中南地区典型地带性土壤的斥水性及其影响因素分析

选取我国中南地区不同发育程度典型旱作土壤为研究对象,通过测定土壤基本理化性质与滴水穿透时间(WDPT),探究了该区域土壤斥水性变化规律及其影响因素。结果表明,(1)自北向南,随着水热条件增加,土壤p H值逐渐降低,游离氧化物(Fed、Ald)逐渐增加,非晶质氧化物(Feo、Alo)没有明显的地带性变化;表层有机质量高于下层,而林地表层高于耕地表层;(2)供试土壤均为亲水性土壤,WDPT分布在0.47~4.00 s之间,自北向南土壤斥水性整体呈逐渐降低的趋势;(3)WDPT与p H值、CEC、粉粒量显著正相关(r0.54,p0.05),砂粒量、非晶质氧化铁(Feo)、游离氧化铁、铝(Fed、Ald)与WDPT呈负相关关系(r-0.56,p0.05)。逐步回归分析表明,Fed和Feo对土壤斥水性的影响最显著(R2=0.71,p0.01),可以用来评价和预测土壤斥水性。     

微咸水膜下滴灌对盐碱化农田土壤斥水特征的影响

在内蒙古河套灌区布置了2年大田试验,研究了不同覆膜方式下微咸水滴灌对盐碱化农田土壤水、盐分布及其土壤斥水性的影响。采用滴水穿透时间(Water drop penetration time,WDPT)法测定土壤斥水性,得到了不同土壤斥水性随含水率变化的规律。结果表明,膜下滴灌盐碱化农田土壤的斥水性在表层土壤与电导率呈正相关,与土壤pH值无显著相关性。弱碱性微咸水滴灌条件下,单次滴灌降低了滴头附近土壤的WDPT,但增加了远离滴头土体的WDPT;高频滴灌(灌溉频率为3 d)可显著降低土壤剖面整体的WDPT。膜下滴灌盐碱化农田土壤的斥水特征曲线均可用Gaussian和Lorentzian模型进行描述。滴灌对土壤斥水性最大时对应的土壤含水率(θ_m)影响不大(P 0. 05),而对斥水性消失时对应的土壤含水率(θ_c)影响显著(P 0. 05)。Lorentzian模型对盐碱化农田土壤的斥水特征曲线的拟合效果更优,通过该曲线可准确得到特定土壤的θ_m和θ_c。本研究可为微咸水滴灌及斥水性土壤的合理利用提供理论依据。     

紫色土小流域三种土地利用类型土壤颗粒特征

在三峡库区忠县虾子岭小流域选择林地、旱地、水田3种土地利用类型采集了63个土样,利用分形维数研究了不同土层深度的土壤颗粒特征。结果表明,紫色土剖面土壤颗粒体积分形维数在2.406~2.551之间,不同土地利用类型分形维数随土壤深度增加变化的趋势不同;土壤颗粒体积分形维数与土粒结构组成存在较强的相关性,受黏粒量影响最为显著,即土壤黏粒量(≤0.002mm)越高,分形维数越大;3种土地利用类型下,土壤颗粒体积分形维数平均值表现为水田林地旱地。3种土地利用类型之间,除0~20cm土层外其余各层土壤颗粒体积分形维数差异不显著。     

土壤斥水性影响因素及改良措施的研究进展

论述了森林火灾、土壤含水率、有机质含量、pH值、生物膜和粘土矿物质等因素对土壤斥水性的影响以及国内外土壤斥水性改良措施的研究进展,并提出当前土壤斥水性研究的重点和今后的研究方向是土壤毛孔或粒子范围方面的研究、土壤含水率和斥水性的表达、大范围田间斥水性对不同水文学要素的定量影响,同时指出国内土壤斥水性的研究发展方向。     

土壤斥水性影响因素及改良措施的研究进展

论述了森林火灾、土壤含水率、有机质含量、pH值、生物膜和粘土矿物质等因素对土壤斥水性的影响以及国内外土壤斥水性改良措施的研究进展,并提出当前土壤斥水性研究的重点和今后的研究方向是土壤毛孔或粒子范围方面的研究、土壤含水率和斥水性的表达、大范围田间斥水性对不同水文学要素的定量影响,同时指出国内土壤斥水性的研究发展方向.     

黄土高原生物结皮斥水性及其沿降水梯度变化特征研究

为探明黄土高原生物结皮土壤斥水性的影响因素及其沿降水梯度的变化特征,在黄土高原沿降水梯度布设了8个采样区,每个采样区选择恢复年限相近的草地或林地,采用滴水穿透时间法和微型盘式入渗仪法测定了生物结皮与无结皮土壤的斥水时间和斥水系数,分析了生物结皮对斥水性的影响及其与结皮特性、土壤属性和年均降水量的相关性。结果表明,与无结皮土壤相比,黄土高原生物结皮土壤的斥水时间和斥水系数分别增加了54.85倍和5.80倍,但两者沿降水梯度的变化规律相似,均呈自南向北先减小、后稳定的变化趋势,且生物结皮土壤斥水性的空间变异性高于无结皮土壤;生物结皮土壤的斥水时间和斥水系数与结皮厚度、粉粒含量、黏粒含量、有机质含量、年均降水量呈显著的正相关关系(P≤0.032),与苔藓生物量和砂粒含量呈显著的负相关关系(P≤0.030);非线性回归表明,生物结皮土壤的斥水时间和斥水系数均可用结皮厚度和苔藓生物量进行模拟(R2=0.97,NSE不小于0.99)。研究表明,黄土高原生物结皮的发育显著增加了土壤斥水性,且斥水性沿降水梯度从南到北呈先减小、后逐渐稳定的空间变化趋势,年均降水量主要通过改变生物结皮厚度、苔藓生物量和有机质含量等理化性质而间接影响土壤斥水性。     

