Untersuchungen über den Einfluß des Kinetins und des Eisens auf den Nukleinsäure- und Proteinstoffwechsel von Karottengewebekulturen

The Influence of Kinetin and Iron on Nucleic Acid and Protein Metabolism of Carrot Tissue Cultures Carrot-root tissues cultured in a nutrient solution containing Kinetin had a high rate of cell division, that led to an undifferentiated callus, and a relatively low DNA content per cell. The same tissues growing without Kinetin had a smaller rate of cell division and a higher DNA content, and showed the ability to form roots. By addition of ³²P to the nutrient solution, the cultures growing with Kinetin showed a higher specific activity of DNA than those growing without Kinetin. From previous experiments and results of other workers the possibility of the occurence of a metabolic labile DNA fraction in the cultures which grew without Kinetin is discussed. A comparison between the influence of iron and Kinetin on cell division activity, root formation, DNA, RNA and amino acid content of the tissue cultures was made on a cell basis. Iron deficiency or absence of Kinetin in the nutrient solution reduced the cell division activity of carrot tissue cultures and increased the content of DNA, RNA and soluble amino acids. The protein content was reduced by iron deficiency but was increased by the absence of Kinetin. Cultures, growing without Kinetin were able to form roots, while those, growing in an iron deficient medium were unable to show the latter phenomenon.     

Untersuchungen zum Einfluß des Kinetins,des Cycloheximids und des Chloramphenicols auf die lösliche Proteinfraktion von Karottengewebekulturen

Influence of kinetin, cycloheximide and chloramphenicol on soluble protein of carrot tissue cultures An application of chloramphenicol indicated that the influence of kinetin on cell division activity depends on the synthesis of proteins in cell organelles. Concurrently with the application of chloramphenicol an accumulation of proteins with relatively high electrophoretic mobility, synthesized in the cytoplasm, was observed. These protein components are preferentially synthesized after kinetin application. The influence of cycloheximide seems to be directed to the action mechanisms of IAA and inosit in the explants.     

Allgemeine Merkmale sowie Blei- und Zinkmobilität in urban-industriell überformten Böden des Brücktorviertels in Oberhausen (Ruhrgebiet)

General characteristics as well as the mobility of lead and zinc in soils which were transformed by urban and industrial impact of the Brücktor district in Oberhausen (Ruhr area) This paper presents the results of Urbic Anthrosols from eight different sites which contain partly alkalising material of technological origin in an urban-industrial area in Oberhausen. These results were then compared with those of tests taken of a nearby Cambisol from Oberhausen. The pH-value of the profiles with the deposit layers are almost always in the alkaline range (highest pH = 9,8). More than 50 % of the deposit layers of the tested soils show a coarse texture with a high to very high content of gravel, ashes, cinders, clinker and mining waste. The soils are deep enriched with fossilized and pyrolytic transformed carbon substances which are recorded, as well as the recent humus, by using the Lichterfelder-method to determine the Corg. From the substratum of the deposit layers Na, K, Mg and Ca were moved into deeper horizons which could cause an increase in the pH-value there. The eight tested soils partly show a high accumulation of heavy metals (up to 4,8 g Pb/kg, up to 2,8 g Zn/kg). High heavy metal contents were measured in the deposit layers of ashes. Unlike Na, K, Mg and Ca, it could not be shown that a transfer of mobile Zn and Pb into deeper layers of soil takes place. In spite of a lower background pollution, the acidified Cambisol contains, in comparison to the eight tested soils, a clearly higher mobile Zn-content which could be transferred through the profile.     

Einfluß der Mineralstoffversorgung auf die Prädisposition von Phaseolus vulgaris gegen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. et Magn.) Br. et Cav. I. Wirkung verschiedener Nährstoffe und des Blattalters auf die Symptomausprägung

Influence of mineral nutrition on the predisposition of Phaseolus vulgaris against Colletrotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc.et Magn.) Br.et Cav. I. Effects of different mineral nutrients and leaf-age on the disease severity 1. The N-concentration between 2–12 mMol N/I did hardly influence the disease, higher concentrations up to 52 mMol/I led to a severe disease increase. Potassium at concentrations of 5–10 mMol/I showed little effect on disease, higher concentrations up to 50 mMol also strongly increased the predisposition. 2. Calcium had a remarkable influence on symptom expression. Lower concentrations (1.15–0.25 mMol/I) increased the symptoms, higher concentrations up to 4.25 mMol/I reduced the disease, but only at a high disease level resulting from high N- or K-concentration. 3. The influences of Mg, P and Fe were of minor importance. 4. Usually, bean-leaves show resistance against C. lindermuthianum when the leaves are old. This is prevented by high N- and K-concentrations. 5. The change of predisposition related to the N- and K-concentration in the nutrient solution was confirmed with 3 additional bean varieties (‘Comtessa’ ‘Perry Marrow’, ‘Pizzaro’). No further increase of disease severity could be achieed with variety ‘Wavero’ which was generally very sensitive. 6. The monogenic resistance of incompatible combinations (‘Titan’/δ and ‘Titan’/λ) could not be changed with high N- or K-concentrations.     

