银川、徐州和赤峰地区番茄病毒病种类的鉴定

对2021年发生在银川、徐州、赤峰的番茄叶片出现黄绿相间的斑驳、叶片皱缩卷曲、植株矮化等疑似番茄病毒病的症状进行了鉴定。利用12种番茄病毒病的特异性引物进行RT-PCR检测，发现所检测的不同地区样品中，侵染番茄最多的病毒为黄瓜花叶病毒（CMV），检出率为60.00%，其次是番茄斑萎病毒（TSWV），检出率为46.67%。通过核苷酸序列比对发现，检测出的这2种病毒与CMV(AJ131619.1)和TSWV(MK318839.1)同源性最高，相似度分别为97%和99%。同时，基于CMV和TSWV基因序列构建系统发育树表明，宁夏银川地区番茄病毒样本为CMV和TSWV复合侵染。     

烟草番茄斑萎病的研究进展

烟草番茄斑萎病是一类在局部地区产生严重危害的烟草病害,由布尼亚病毒科番茄斑萎病毒属典型成员烟草番茄斑萎病毒系统侵染引起。目前该病在中国许多省均有发生的报道,在云南烟区广泛分布,在局部地区可造成60%以上的严重损失,烟草番茄斑萎病被认为是世界上对烟草最具潜在危险病害之一,较为系统全面的综述了烟草番茄斑萎病的发生与分布,病害症状学,病原物,致病机制,病毒基因组结构和功能以及病害的流行及控制等方面的研究进展。     

番茄抗番茄斑萎病毒病材料的创制

番茄斑萎病毒(tamato spotted wilt virus, TSWV)是世界10种危害性最大的植物病毒之一,番茄受侵染后损失可达80%甚至绝收。近年来番茄斑萎病毒越来越严重,抗病品种育种速度远远不能满足市场需要,为了加快抗番茄斑萎病毒病的育种速度,本研究以长沙、昆明、三亚三地穿梭育种,达到一年三代,结合分子标记辅助筛选,2年内能获得抗番茄斑萎病毒病的材料,为育种者提供快速转育的新方法。     

中国治病疫霉寄生适合度和寄主专化性研究

采用离体叶片法测定了采自中国马铃薯主产区18个马铃薯晚疫病菌株及来自番茄产区18个番茄晚疫病菌株对3个马铃薯品种和3个番茄品种的侵染率、病斑面积、产孢能力以及寄生适合度。结果表明马铃薯晚疫病菌在马铃薯叶片上的侵染率、病斑面积、产孢能力以及寄生适合度比在番茄叶片上高,而番茄晚疫病菌在番茄叶片上的侵染率、病斑面积、产孢能力以及寄生适合度比在马铃薯叶片上高,说明马铃薯晚疫病菌和番茄晚疫病菌有很强的寄主专化性。     

记住这些关键点 巧识作物病毒病

<正>番茄黄化曲叶病毒病染病后番茄植株矮化,生长缓慢或停滞,顶部叶片常褪绿发黄、变小,叶片边缘上卷,叶片增厚,叶质变硬。结果期染病仅上部叶和新芽表现症状,结果数减少,果实变小,成熟期果实着色不均匀、红不透。关键点:"生长点黄化""扭曲""叶片卷、硬"。番茄斑萎病毒病苗期染病,叶背面沿脉呈紫色,有的生长点死掉,茎端形成褐色坏死条斑,病株仅半边生长或完全矮化或落叶呈萎蔫状,发病早的不结果。坐果后染病,果实上出现褪绿环斑,绿果略凸起,轮纹不明显,青果上产生褐色坏死斑,呈瘤状凸起,果实易脱落。成熟果实染病轮纹明显,红黄或红白相间,褪绿斑在全色期明显,严重的全果僵缩。     

百合品种退化原因及国产种球繁殖与复壮技术

病毒侵染百合品种退化病毒侵染是其主因之一,受病毒感染的百合生长势减弱,植株矮化,提早开花,花朵畸形、变小、花色减退,早春叶片出现花叶、皱缩、扭曲、枯斑、坏死等现象,严重影响到百合的产量和品质,对百合的生产、销售,尤其是出口带来很大的威胁。带病毒的植株,病毒不断积累,而且传播速度非常快,一般种植两年后,百合品种迅速退化,最后完全失去商品价值。     

