氏菌引起的称为禽伤寒,而其他有鞭毛能运动的沙门氏菌所引起的禽类疾病则统称为禽副伤寒。诱发禽副伤寒的沙门氏菌能广泛地感染各种动物和人类。因此,     

鸡沙门氏菌病的防治技术

<正>随着家禽饲养水平的不断提高,对鸡的沙门氏菌病的防治也有了进一步的加强与提升。本文简述了鸡沙门氏菌病的防治措施,重点说明了加强工作人员对鸡沙门氏菌病的重视程度和建立严格的鸡场管理制度的重要性。1诱发鸡沙门氏菌病的主要因素1.1缺乏对鸡沙门氏菌病足够的重视根据目前对各类家禽易患疾病的调查显示,鸡沙门氏菌病几年来蔓延发展迅速,主要原因可能是由于缺乏政府等相关部门的重视,鸡沙门氏菌病没有得到很好的控制与预防。     

鸡白痢沙门氏菌病的诊断与防治

鸡白痢沙门氏菌病（Pullorum Disease）（简称鸡白痢）是由鸡白痢沙门氏杆菌引起的各年龄鸡常发的传染病。此病不仅给养鸡业带来严重危害,造成很大经济损失,而且鸡白痢沙门氏菌能够在家禽肠道内定植,在加工家禽胴体时,污染鸡肉,继而进入人类食物链．成为人类沙门氏菌感染的潜在来源,所以鸡白痢备受人们的关注。     

复合亚氯酸钠熏蒸剂对鸡伤寒沙门氏菌的杀菌效果试验

测试复合亚氯酸钠熏蒸剂对鸡伤寒沙门氏菌的杀菌效果,培养基表面涂布法测定结果表明,熏蒸消毒后鸡沙门氏菌均全部杀灭;玻片法测定结果表明,该熏蒸剂对鸡沙门氏菌的杀菌率为99.995%。试验结果表明,复合亚氯酸钠熏蒸剂熏蒸消毒对鸡沙门氏菌的杀菌效果显著。     

黄芩提取物治疗肉仔鸡白痢试验

1 材料与方法 1．1 鸡白痢沙门氏菌标准血清、鸡白痢沙门氏菌标准抗原(作对照用)由山东省兽医总站化验中心购进。     

Variations in the survival of Fasciola gigantica eggs in bovine dung stored in the sun as opposed to the shade

Eggs of F. gigantica were placed in dung heaps that were located in the shade or exposed to sun light, and examined at intervals for up to 14 weeks. The rate and extent of decline in viability of eggs was greater in dung exposed to sun light than in shaded dung. This difference was attributed the higher temperature in dung in sun light, owing to the effect of direct sunlight and to a higher rate of fermentation in exposed than in shaded dung. It was concluded that strategies for storing dung that would reduce the risk it poses for infecting L. rubiginosa with F. gigantica when used as fertilizer in rice fields include storing dung in sun light rather than in the shade, preferably in a thin layer to allow sunlight to heat and desiccate it, and mixing a carbohydrate with the stored dung to increase heat through fermentation.     

苜蓿的起源与传播考述

苜蓿的起源与传播,既是一个历史问题,也是一个理论问题,不仅是草学界和草史界的重要研究课题,也是农学界乃至农史界的重要研究课题。苜蓿作为一种古老的栽培作物,其起源与传播一直受到人们的关注。伊朗(波斯)为苜蓿的起源中心得到广泛认可。苜蓿有两个不同的起源中心,一是外高加索山区,现代欧洲型苜蓿就来源于此,另一个为中亚细亚,是有史以来的灌溉农业区,夏季酷热干燥,这点和外高加索一样,但不同的是冬季温暖。在伊朗考古遗址中发现的炭化苜蓿种子足以证明苜蓿是一种古老的作物,大约在8000年之前人类就开始利用苜蓿了,在公元前1300年的土耳其和公元前700年的巴比伦人的教科书中就出现了有关苜蓿的记载。像其他作物的传播一样,苜蓿的传播也是通过航海贸易和军队入侵,苜蓿是战马的主要饲料,约在公元前490年,波斯人入侵希腊时,苜蓿种子也随之被带入希腊,苜蓿传入意大利的时间还不确定,可能是公元前200年。在苜蓿传入意大利的同时,公元前126年由汉武帝派往西域的使者张骞将苜蓿种子带入中国。到1550年,苜蓿从西班牙扩展到法国,1565年到比利时和荷兰,1650年到英国,大约在1750年到德国和奥地利,1770年到瑞典,18世纪传到俄罗斯,之后,大约1800年又由欧洲传入新西兰,1806年引入澳大利亚。苜蓿于1535年被传入秘鲁,直到18世纪,苜蓿才被引入阿根廷,从秘鲁又传入智利。苜蓿于1736年,从墨西哥传入美国。     

