6种杀菌剂对姜青枯病的防治效果

采用药剂浸种、发病前药剂灌根、发病初期药剂灌根3种处理评价了6种杀菌剂对姜青枯病的防治效果及对生姜产量的影响。结果表明:6种药剂中,以46%氢氧化铜水分散粒剂和6%中生菌素水分散粒剂浸种处理对姜青枯病的预防效果最好,防效分别达到了86.61%和84.86%,产量较对照分别增加37.36%和31.35%。发病前药剂灌根处理中,以40%噻唑锌悬浮剂、46%氢氧化铜水分散粒剂和5×10~8个/mL荧光假单胞菌水剂的预防效果较好,施药后7 d防效分别为87.55%、83.30%和80.78%,产量较对照分别增加35.03%、38.63%和29.92%。发病初期药剂灌根处理中,6种药剂防效均在45%以下,且产量显著低于发病前药剂灌根处理,表明姜青枯病发病后施药防治效果较差,根据姜青枯病发病规律提前用药可取得较好的防治效果。     

核桃细菌性黑斑病杀菌剂筛选及药效研究

本文以黄单胞杆菌Xanthomonas campestris pv.juglandis(Pierce Dowson)为供试菌株,选用不同浓度的13种杀菌剂进行室内毒力测定。结果表明:有10种药剂对该菌有一定的抑制效果,但只有5种杀菌剂能够产生明显的抑菌圈。其中,四霉素和链霉素的抑菌效果最强,最低抑菌浓度为0.165、3μg/mL,抑菌率为74.76%、69.23%,EC_(50)为12.764、35.318μg/mL。其他依次为乙蒜素、中生菌素和春雷霉素。选用这5种杀菌剂进行盆栽防治试验,四霉素和链霉素的平均防效达74.60%、71.69%,乙蒜素和中生菌素防效分别为65.98%、58.40%,春雷霉素防效最低为39.38%。其结果与室内基本一致。室内试验及盆栽试验结果表明四霉素、链霉素、乙蒜素、中生菌素和春雷霉素可作为防治核桃黑斑病的杀菌剂,其中四霉素为首选杀菌剂。     

硫酸链霉素对番茄斑疹病病菌的毒力测定

为明确硫酸链霉素对番茄斑疹病病菌的毒力及对病害的防效,采用平板菌落计数法测定其毒力,并对温室内番茄植株进行人工接菌后喷施药剂,测定其防效。结果表明,硫酸链霉素对番茄斑疹病病菌的毒力(EC_50)为0.060 8μg/m L;温室防治试验中,72%硫酸链霉素可溶性粉剂3 500~6 000倍液处理对发病植株的病指防效为95.24%~77.78%,除最低用量6 000倍液处理外,均极显著高于对照药剂46.1%氢氧化铜水分散粒剂1 250倍液处理。从沈阳地区保护地发病番茄上采集的供试斑疹病病菌对硫酸链霉素高度敏感,未产生抗药性。     

7种杀菌剂对姜瘟病菌Z-AQ-2菌株的抑菌活性

青枯菌4号生理小种引起的姜瘟病是我国生姜生产上的巨大障碍。本研究以分离自5种不同寄主的8株青枯菌为研究对象,采用最小抑制浓度法(MIC)评价了它们的铜抗性水平,发现分离于山东安丘的4号小种Z-AQ-2菌株的铜抗性水平最高,为1.6mmol/L;采用生长速率法测定了7种常用杀菌剂对Z-AQ-2菌株的室内毒力,结果表明:3%中生菌素可湿性粉剂对姜瘟病菌的抑菌活性最高,其EC50为5.2mg/L,其次为6%寡糖·链蛋白可湿性粉剂,EC50为21.2mg/L,20%叶枯唑可湿性粉剂在3种不含铜的农药中EC50值最高,为58.7mg/L,4种铜制剂抑菌效果相对较差,EC50为51.5~148.7mg/L;进一步采用Colby法评价了叶枯唑与氢氧化铜、叶枯唑与中生菌素以及中生菌素与氨基寡糖素的混用效果,结果表明:三组药剂的混用均可产生增效或加成效果。     

四种替代药剂对梨火疫病菌的抑制活性及其田间防效

为筛选农用链霉素替代药剂,以其为对照药剂,测定春雷霉素、中生菌素、噻霉酮和噻菌铜这4种常用细菌病害防治药剂对梨火疫病菌Erwinia amylovora的抑制活性、对梨火疫病的田间防效及不同药剂处理后梨中的农药残留,并对这4种药剂的作物安全性进行评价。结果表明,中生菌素、噻霉酮和春雷霉素对梨火疫病菌有抑制作用,抑制中浓度EC50分别为1.60、6.64和60.57 mg/L,中生菌素的抑制效果高于链霉素。在连续2年田间试验中,中生菌素1 000倍液和春雷霉素400倍液对梨火疫病的保护效果和治疗效果均达90.33%以上,噻霉酮500倍液和噻菌铜200倍液对梨火疫病的保护效果均达100.00%,治疗效果均超过86.97%,与对照药剂农用链霉素2 000倍液的效果相当。所有药剂处理后均未检出中生菌素、春雷霉素、高效氯氰菊酯和农用链霉素的农药残留,而噻虫嗪、阿维菌素和矮壮素虽有检出,但其残留量均低于国家限量标准。花期前后、幼果期和果实膨大期施药,中生菌素、春雷霉素、噻霉酮和噻菌铜对梨花、叶片、枝梢及果实生长均无不良影响。综合来看,中生菌素、春雷霉素、噻霉酮和噻菌铜均可作为农用链霉素的替代药剂,...     