漓江水陆交错带土壤粒径分形维数与水力性质

分析漓江水陆交错带土壤粒径分形维数与水力性质,为漓江流域水陆交错带土壤迁移、沉积和土壤水文循环模拟提供参考依据。以漓江5个典型水陆交错带样地为研究对象,测定土壤基本物理性质和水力参数,计算土壤粒径分形维数,基于相关分析、冗余分析和逐步回归分析探讨分形维数与水力性质的关系。结果表明,漓江水陆交错带土壤粒径主要集中在0～400μm,土壤质地偏细,黏粒含量较高;土壤粒径分布范围中体积分数占比大的颗粒占主导地位,土壤粒径主要分布在密集区域,但粒径分布稀疏区的土壤颗粒对环境因子更敏感;单重分形维数（D）、信息维（D(1)）、关联维（D(2)）、信息维/容量维（D(1)/D(0)）、谱宽（Δα）与饱和含水量、田间持水量、总孔隙度、VG模型和BC模型拟合的饱和含水量参数（VG-θs、BC-θs）呈显著负相关,与土壤容重呈显著正相关;D、D(1)、D(2)、D(1)/D(0)与土壤砂粒含量呈极显著负相关,与土壤颗粒比表面积、黏粒含量、粉粒含量呈极显著正相关;土壤基本物理性质可解释分形维数95.84%的变异,砂粒含量和总孔隙度是影响D值变化的主要因素,砂粒含量是影响D(1)、D(2)、D(1)/D(0)...     

基于GIS/RS的不同土地利用类型重金属面源污染比较

针对不同土地利用类型,采样测定土壤重金属质量比背景值;基于DEM数据和遥感影像数据,结合空间信息技术（GIS/RS）,利用RUSLE模型和SCS-CN模型分别核算流域内不同土地利用类型的土壤流失量和地表径流量,在验证模型准确性的基础上,估算重金属非点源污染负荷。研究结果表明：研究区域不同土地利用类型的重金属质量比背景值差异较大,重金属Cu和Pb在工矿用地、草地和住宅用地的背景值较高,在有林地的背景值较低。综合估算随2种主要迁移途径输出的重金属面源污染负荷,重金属Cu总污染负荷量大约为651913kg/a,重金属Pb总污染负荷量大约为268004kg/a。不同土地利用类型中,随土壤侵蚀输出的重金属污染负荷,以疏林地和草地的贡献率最大,有林地和水浇地最小;随地表径流输出的重金属污染负荷,以草地和疏林地的贡献率最大,有林地和旱地最小。     

黄土高原生物结皮斥水性及其沿降水梯度的变化特征

为探明黄土高原生物结皮土壤斥水性沿降水梯度的变化特征及其影响因素,在黄土高原沿降水梯度布设了8个采样区,每个采样区选择恢复年限相近的草地或林地,采用滴水穿透时间法和微型盘式入渗仪法测定了生物结皮与无结皮土壤的斥水时间和斥水系数,分析了生物结皮对斥水性的影响及其与结皮特性、土壤属性和年均降水量的相关性。结果表明,黄土高原生物结皮土壤的斥水时间和斥水系数与无结皮土壤相比分别平均增加了54.85、5.80倍,但两者沿降水梯度的变化规律相似,均自南向北呈先减小后稳定的变化趋势,且生物结皮土壤斥水性的空间变异性高于无结皮土壤;生物结皮土壤的斥水时间和斥水系数与结皮厚度、粉粒含量、黏粒含量、有机质含量和年均降水量呈显著的正相关关系（P ≤ 0.032）,与苔藓生物量和砂粒含量呈显著的负相关关系（P ≤ 0.030）;非线性回归表明,生物结皮土壤的斥水时间和斥水系数均可用结皮厚度和苔藓生物量进行模拟（R~(2) = 0.97, NSE不小于0.99）。综上,黄土高原生物结皮的发育显著增加了土壤斥水性,且斥水性沿降水梯度从南到北呈先减少后逐渐稳定的空间变化趋势,年均降水量主要通过改变生物结皮厚度、苔藓生物量和有机质含量等理化性质间接影响土壤斥水性。     

杨凌包气带深层黄土颗粒分形特性的实验研究

通过对包气带深层黄土土壤样品颗粒组成的分析,研究了土壤颗粒体积分形维数与土壤各粒级含量的关系.同时利用实测的土壤水分特征曲线,拟合得到其分形模型中的孔隙大小分形维数,最后对颗粒体积分形维数与拟合的孔隙大小分形维数的关系进行了对比研究.结果表明:体积分形维数介于2.577～2.748之间,且随包气带层深度的增加分形维数呈减小趋势;体积分形维数与0.5～0.25 mIn、0.02～0.002 mm颗粒含量呈显著负相关,与0.25～0.05 mm、＜0.002 mm颗粒含量呈显著正相关,所建立的多元回归方程拟合的体积分形维数相对误差限为0～0.42%,具有较高的精度;同一质地的颗粒体积分形维数与土壤水分特征曲线分形模型中的孔隙大小分形维数呈良好的线性关系.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。