Grass greenness flush can influence breeding phenology and fertility in equatorial thoroughbred mares in the absence of photoperiod variation

Reproductive phenology is an important trait subjected to natural selection. Current horses in America belong to the Palearctic original populations after being introduced by European colonizers. Photoperiod variation is the main environmental factor for the adjustment of reproductive timing in horses, but is absent in equatorial areas. Here we hypothesize that seasonality of green‐grass availability may influence breeding phenology in equatorial regions. We used data of 929 services to mares from 2006 to 2011 in a thoroughbred equine exploitation in Ecuador that experienced strong grass seasonality. Actual births could not be used to infer natural phenology because they were influenced by management decisions. Instead, we used variations in the probability of pregnancy after a service as a measure of the natural tendency of mares to show breeding phenology. We found that although managers tended to schedule pregnancies in two periods within the year, mares were more prone to become pregnant after the increase in grass greenness that takes place at the beginning of the year (February). Our finding has potential applications to improve the success of services and the welfare of animals, by providing green‐grass stimuli in the appropriate season.     

The antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus species isolated from canine dermatitis

In a retrospective study, 1538 strains of -haemolysin-producing Staphylococcus species isolated from dermatitis in dogs at three veterinary clinical microbiology laboratories in Norway during 1986–87 and 1993–94 were investigated for their antimicrobial susceptibility. None of the strains was resistant to cloxacillin, cephalexin or the quinolones enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. More than 96% of the strains were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulphonamide, bacitracin and fucidic acid. Between 67% and 89% of the strains were susceptible to erythromycin, lincosamides, tetracycline, neomycin and chloramphenicol. Only 37.9% of the strains were susceptible to penicillin. The frequency of penicillin resistance increased significantly between the first and second periods, from 46.0% to 58.6%. The frequency of resistance to lincomycin, clindamycin and erythromycin also increased significantly between the first and second periods, from 3.0%, 2.1% and 3.3% to 25.5%, 19.5% and 24.8%, respectively. A moderate increase in resistance to tetracycline was also noted, from 20.4% in the first to 27.6% in the second period. On the other hand, the frequency of resistance to trimethoprim-sulphonamide decreased significantly from 4.1% in the first to 0.9% in the second period. Many different resistance patterns were observed in each period. However, the proportion of multiresistant strains increased from 2.1% in the first to 10.2% in the second period. There was a decrease in resistance to the combination of trimethoprim-sulphonamide and penicillin from the first to the second period. Resistance to the combination of lincosamides and pencillin increased. For the combinations penicillin-tetracycline-lincosamides, pencillin-lincosamides-erythromycin, and pencillin-tetracycline-lincosamides-erythromycin, there was a striking increase in resistance between the first and the second periods.Abbreviations CVL Central Veterinary Laboratory - NCVM Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine - NVL Norwegian Veterinary Laboratory     

The effects of experimentally induced fever on the estimated blood flow to and oxygen utilization by the liver and the viscera drained by the portal vein in sheep

Intrajugular injection of a purified E. coli lipopolysaccharide induced a biphasic fever in sheep after a latent period of 12 to 20 min. The changes in the blood flow from the liver and from the viscera drained by the portal vein were: (a) in the latent period, decreases in total hepatic blood flow (THF) due to decreased portal venous blood flow (PVF); (b) during the first febrile phase, increases in THF due to increased hepatic arterial blood flow and, (c) in the second febrile phase, increases in THF due to decreased PVF. Although there were large variations in the oxygen supply to the viscera drained by the portal vein and to the liver, there were relatively small or no changes in their oxygen consumption.     

Anthelmintic use in goats and the effect of route of administration

The control of gastrointestinal parasites in goats by the use of anthelmintics has been and continues to be problematic. Products used successfully in sheep sometimes appear to be less effective than expected when used in goats. Parasites resistant to ivermectin have been reported in goats in New Zealand but not in sheep. I write to report a case that raises issues pertaining to the relative effectiveness of different routes of anthelmintic administration in goats.     