氟啶胺等杀菌剂对不同发育阶段小麦赤霉病菌的毒力及其作用方式

为筛选高效防治小麦赤霉病的药剂,采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法测定了5种杀菌剂对不同发育阶段小麦赤霉病菌的毒力,并测定了田间接种条件下对小麦赤霉病的保护和治疗效果。结果表明,氟啶胺对小麦赤霉病菌菌丝生长、孢子萌发、芽管伸长和产孢的毒力均较高,EC_(50)≤0.249μg/m L;咯菌腈可抑制该病菌菌丝生长、芽管伸长和产孢,EC_(50)≤0.881μg/m L,但对孢子萌发几乎无抑制作用;菌毒清对分生孢子萌发、芽管伸长和产孢的毒力稍低,EC_(50)在5.726~10.244μg/m L之间,但高于其对菌丝生长的毒力;甲基硫菌灵和嘧菌酯对各发育阶段病菌的毒力均较低。在田间,接种前3 d施药,咯菌腈和氟啶胺对小麦赤霉病的保护效果较好,200 g(a.i.)/hm~2处理的效果在80.01%以上,可作为保护剂在发病前使用;菌毒清在接种前3 d和接种后3 d使用时保护效果和治疗效果均较高,200 g(a.i.)/hm~2处理的防效均在69.99%以上,既可作为保护剂在发病前使用,也可作为治疗剂在发病后使用。     

薏苡叶枯病病原菌的分离鉴定与生物农药筛选

叶枯病是危害薏苡的主要病害之一,为明确引起薏苡叶枯病的病原菌种类,有效控制叶枯病的发生,本试验对病原菌进行了分离、纯化及形态学鉴定,选用常用的7种生物农药对病原菌进行毒力测定,并建立毒力回归方程,结果表明,通过分离鉴定明确该致病菌为平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris);1%申嗪霉素悬浮剂和5%中生茵素对病原茵的抑制率较高,毒力较强,抑制率分别为100%、97.65%,EC_(50)分别为6.918 3和19.856 6μg/mL。     

棉隆及氯化苦对几种生姜土传病原物的毒力

以侵染生姜的茎腐病菌Pythium myriotylum Drechsler、姜瘟病菌Ralstonia solanacearum和南方根结线虫Meloidagrne incognila为指示病原物,比较了两种土壤处理剂棉隆和氯化苦的熏蒸毒力。采用密闭玻璃容器熏蒸,结合菌丝生长速率法测得棉隆和氯化苦对生姜茎腐病菌的EC50值分别为0.284 和0.096 mg/L,EC90值分别为18.106 和0.312 mg/L。通过密封盘内摇床振荡(25 ℃,45 r/min)培养(24 h),结合菌悬液比色法评价了两药剂对姜瘟病菌的毒力。结果表明:氯化苦的活性较高,EC50和EC90值分别为0.176和1.280 mg/L,而棉隆的毒力较低,其EC50和EC90值分别达1 984和5 701 mg/L。采用线虫悬浮液密闭熏蒸法处理48 h,发现棉隆对南方根结线虫的EC50和EC90值分别为0.175和0.634 mg/L,氯化苦毒力略低于棉隆,其EC50和EC90值分别为1.211和3.772 mg/L。     

脂肽类化合物bacillomycin L抗真菌活性及其对水稻病害的防治

生防菌Bs-916对水稻纹枯病具有很好的防治效果,分泌的脂肽类化合物bacillomycin L是其抗真菌活性的关键因子之一.Bacillomycin L抑菌活性的定性及定量分析结果表明:其对常见的12种病原真菌的菌丝生长均有抑制作用,但其对不同病原真菌的毒力存在显著差异.Bacillomycin L对番茄灰霉Botrytis cinerea和稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae的毒力最强,抑制中浓度(IC50)分别为0.28μg·mL-1和0.35μg·mL-1;对大多数病原真菌IC50在1～3μg·mL-1;对水稻恶苗病菌Fusarium fujikuroi和串珠镰刀菌F.moniliforme毒力最差,IC50分别为28.99μg·mL-1和45.92μg·mL-1.显微观察表明bacillomycin L能致畸病原真菌菌丝和抑制孢子萌发.Bacillomycin L对稻瘟病和水稻纹枯病都有一定的防治效果,当使用浓度为500μg·mL-1时,对水稻纹枯病和苗瘟的防效分别为70.8%和56.3%.研究结果表明,bacillomycin L具有广谱高效的抗真菌活性,具有开发为环境友好型生物农药的潜力.     

防治华重楼叶斑病的药剂筛选及田间应用

为筛选出对华重楼叶斑病具有良好防效的药剂,选择了6种生物药剂进行室内毒力测定,选出对叶斑病病原菌具有较强抑制作用的药剂,以田间喷雾施药法验证其防效。毒力测定结果表明,多抗霉素、乙蒜素、宁南霉素毒力较强,EC50分别为0.283、1.938、1.029 mg/L;春雷霉素、氨基寡糖素毒力较弱,EC50分别为11.921、13.511 mg/L;中生菌素毒力最弱,EC50为16.488 mg/L。田间试验结果表明,10%多抗霉素可湿性粉剂防效最高,第3次药后7 d防效为76.98%;80%乙蒜素乳油和68%宁南霉素水剂第3次药后7 d的防效也达到55%以上。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.