百合叶部主要病害防治技术要点

<正>百合病毒病为百合的主要病害,多在夏、秋季发病。主要表现花叶、坏死斑、环斑和丛簇4种症状。花叶型即叶面表现浅绿与深绿相间斑驳,严重时叶片分杈扭曲,花器变形,花蕾不开。坏死斑型多在叶片上产生褪绿斑驳或出现坏死斑。环斑型多出现小型蚀纹形坏死斑。丛簇型即表现植株丛簇、叶片呈浅绿至浅黄色,以后产生条斑或出现斑驳,幼叶反卷扭曲、全株矮化。有时可表现混合症状,或病株无主茎或不形成花等。     

日光温室番茄冬春季常见病害的发生与防治

<正>日光温室冬春季栽培的番茄价格高、效益好,但在生产中常发生一些病害,严重影响到番茄的产量和品质,因此,广大棚室种植户应对这些病害高度重视并及时采取措施防治。一、番茄早疫病1.发病症状发病植株病叶上出现水渍状暗绿色病斑,扩大后呈圆形或不规则形,有明显同心轮纹,直径1~2厘米,边缘深褐色,潮湿时产生黑色霉层,病叶由下向上发展。严重时下部叶片脱落,仅留下上部少数叶片。果实和茎秆也可发病。     

绿豆常见病害的发生与防治

<正>病毒病:以苗期发病较多,在田间主要表现为花叶斑驳、皱缩花叶等。发病轻时,幼苗期出现花叶和斑驳症状的植株。发病重时,幼苗出现皱缩小叶丛生的花叶植株,叶片畸形、皱缩、叶肉隆起,形成疱斑,有明显的黄绿相间皱缩花叶。防治方法:(1)选用无病或耐病品种。(2)及时防治蚜虫。(3)在发病初期,选用20%病毒毙或20%病毒A500倍液喷雾防治,每隔7¹0天喷一次,连喷210天喷一次,连喷2³次。叶斑病:绿豆发病时,最初在叶片上出现水渍状小斑点,以后扩大为圆形或不规则的褐色斑枯斑,后期成为大     

南京农大揭开“植物病毒与寄主之间博弈”的神秘面纱

<正>植物负义链RNA病毒严重威胁农业生产,特别是其中的番茄斑萎病毒属(Tospovirus)和纤细病毒属(Teniuvirus)的成员在农业生产上的危害尤为严重。番茄斑萎病毒属病毒及其典型成员番茄斑萎病毒(Tomato spotted wilt virus, TSWV)寄主范围极广且较难控制,每年在全球范围内造成数十亿美元的经济损失。番茄斑萎病毒属病毒在我国西南地区的农林作物上为害严重,已造成较大的经济损失,且其危害性还在     

A survey of Nicotiana germplasm for resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)

The reaction to Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was evaluated in 94 accessions of Nicotiana, originating from the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation tobacco germplasm collection in Pu?awy, Poland. Tests for resistance were conducted under greenhouse conditions using single TSWV isolate collected from tobacco plantation in Lublin district, Poland. The presence of the virus was verified using DAS-ELISA. SCAR markers associated with TSWV resistance gene were applied. The members of the section Alatae, the genus Nicotiana: N. alata, N. forgetiana, and Nicotiana x sanderae as well as N. tabacum cultivars: ‘Polalta’ and ‘Wiktoria’ with the TSWV resistance gene introduced from N. alata, displayed the hypersensitive reaction (HR) against TSWV (grade 0 on symptom intensity scale). In some of those accessions, the virus spread from the initially infected areas eliciting systemic hypersensitive reaction (SHR). Five accessions of N. alata and three of Nicotiana x sanderae were composed of 6.3–50.0 % of plants in which SHR symptoms appeared. In all of N. forgetiana plants HR reaction was followed by systemic infection (SHR). In N. tabacum ‘Wiktoria’ 21.1 % of plants showed HR reaction, while the remaining were susceptible (S). All of the genotypes which responded with HR or SHR reaction to TSWV infection demonstrated the presence of SCAR markers linked to the resistance gene. The remaining eighty tested accessions were identified as being susceptible upon exposure to TSWV.     

Mature plant and tissue resistance in the groundnut-peanut bud necrosis virus system

Summary Leaves and plants of different ages of a susceptible and two resistant groundnut genotypes were mechanically inoculated with peanut bud necrosis virus, and the percentage of plants with systemic symptoms (incidence) and the incubation period were determined. The incidence decreased sharply in all three genotypes with the age of the inoculated leaves and plants. The incubation period increased with the age of leaves and plants. Apparently, only young tissue of young plants is susceptible, while mature tissue and plants are highly resistant. This mature tissue and plant resistance occurs irrespective of the susceptibility level of the genotype to peanut bud necrosis virus, however, it develops earlier in the resistant than in the susceptible genotypes.Abbreviations IP₅₀ incubation period - PBNV peanut bud necrosis virus - TSWV tomato spotted wilt virus     

Effectiveness of combining resistance to Thielaviopsis basicola and Tomato spotted wilt virus in haploid tobacco genotypes

Black root rot (BRR) caused by Thielaviopsis basicola as well as Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) are the most serious problems in tobacco growing regions. We crossed the breeding line WGL 3 carrying BRR resistance derived from N.glauca with the line PW-834 the resistance of which to TSWV was transferred from cultivar Polalta. Anthers obtained from F₁ hybrid plants were cultured to induce haploids combining resistance to Th. basicola and TSWV. Flow cytometry analysis revealed 242 haploids and 2 spontaneous doubled haploids among regenerants. All haploids were cloned and then evaluated for BRR as well as TSWV resistance. The presence of pathogens was detected by microscopic evaluation of roots or using DAS-ELISA test. Microscopic assessment showed that, 132 haploids had no symptoms of Th. basicola which, together with the absence of symptoms in the F₁ hybrids, indicated a dominant monogenic mode of inheritance. At the same time only 30 haploids demonstrated resistance to TSWV. SCAR markers associated with TSWV resistance gene detection was applied. The results indicate that small proportion of TSWV-resistant haploids is probably due to the influence of deleterious genes flanking the resistance factor that reduced vitality of gametophytes. Altogether, 24 haploids showed multiple resistance to Th. basicola and TSWV.     

Evaluation of seven Lycopersicon species for resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)

Summary One hundred eighty-eight accessions of Lycopersicon cheesmanii, L. chilense, L. chmielewskii, L. hirsutum, L. parviflorum, L. pennellii, and L. peruvianum were screened for resistance to three isolates of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). All plants in an accession were initially screened for resistance to TSWV using isolate 85–9 from Arkansas. Visual symptoms were used to cull obviously infected plants, followed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to identify uninfected plants. Cuttings were taken from uninfected plants in the first screening and the resulting plants were inoculated with isolates Glox and T-2 from Texas and Hawaii, respectively. No resistance was identified in L. cheesmanii, L. chmielewskii, L. hirsutum, L. parviflorum, and L. pennellii. However, 33 of 63 L. chilense accession produced 91 of 1268 plants that were uninfected with isolate 85–9 and 20 accessions that produced 40 of 257 plants that were not infected with any of the isolates. After screening with isolate 85–9 9 of 12 L. peruvianum accessions tested had 38 plants uninfected and 8 accessions had 25 plants that were not infected with any of the isolates.     

Relationships among symptoms of spotted wilt disease of peanut and their potential impact on crop productivity and resistance breeding

Symptoms of spotted wilt of peanut were evaluated in a field experiment over three years (2010–2012) near Marianna, Florida. Assessment included three visual measures of disease and ImmunoStrip (a form of ELISA) testing of root crowns for the presence of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), the causal agent of spotted wilt in peanut. Foliar symptoms of spotted wilt on a 1 to 10 scale and on a disease incidence rating (DIR) were highly correlated (r = 0.88; p < 0.001). Foliar symptoms were moderately correlated (0.45 < r < 0.54; p < 0.001) with TSWV infection. However, symptoms on the testa were highly correlated with TSWV infection (r = 0.78; p < 0.001). These results indicate that foliar symptomology is less reliable in assessing TSWV infection than testa symptomology. Regression analysis showed that foliar symptoms underestimated the proportion of plants infected by TSWV. Seed inspection may be a good predictor of plant infection and therefore useful in breeding programmes because it is much less expensive than ELISA. Resistance to TSWV infection is characteristic of some resistant peanut genotypes and a lack of testa symptomology could help to identify those genotypes.     

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) resistance in tomato derived from Lycopersicon chilense Dun. LA 1938

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) resistance wasidentified in Y118 (Fla 925-2), an F₁BC₁S₆ tomato line(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), derived from a crosswith L. chilense Dun. (LA 1938). This line waspreviously selected for tomato mottle virus (ToMoV)resistance in Florida. Progeny from crosses betweenFla 925-2 and three different TSWV susceptible L.esculentum parents were used in TSWV resistancestudies. A total of 75 F₁ and 596 F₂ plants from allthree crosses were screened for TSWV resistance. ForF₂ plants free of TSWV symptoms, evaluations were madeusing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). TenF₃ populations used for further greenhouse and fieldscreenings were selected from F₂ plants found to befree of the virus using visual and ELISA criteria ateach evaluation. One F₁ and four F₃ lines werestudied under field conditions (Stellenbosch, SouthAfrica) in which 100% of the `Flora-Dade' susceptiblecontrols were severely infected with TSWV. Theresults of the field study clearly establish that TSWVfield resistance is present in the Fla 925-2 (Y118)derived lines. Studies conducted on these linesrevealed that this resistance has the distinctcharacteristic of often `recovering' from initiallyhigh levels of virus titer in the tissue to levelsbelow detection with ELISA.     