Utilization of dichlorvos and trichlorfon in salmonid farming in Norway during 1981-1988

The main objectives of this investigation were to quantify the use of dichlorvos and trichlorfon in the treatment of salmon lice infestations, to evaluate the prescribing of these drugs, and to estimate possible changes in the salmon lice problem by use of drug statistics. This study has shown that the use of trichlorfon increased from 4.9 tons in 1981 to 28.3 tons in 1985. This figure declined to 3.2 tons in 1988. The use of dichlorvos increased from 0.3 tons in 1986 to 3.2 tons in 1988. The change in the prescribing from trichlorfon to dichlorvos has dramatically reduced the pollution caused by these substances in the marine environment. Moreover, if necessary safety rules are observed, this change reduces the exposure of the workers on fish farms to these drugs, and also reduces the possibilities of intoxications of the fish during the treatment procedure. The sales figures of dichlorvos and trichlorfon, related to the calculated biomass of farmed salmonids in the sea, indicate a dramatic increase in the salmon lice problem.     

抗生素工业化生产中一级种子罐染菌原因及解决方法

抗生素工业化生产中,菌种往往需要扩大繁殖到一定的数量后再进入发酵罐.在一级种子制备过程中,引起染菌的因素很多,极大地影响了抗生素生产的产量和质量.解决一级种子罐染菌的方法,除制定科学的岗位SOP并不断提高操作者的技能外,更重要的是要加强工艺管理,树立以预防为主的思想,根据微生物特性,强化环境清洁,加强设备清洁、维修,操作时实行定人、定操作.     

Immune response to Leishmania infantum in healthy horses in Spain

Leishmania infantum infection has recently been described in horses in Europe. We report the results of a study on the immune response to L. infantum in horses living in an area endemic for leishmaniosis in NE Spain. Two ELISAs using protein A and anti-horse IgG conjugates were adapted to measure specific antibodies to L. infantum in horse sera. A lymphocyte proliferation assay (LPA) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to L. infantum antigen was also performed to detect specific cellular immune response to Leishmania. Anti-L. infantum antibodies were detected in the serum of 16 of the horses studied (n=112) using the protein A assay but not in the assay using the anti-horse IgG conjugate. Specific lymphocyte proliferation was observed in 20 out of 55 horses. This study shows that horses in the area studied mount specific immune responses to L. infantum, and must therefore be considered among the species exposed to the parasite in this region. The infrequency of leishmaniosis in horses suggests that the immune response in this species is effective in controlling the infection.     

Dystocia in beef heifers: A review of genetic and nutritional influences

Breeding beef heifers for the first time at 15 months of age has potential to increase the efficiency of the beef breeding-cow herd. An increased incidence of dystocia in heifers calving at 2 years of age, compared to mature cows, is a major reason many farmers in New Zealand have not adopted the practice. The predominant type of dystocia affecting 2-year-old heifers is feto-maternal disproportion, a condition in which the fetus is too large relative to the size of the heifer's pelvis. Reducing birthweight of the calf is a means of reducing the incidence of dystocia. Birthweight and length of gestation are determined by genotype of the calf, maternal genetic effects and environmental effects.

Bulls with low estimated breeding values for birthweight have been selected for mating heifers; however, the positive genetic correlation between birthweight and mature weight meant that the progeny of these bulls tended to be lighter at finishing, making them less desirable in the beef industry. The genotype of the dam also plays a role in determining the risk of dystocia; the maternal ability of the dam to nurture the fetus influences birth- weight, and the dam's genetic potential for growth influences the size of her pelvic area. Heavy heifers tend to produce high- birthweight calves, counteracting the reduction in the incidence of dystocia resulting from the larger pelvis in larger heifers.

Manipulating feeding level during pregnancy offers an alternative method for manipulating the birthweight of calves. Little is known about the effects of nutrition in early gestation on placental development or birthweight of calves. No differences in the birthweight of calves have been observed in response to variation in feeding in mid-pregnancy, and variable responses in birthweight and the incidence of dystocia to feeding in the third trimester of pregnancy have been reported. Differences in birthweight have not always resulted in differences in the incidence of dystocia, primarily due to differences in liveweight of the heifer also induced by feeding regimens. Variability in the incidence of dystocia in response to feeding level in the third trimester of pregnancy makes it difficult to make recommendations for the feeding of heifers at this stage of gestation. More research is needed into the effects of nutrition in early gestation on fetal and placental development in cattle.