中国荷斯坦牛BoLA-DRB3.2基因座的PCR-RFLP多态性分析

主要组织复合体(Major Histocompatibility Complex,MHC)基因在动物机体免疫系统中具有重要作用,并与多种疾病的抗性或易感性存在相关性.利用限制性内切酶HaeⅢ和RsaⅠ通过PCR-RFLP技术分析了112头中国荷斯坦牛BoLA-DRB3.2基因的多态性.结果表明:所检测牛群中BoLA-DRB3.2基因在两个酶切位点均存在多态性,HaeⅢ酶切位点存在4种等位基因,有4种基因型;RsaⅠ酶切位点存在3种等位基因,有4种基因型.经x2适合性检验,所检测牛群中BoLA-DRB3.2基因在两个酶切位点均未达到Hardy-weinberg平衡状态.     

海南3个地方猪种SLA-DQB基因外显子2的PCR-RFLP多态性分析

采用PCR-RFLP法对海南五指山猪、临高猪及屯昌猪的SLA-DQB基因外显子2的PCR产物进行多态性分析。结果表明:五指山猪和临高猪SLA-DQB基因外显子2经限制酶RsaⅠ酶切后出现7种基因型,均由4个复等位基因A、B、C、D控制。屯昌猪中仅出现4种基因型,由3个复等位基因A、C、D控制。经HaeⅢ酶切结果出现8种基因型,这8种基因型在五指山猪群体中均存在,由E、F、G、H4个复等位基因控制;临高猪、屯昌猪经HaeⅢ酶切分别出现6种和5种基因型,均由3个复等位基因E、F、G控制。χ2适合性检验结果表明,五指山猪的RsaⅠ和HaeⅢ酶切位点突变未达到Hardy-Weinberg平衡。临高猪SLA-DQB基因外显子2RsaⅠ酶切位点不符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态,而HaeⅢ酶切位点处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态,屯昌猪SLA-DQB基因外显子2的2个酶切位点均处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态。     

荷斯坦牛BoLA-DRB3基因多态性及其与乳房炎抗性关系分析

以PCR-RFLP方法检测了BoLA-DRB3基因在荷斯坦奶牛中的多态性，并统计分析了产犊年季和BoLA-DRB3基因分别被RsaⅠ和HaeⅢ酶切后的不同基因型对SCS及其它产乳性状的影响。结果表明：RsaⅠAD型的SCS显著高于RsaⅠEG型（P〈0．05）。另外，年季和BoLA-DRB3被RsaⅠ酶切后的不同基因型对蛋白率和乳脂率的影响均达到了显著水平（P〈0．05）。HaeⅢAB型个体的蛋白率显著高于HaeⅢAA型（P〈0．05）。     

荷斯坦奶牛BoLA—DRB3基因多态性与乳房炎相关性分析

本研究采用HaeⅢ和EstY Ⅰ内切酶,以PCR-RFLP方法分别检测了新疆地区引进的澳大利亚荷斯坦奶牛BoLA-DRB3基因的多态性及其与乳房炎的相关性.结果共检测到9种基因型5种等位基因.其中基因型HaeⅢAB和Bsty ⅠAA为优势基因型.等位基因HaeⅡA和Bsty Ⅰ A为优势基因;在高于健康牛的分布频率中,基因型HaeⅢAB和Bsty ⅠAB,基因HaeⅢB和BstY Ⅰ A基因频率在感染牛中分布频率最高:在高于感染牛的分布频率中.基因型HaeⅢAA和BstY Ⅰ AA,基因HaeⅢA和BstY Ⅰ A在健康牛中分布频率最高.经X2适合性检验,HaeⅢ酶切位点的碱基突变偏离平衡状态(P<0.01),而BstY Ⅰ酶切位点碱基突变达到平衡状态(P>0.05);HaeⅢ酶切基因型和基因频率在感染牛和健康牛中分布差异均极显著(P<0.01);BstYⅠ酶切基因型和基因频率在感染牛和健康牛中的分布差异均不显著(P>0.05).     

云南高峰牛MHC-DQB基因外显子2遗传多态性分析

本研究采用PCR直接测序和PCR-RFLP法研究了云南高峰牛MHC-DQB基因外显子2(DQB.2)的遗传多态性,并利用DNAMAN软件分析了云南高峰牛与部分物种DQB.2相应核苷酸序列的同源性。结果发现,共检测到了17个等位基因,其中Hae Ⅲ酶切位点存在10种基因型,由A、B、C、D和E 5个复等位基因控制;RsaⅠ酶切位点存在22种基因型,由A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H、I、J和K共11个复等位基因控制;TaqⅠ酶切位点只出现了1种基因型。分析发现,云南高峰牛DQB.2基因的12、25、63、96、106、126、152、156、165、204位的碱基表现出了多态性。所分析的物种该基因片段大小相同均为270 bp,云南高峰牛第224位碱基缺失及236位碱基插入现象。云南高峰牛与人、猪、马、绵羊、黄牛×瘤牛的核苷酸序列的同源性分别为81.4%、83.3%、78.1%、87.7%、86.6%。经χ²检验结果表明,Hae Ⅲ和TaqⅠ酶切位点处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P＞0.05),而RsaⅠ酶切位点则未达到Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P＜0.05)。     

