油茶籽热风干燥动力学研究

为研究油茶籽热风干燥特性,探讨热风温度、初始干基含水率对油茶籽干燥速率的影响,在不同初始干基含水率、不同热风温度条件下分别对油茶籽进行干燥,并比较了9种数学模型在油茶籽热风干燥中的适用性。结果表明,油茶籽热风干燥过程并没有出现恒速干燥段,干燥主要发生在降速干燥阶段。物料初始干基含水率、温度是影响干燥的主要因素,初始干基含水率越低、干燥温度越高,干燥到目标含水率所用时间越短。干燥过程中,有效水分扩散系数随温度升高而增大,热风温度从50℃升高到80℃,其有效水分扩散系数由1.3132×10-9m2/s增大到3.9223×10-9m2/s,油茶籽的干燥活化能为33.6193kJ/mol;通过比较决定系数R2、均方根误差eRMSE以及卡方检验值χ2得出,Lewis模型为描述油茶籽热风薄层干燥的最优模型,预测值与试验值的均方误差为1.36%,最大相对误差小于4%,表明模型预测的干燥曲线和试验干燥曲线一致性较好。     

南瓜浆滚筒干燥动力学模型

以辊式布料的单滚筒干燥机为对象进行南瓜浆滚筒干燥试验,探讨了滚筒干燥过程中物料的干燥动力学特性及其干燥动力学模型。根据物料的状态将滚筒干燥过程分为浆状和膜状两个阶段,测定了不同蒸气压力下物料的含水率,分析了干燥速率随蒸气压力和时间的变化规律。结果表明:物料中的水分大部分在浆状区中蒸发,蒸气压力越高,干燥速率越快;物料在膜状区中为降速干燥阶段,蒸气压力越高膜状区起始含水率越低,起始阶段的干燥速率越慢,干燥速率下降也越慢,干燥时间越短。膜状区物料含水率的试验数据与主要薄层干燥模型进行拟合,Midilli-Kucuk模型可以很好地预测南瓜浆滚筒干燥的动力学特性。     

基于BP神经网络的陈皮干燥含水率预测

为探索陈皮的热泵干燥特性，并实现热泵干燥过程中陈皮的含水率预测，研究了不同干燥温度(50、55、60℃)、干燥风速(1.0、2.0、3.0m/s)、堆叠厚度(20、30、40mm)对陈皮干燥时间和干燥速率的影响。将干燥温度、干燥风速、堆叠厚度和干燥时间作为输入层，隐藏层个数为10,陈皮的干燥含水率为输出层，搭建一个BP神经网络预测模型。研究结果表明：干燥温度、干燥风速和堆叠厚度都是影响陈皮干燥含水率的重要因素，提高干燥温度、增加干燥风速和减少堆叠厚度能够提高陈皮的干燥速率，缩短干燥时间。基于陈皮热泵干燥特性构建结构为“4-10-1”的BP神经网络模型，含水率预测值与实测值之间的均方误差MSE为0.004 21,决定系数R²=0.997,模型运行稳定，含水率预测结果准确且快速，能够为陈皮干燥过程中的含水率在线预测提供科学依据。     

绿茶微波真空干燥特性及动力学模型

为了解茶叶在微波真空干燥过程中水分的变化规律,以绿茶为原料,进行了微波真空干燥试验。通过绘制干燥曲线和失水速率曲线,研究相对压力、比功率对绿茶微波真空干燥特性的影响,并建立干燥动力学模型,量化比功率与干燥时间、含水率之间的关系。结果表明：绿茶微波真空干燥过程按失水速率快慢可分为加速和降速2个阶段,无明显恒速干燥阶段;随着相对压力降低,干燥时间缩短,但-80 kPa后继续降低相对压力对含水率变化影响不显著;比功率越大干燥时间越短;绿茶微波真空干燥的动力学模型满足Page方程,该模型可较好地描述含水率随干燥时     

稻谷固定床深层干燥的计算机模拟

针对稻谷固定床深层间歇干燥过程中的加热和缓苏两个阶段建立了数学模型，用C语言编制了相应的运算程序。用该模型计算了不同干燥介质温度和湿度、不同粮食初始含水率和温度条件下，不同层厚处稻谷的含水率和温度，计算结果与试验结果基本相符。     

红枣热风干燥特性的试验研究

为了给红枣热风干燥设备及干燥过程的控制、预测提供理论依据,利用电热鼓风干燥箱进行红枣热风干燥试验,分析其在不同热风温度、初始含水率和装载量条件下的干燥特性并进行感官品质分析。试验表明:红枣的整个干燥过程只有一个降速阶段,干燥初期降速较快,末期降速缓慢;温度对红枣的干燥速率及感官品质影响最大,装载量次之,初始含水率只对干燥速率有影响。     

新鲜山核桃热风干燥脱水规律研究

将新鲜山核桃在不同的热风温度、物料层数、热风风速条件下进行干燥,定时测定烘箱中山核桃的水分值,计算相应时间点的干基含水率及干燥速率,以干燥时间为横坐标、干基含水率及干燥速率分别为纵坐标绘制曲线图。试验结果表明,新鲜山核桃在干燥过程中主要有两个明显的阶段,降率干燥阶段和恒率干燥阶段,同时热风温度、物料层数、热风风速对新鲜山核桃的干燥也有着不同的影响程度。     

萝卜丝薄层干燥试验及其数学模型的建立

萝卜丝干燥是萝卜加工的重要环节。利用薄层干燥试验台,进行萝卜丝的薄层干燥试验,探讨热风温度、风速对干燥速率的影响。结果表明,萝卜丝干燥具有典型物料干燥的升温、等速、降速3个阶段,热风温度对干燥速率的影响比风速对干燥速率的影响显著。用BP神经网络建立萝卜丝干燥的数学模型,并与Page模型的模拟结果进行对比。结果表明,用BP神经网络预测的含水率比精度明显高于Page模型。     

苹果渣干燥特性与模型的试验研究

利用热风循环干燥试验台对苹果渣进行干燥试验,在不同初始水分、不同风速和不同温度下,对苹果渣干燥特性进行了试验研究。试验结果表明：初始水分、风速和温度对干燥速率有极显著作用;苹果渣干燥为一降速干燥过程。通过对干燥速率随时间变化关系的分析,提出了相应的干燥速率模型。用4种模型对干燥曲线进行了模拟,改良的Page模型很好地预测和描述了苹果渣热风循环干燥特性。     

草菇红外线辐射干燥过程失水特性的试验研究

定量描述草菇的失水特性。试验在红外线辐射条件下进行,研究草菇干燥过程中含水率和干燥速率的变化规律。试验表明:草菇在红外辐射干燥过程中不存在恒速干燥阶段,随着干燥介质温度升高草菇含水率下降较快而干燥速率低。初步确定草菇红外线辐射干燥合理工艺。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。