Resistance in two Lycopersicon species to an Arkansas isolate of tomato spotted wilt virus

Summary Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was obtained from infected tomatoes in commercial fields in Arkansas in 1985. A greenhouse screening procedure for identifying tomatoes resistant to TSWV was established using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect infected plants. Symptom expression was variable and symptom expression was not reliable for identifying infected plants. Germplasm evaluated for resistance to one typical Arkansas isolate (85–9) of TSWV included: twenty cultivars and breeding lines of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, 52 accessions of L. pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill and 8 accessions of L. peruvianum (L.) Mill. All cultivated accessions and breeding lines evaluated were susceptible. Some individual plants in several accessions of L. pimpinellifolium were resistant and nearly all plants of the L. peruvianum accessions that were evaluated were resistant to isolate 85–9.Dept. of Plant Pathology     

Resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus in transgenic tomato hybrids

Summary Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) causes significant economic losses in the commercial culture of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Culture practices and introgression of natural sources of resistance to TSWV have only been marginally effective in controlling the TSWV disease. Recently however, high levels of protection against TSWV have been obtained by transforming tobacco with a chimaeric gene cassette comprising the TSWV nucleoprotein gene. This report demonstrates the successful application of this newly-created TSWV resistance gene in cultivated tomato. Transformation of an inbred tomato line with the TSWV nucleoprotein gene cassette resulted in high levels of resistance to TSWV that were maintained in hybrids derived from the parental tomato line. Therefore, transformant lines carrying the synthetic TSWV resistance gene make suitable progenitors for TSWV resistance to be incorporated into the breeding programmes of tomato.     

4种病毒抑制剂对昭通烟草番茄斑萎病毒病和马铃薯Y病毒病的防治效果

番茄斑萎病毒病(Tomato spotted wilt virus, TSWV)和马铃薯Y病毒(Potato virus Y,PVY)是云南烟草生产上的主要病毒病,本研究旨在筛选有效的药剂防控烟草番茄斑萎病毒病和马铃薯Y病毒病,从而减少烟草经济损失。通过小区试验,分别研究了1%香菇多糖水剂、3%超敏蛋白微粒剂、5%氨基寡糖素水剂和2%嘧肽霉素水剂对田间烟草番茄斑萎病毒病和马铃薯Y病毒病的防治效果。结果表明：试验所选的4种病毒抑制剂对烟草番茄斑萎病毒病和马铃薯Y病毒病均具有一定的防控作用,1%香菇多糖、3%超敏蛋白、5%氨基寡糖素和2%嘧肽霉素对烟草TSWV的防治效果分别为：31.11%~39.90%、54.34%~59.91%、8.69%~38.21%和22.75%~43.32%,4种药剂对烟草PVY的防治效果分别为55.08%~71.06%、68.10%~82.24%、37.76%~55.36%和58.07%~68.86%,其中,3%超敏蛋白的防效最好,其烟草TSWV和PVY防治效果分别高于50%和60%,其次是2%嘧肽霉素,对烟草TSWV和PVY防治效果分别高于22%和58%。防治烟草番茄斑萎病毒病和马铃薯Y病毒病以3%超敏蛋白微粒剂的防治效果最佳,其次是2%嘧肽霉素水剂。     

Inheritance of resistance to two isolates of sterility mosaic pathogen in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.)

The resistant reaction to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was found to be determined by a single dominant gene in three Capsicum chinense Jacq. accessions (‘PI 152225’, ‘PI 159236’, ‘7204’). Allelism studies indicated that all C. chinense lines bear the same allele located at the Tsw locus. All the inoculated plants in the allelism tests displayed a resistant hypersensitive phenotype characterized by necrotic local lesions followed by abscission of the inoculated organ. However, a small proportion of them showed late systemic infection. Nine TSWV isolates obtained from these individual plants with systemic symptoms were backinoculated to the three resistant parents. All isolates were able to infect systemically all the resistant accessions without inducing local necrotic lesions. Serological analysis confirmed that these nine viral isolates belong to the TSWV species (serogroup I). Consequently, the susceptible plants in the allelism tests could not be interpreted as possessing a recombinant genotype because of the virulence change in the viral strain. Hobbs et al. (1994) already reported the existence of TSWV pathotypes overcoming the resistance of C. chinense resistant accessions. Practical consequences for pepper breeding associated with the emergence of these resistance-breaking isolates are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.