Einfluß von Kupfer- und Stickstoffmangel auf die Aktivität der Phenoloxidase und den Gehalt an Phenolen in den Blättern der Sonnenblume (Helianthus annuus)

Effect of copper and nitrogen deficiency on phenol oxidase activity and content of phenols in leaves of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) In sunflower leaves of different insertion height the activity of phenol oxidase during the course of the whole vegetation period was determined. In leaves of normal plants this activity reached its maximum during the period of most intensiv growth and decreased continuously with increasing age. The highest activity was found in cotyledons. In normal leaves this maximum decreased with increasing insertion height. Copper deficiency led in cotyledons to a small, in leaves to a severe inhibition of the phenol oxidase activity. Here the decrease of copper content always led to an unproportional decrease of the enzyme activity. After the middle of July, no phenol oxidase activity in leaves of copper deficient plants could be determined. Nitrogen deficiency decreased the yield considerably, while it was lowering the phenol oxidase activity only slightly. Orthodihydroxyphenols, as substrates of phenol oxidase, showed a negative correlation to the enzym activity: The stronger the suppression of the phenol oxidase activity, the higher was the rise of the orthodiphenol content in full expanded leaves. With unsufficient copper supply the plants showed only week deficiency symptoms, although the phenol oxidase activity was completly inhibited. Therefore it is presumed that in sunflower leaves the role of phenol oxidase can partly be taken over by other enzymes.     

Zur Pedogenese und Klassifikation von Marschböden des Unterweserraumes. II. Die Bedeutung von Schwefelmetabolismus,Methanproduktion und Ca/Mg-Verhältnis für die Marschen-Klassifikation

Development and Classification of Marsh Soils from the Unterweser Region, West Germany. II. Importance of Sulfur Metabolism, Methane Production and Ca/Mg Ratio for Classifying Marsh Soils The importance of sulfur metabolism in each step of marsh soil development (Brümmer, 1968) is also confirmed for the marsh soils of the Unterweser region. Sulfur contents and sulfur fractions indicate that soil development has advanced further in brackish marshes than in marine and river marshes. The results give additional evidence that the various properties of marsh soils are only partly caused by sedimentation conditions. – The sedimentation areas (Müller, 1954) apply only to small regions. Thus, methane production predominates in the freshwater area, while sulfate reduction predominates in the marine area. Both processes occur at high rates in the brackish area. Classifying soils on the basis of the Ca/Mg ratio gives the same soil groups as Brümmers classification. Consequently, classifying the marsh soils of Niedersachsen on the basis of Ca/Mg ratio is a suitable method, if the idea that sedimentation conditions cause soil properties – especially the contents of exchangeable Ca and Mg – and the present designations of the soil groups are rejected.     

Schwermetallgehalte im Kultursubstrat und Erntegut des Champignons,Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Singer,beim Einsatz von Müllklärschlammkompost

Heavy metal contents in the culture substrate and in the mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, grown in composts mixed with municipal waste and sewage The addition of increasing quantities of municipal waste compost to conventional horse manure compost resulted in a proportional increase in the heavy metal content of the mixture. The increases ranged between 250% (zinc) and 900% (mercury). Ninety-four to ninety-nine percent of the heavy metals in municipal waste compost are bound in compounds from which they can not be extracted using CaCl₂ solution. The amounts extractable from horse manure compost with CaCl2₂ solution are from 1.5 (zinc)- to 33 (mercury)-times higher. The influences of the increasing quantities of heavy metals in municipal waste — horse manure composts are demonstrable in the content of these metals in harvested mushroom. This, in turn, corresponds to the availability of the metals. The relative enrichment is greatest with mercury, and least with cadmium. The quantities found in mushrooms, with the exception of mercury, fall within the normal range detected in vegetable crops.     

Zur Pedogenese und Klassifikation von Marschböden des Unterweserraumes. I. Gesamtnährstoffe,Carbonatgehalt, Kationenbelag und Diatomeenflora als Indikatoren für Sedimentations-Bedingungen und Bodenentwicklung

Development and Classification of Marsh Soils from the Unterweser Region, West Germany. I. Total Nutrients, Carbonate Content, Exchangeable Cations and Diatom Flora as Indicators of the Role of Sedimentation Conditions in Soil Development This study was carried out to see how much sedimentation conditions determine the properties– in particular the Ca/Mg ratio – of marsh soils (fluvaquents of coastel areas). The following results show, that the marsh soils properties are not determined by different sedimentation conditions: – The vertic fluvaquents don't have a higher clay content than the mollic and aeric fluvaquents – The total (t) contents of P, Ca, Mg, K and Na varied because of different soil development – The Ca_t/Mg_t ratio in soils with CaCO₃ was higher than in soils without CaCO₃, and – related to the Ca_a/Mg_a ratio – it can also be used as a classification characteristic (a = exchangeable) – The Ca_a/Mg_a ratio varied greatly because of differences in exchangeable Ca content. Vertic fluvaquents sometimes, but not often, have a higher content of exchangeable Mg than the mollic and aeric fluvaquents. Comparing maps of the Weser area as it appeared at various times in the Holocene with the soil map, shows that the sedimentation pattern is invariably brackish-marine. This is further confirmed by the diotom flora of the soils tested. Thus the properties of marsh soils, long believed to be dependent on sedimentation conditions, are the product of different continuance and intensity of soil development.