中国美利奴羊MHC-DRB1基因PCR-RFLP多态性分析

应用巢式PCR-RFLP方法,对211只中国美利奴(新疆军垦型)羊的MHC-DRB1外显子2的遗传多态性进行检测,并对基因型频率和等位基因频率进行了统计,结果表明,中国美利奴(新疆军垦型)羊的MHC-DRB1基因外显子2在SacⅠ、Hin1Ⅰ和HaeⅢ的酶切位点存在多态性,这些酶切位点分别受2、2和6个等位基因控制,由于MHC-DRB1为多碱基突变的基因位点,综合3种限制性内切酶的酶切结果,在中国美利奴(新疆军垦型)羊中共发现24种等位基因;χ2适合性检验结果表明,中国美利奴(新疆军垦型)羊的MHC-DRB1外显子2在SacⅠ和Hin1Ⅰ酶切位点均达到Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P＞0.05),但在HaeⅢ酶切位点未达到Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P＜0.01).     

成都麻羊和波尔山羊生长激素基因HaeⅢ多态性的比较研究

利用PCR-RFLP技术检测了成都麻羊和波尔山羊生长激素（Growth Hormone，GH）基因的HaeⅢ酶切多态性。结果表明：成都麻羊和波尔山羊2个山羊群体中均存在GH基因HBeⅢ酶切位点的多态性，且均有A、B两个等位基因。成都麻羊群体等位基因A和B的基因频率分别为0．6216和0．3784；波尔山羊群体中等位基因A和B的基因频率分别为0．5345和0．4655。GH基因HaeⅢ酶切住点的基因型分布在两个山羊群体中均极显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡定理（P〈0．01）。但两个群体间不存在显著差异（P〉0．05）。     

云南半细毛羊和杜泊羊MHC-DRB1基因PCR-RFLP多态性分析

试验以云南半细毛羊和杜泊羊为研究对象,采用PCR-RFLP和直接测序的方法分析两个品种的MHC-DRB1基因的遗传多样性及分子系统发育。研究中共检测到云南半细毛羊和杜泊羊MHC-DRB1基因的6个复等位基因。在云南半细毛羊中,SacⅠAA、Hin1ⅠAB和HaeⅢFF为优势基因型;SacⅠA、Hin1ⅠB和HaeⅢF为优势基因。TaqⅠ位点只有AB一种基因型。TaqⅠ限制性酶切位点未达到Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态。在杜泊羊中,HaeⅢAA为优势基因型;HaeⅢA为优势基因。TaqⅠ位点只有AA一种基因型。云南半细毛羊和杜泊羊DRB1基因SacⅠ酶切位点的多态信息含量均为低度多态,HaeⅢ位点为高度多态,其余各位点均为中度多态。     

多浪羊MHC-DRB1基因多态性与包虫病抗性分析

通过PCR扩增122只包虫病(细粒棘球蚴病)阴性和70只包虫病阳性多浪羊的MHC -DRB1第2外显子,产物经SacⅠ、Hin1Ⅰ和HaeⅢ3种限制性内切酶酶切后进行RFLP多态性分析.结果表明,多浪羊MHC-DRB1基因第2外显子在SacⅠ、Hin1Ⅰ和HaeⅢ酶切位点存在丰富的多态性,分别检测出了2、2和6种等位基因,出现了3、3和18种基因型.将包虫病阴性和阳性多浪羊的等位基因频率和基因型频率分别进行比较分析,发现等位基因HaeⅢ a对包虫病感染具有一定的易感性(P＜0.05),SacⅠab和Hin1Ⅰaa 2个基因型对包虫病具有一定的抗性(P＜0.05), HaeⅢbe和HaeⅢef这2个基因型对包虫病具有较强的易感性(P＜0.01).     

3个江西省地方猪种SLA-DQB基因外显子2多态性分析

采用PCR-RFLP法对3个江西省地方猪种(乐平花猪、修水杭猪和万安花猪)的SLA-DQB基因外显子2的PCR产物进行多态性分析。结果表明:3个猪种SLA-DQB基因外显子2多态性非常丰富,通过限制性内切酶HaeⅢ和RsaⅠ酶切后,均分出3种RFLP带型,共有10种组合带型,其中修水杭猪仅检测到4种,乐平花猪和万安花猪中均检测到6种。2χ适合性检验表明,3个猪种SLA-DQB基因外显子2的2个酶切位点均达到了Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein