海南玄武岩发育红土与第四纪网纹红土地球化学和磁性特征的差异

海南岛地处中国热带,第四纪火山十分活跃,玄武岩出露广泛。玄武岩发育红土和第四纪网纹红土,是海南岛两种重要的成土母质。在海南临高县选择3个典型玄武岩发育红土剖面(BRC剖面)和1个第四纪网纹红土剖面(QRC剖面),分析比较了两剖面元素地球化学和磁性特征。结果表明,玄武岩发育红土Fe_2O_3平均含量约是第四纪网纹红土的3倍,而SiO_2含量只有后者的1/2。玄武岩红土剖面底部次生铁结核铁显著富集,全铁和游离铁含量分别是同剖面母岩和红土的1.3和1.4倍。玄武岩发育红土铁含量高,磁性强,磁化率平均达1104.39×10~(-8) m~3 kg~(-1)。而第四纪网纹红土铁含量低,磁性弱,均质层磁化率平均为37.64×10~(-8)m~3kg~(-1);网纹层受地下水活动影响,磁化率平均仅为8.24×10~(-8) m~3 kg~(-1)。此外,玄武岩发育红土的Ti平均含量分别为23.24 g kg~(-1),显著高于第四纪网纹红土平均含量8.26 g kg~(-1)。     

土壤磁性矿物的多元成因——成土作用成因与人为污染成因磁性的区分

对黄土高原古土壤和上海市城市土壤磁性特征进行比较,研究和区分土壤磁性的多元成因。结果表明,黄土高原古土壤磁化率(χlf)平均值为108×10-8m3kg-1;频率磁化率(χfd%)平均值为11·4%,且χlf与χfd%呈极显著正相关性,表明风化成土作用形成超细顺磁颗粒(SP)是其磁性增强的主要原因。χlf与游离态铁(Fed)、铁游离度(Fed/Fet)和黏粒含量相关性达极显著水平,也说明古土壤磁性增强与风化成土作用有关。上海城市土壤χlf异常增强,变化范围为127～1959×10-8m3kg-1,χfd%2·0%,表明其不含SP,磁性增强并非由于风化成土作用,应与人为污染有关。非滞后剩磁(χarm)、非滞后剩磁/饱和等温剩磁(χarm/SIRM)、非滞后剩磁/磁化率(χarm/χlf)和饱和等温剩磁/磁化率(SIRM/χlf)等参数及组合的研究表明,城市土壤磁性矿物占主导的是多畴(MD)和稳定单畴(SSD)颗粒;而古土壤磁性矿物中占主导的是SP颗粒。软等温剩磁(SOFT)、硬等温剩磁(HIRM)、软磁百分含量(SOFT%)、硬磁百分含量(HARD%)、IRM300mT/SIRM(F300mT)等磁性参数的研究表明,城市土壤矫顽力低,软磁组分高,以铁磁性矿物为主导;黄土高原古土壤也以铁磁性矿物为主导,但HARD%通常高于城市土壤。用磁学参数及组合,能较有效分辨土壤磁性的风化成土作用成因或人为污染成因。     

土壤磁化率——作为一种气候指标的局限性

在黄土高原地区的黄土－古土壤序列中可作为代用气候指标的磁化率，在南方第四纪红色粘土沉积层内并不适用。第四纪红色粘土网纹层内的磁化率受网纹化作用影响，数值偏小，很难指示所在层段红土形成时的古气候。     

皖南第四纪红土伊利石结晶度值与风化强度的关系

对安徽宣城市宣州和郎溪两地第四纪红土黏土矿物组合和伊利石结晶度进行研究,探讨其对第四纪红土形成环境的指示意义。结果表明,两地第四纪红土黏土矿物的组合基本相似:剖面上部末次冰期下蜀黄土层(黄棕色土层)黏土矿物主要为伊利石、高岭石和2∶1型的蛭石;均质红土和网纹红土以伊利石和高岭石为主,无蛭石;网纹层下部出现伊利石-蒙脱石混层矿物。根据伊利石的X射线衍射(XRD)峰,获得伊利石结晶度(Illite crystallinity,IC)值,可以反映伊利石结晶程度。两地第四纪红土同类层次的IC值较接近。宣州和郎溪剖面黄棕色土的IC值平均为0.463,均质红土为0.599,网纹红土为0.726。全剖面样品IC值与风化强度指标呈显著负相关,充分说明红土IC值可有效地反映红土的风化强度。第四纪红土剖面从黄棕色土→均质红土→网纹红土,IC值升高,伊利石结晶变差,反映了红土风化强度增加,形成的气候环境更加湿热。     

土壤氧化铁的磁性参数及其应用

应用矿物磁测技术测定了土壤氧化铁的磁化率、频率依变磁化率、饱和等温剩磁、磁化和退磁曲线等磁性参数,对磁性参数在阐明土壤铁磁性氧化铁数量、类型与起源方面的应用及其意义进行了讨论。     

太白山不同海拔植被带土壤矿物磁性变化规律研究

土壤矿物磁性对环境变化具有重要的指示意义。然而,有关中国中东部东亚季风区内土壤矿物磁性随海拔高度的变化规律的研究和讨论尚不多。我们获取了太白山不同海拔高度5个典型植被带下的表土及土壤剖面样品,测量了这些样品的磁化率(χ_(lf))、频率磁化率(χ_(fd))、非磁滞剩磁(ARM)、饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)、反向磁场等温剩磁(IRM_(-300m T)),探讨了不同植被带中土壤矿物磁性特征及其变化。结果显示:(1)不同植被带下,表土矿物磁性差异显著,χ_(lf)、ARM、SIRM之间表现出良好的相关性,随海拔升高呈降低趋势,而IRM_(-300m T)/SIRM随海拔升高而升高。(2)除栓皮栎林外,其他植被带处的土壤剖面χ_(lf)、χ_(fd)、ARM、SIRM随剖面深度加深而降低,IRM_(-300m T)/SIRM随深度加深而升高;此外,低海拔的栓皮栎林与锐齿栎林处土壤剖面磁性的各个指标远高于高海拔土壤剖面磁性指标。(3)表土总体磁性矿物浓度,较细磁畴的SSD颗粒及亚铁磁性矿物浓度与不同植被带所处温度呈现正相关关系,而与其土壤中的有机质含量呈负相关,但受降雨及坡度影响较小。     

发育于石英岩之上的表土磁学性质及其环境磁学意义

通过对石英岩及发育于石英岩之上表土的磁化率(X)、频率磁化率(Xfd)、等温剩磁(IRM)、非磁滞剩磁(ARM)、κ-T曲线等磁学参数测定和石英岩显微镜下观察,结果表明,石英岩中磁性矿物含量极少;表土中含磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿、铁的氢氧化物等磁性矿物,磁性矿物主要以稳定单畴(SSD)和超顺磁性颗粒(SP)形式存在,磁赤铁矿是石英岩在成土过程中形成的次生矿物.表土磁性增强,说明石英岩的磁性对表土磁性影响甚小,而成土作用对表土磁性增强起到了重要作用.表土的磁化率值和磁赤铁矿含量都反映了成土作用的强弱.     

雨花台红土的磁化率特征及其古环境意义

本文以江苏省南京市雨花台红土作为研究对象,进行野外形态观察及室内磁化率、游离氧化铁和颗粒组成的测定,结果表明,土壤剖面按形态可自上而下依次划分为黄棕色土层、红棕色土层和网纹红土层3大层段:低频磁化率呈黄棕色土层＞红棕色土层＞网纹红土层的特点,网纹红土层和红棕色土层的游离氧化铁和游离度均高于上部黄棕色土层,指示红色土层有更强的风化成土作用:网纹红土层＜10μm细颗粒和＞100μm颗粒的增加,进一步表明其经历了更强烈的风化成土作用.因此,雨花台红土剖面自下而上低频磁化率逐渐升高,反映的是气候由湿热向温凉转变的总体特征.     

上海市杨浦区表土重金属污染的磁学响应

[目的]揭示上海市杨浦区土壤重金属污染情况,为环境磁学在城市表土重金属污染的应用提供科学依据。[方法]结合磁学方法与传统化学方法,对杨浦区5个功能区内的17个表土样品进行磁学特征和重金属浓度的分析。[结果]杨浦区表土磁化率值平均值为2.42×10~(-6) m~3/kg,磁性特征以低矫顽力的亚铁磁性矿物为主导,颗粒较粗。除频率磁化率外,磁学参数整体呈现工业区与交通区值较高的特点;重金属Zn,Pb,Cu,Cr浓度值高于背景值,且高值集中在工业区、交通区、居住区,污染负荷指数(PLI)的值为1.962,属于轻度污染。除工业区外,各功能区之间重金属含量与磁学参数的相关性较好(p0.05),磁化率(χlf)、饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)、硬剩磁(HIRM)对杨浦区表土重金属含量有良好的指示作用。[结论]环境磁学方法可以快速简便地提供城市污染信息。     

加积型红土剖面成壤特征及网纹化成因的土壤微形态证据

亚热带加积型红土很好地记录了中国南方第四纪以来风化特征及其变化趋势,但相应风化强度下古土壤成壤细节仍尚待进一步揭示。本文以庐山东麓海会剖面（L-HH）为研究对象,借助土壤微形态研究方法分析不同风化强度下古土壤成壤特征,并结合粒度、色度、磁化率、地球化学等指标,进一步探讨加积型红土成土环境及网纹机制。结果表明：（1）加积型红土土壤基质以黏土、胶体为主,并具有一定铁质侵染。沿剖面自下而上,胶体含量由70%减少至50%,黏土胶体与碎屑配比由8:2逐渐变化为6.5:3.5,成壤强度呈减弱趋势。（2）土壤孔隙和形成物类型沿剖面的变化差异较好地记录了土壤水分及其干湿变化。网纹红土层以线状大孔道为主,连通性好,铁质迁移活跃,铁锰质胶膜沿孔道分布且多层叠置,部分铁质胶膜有脱色现象,指示水分充足,干湿变化频繁。网纹黄棕色土层大孔道减少,孔洞、囊状孔隙增加,有一定连结性,铁锰胶膜多沿孔隙壁淀积,铁锰质结核也尤为丰富,指示水分减少,干湿变化仍然频繁。黄棕色土层,孔道极少,以面状裂隙、囊状及不规则状孔隙、孔洞为主,连结性差,淀积胶膜多为扩散-团聚型,水分少,铁游离程度降低。（3）土壤孔隙及其发育程度与网纹化程度有较好的对应关系,裂隙产生、加宽、连通是网纹化的物理学基础。（4）剖面土壤微形态特征与粒度、色度、磁化率等环境指标间有良好对应关系,是解读红土形成环境、季风演化和网纹化机制的重要土壤学指标。     

Characterization of subtropical soils by mineral magnetic measurements

Abstract

This paper reports the use of mineral magnetic measurement techniques to characterize the iron oxide assemblage within soils of varying parent material type and water regime from subtropical region in Zhejiang Province, China. Results show that dryland soils formed on Quaternary red clay, limestone, arenaceous shale, and diluvium, exhibit a distinct ferrimagnetic profile with a magnetic susceptibility (χ) enhancement in surface horizon. This enhancement is interpreted as being due to pedogenic superparamagnetic (SP) ferrimagnetic grains, which is supported by a higher frequency dependent susceptibility (χ_fd) values. The χ and χ_fd have highly significant positive linear relationship with dithionite‐citrate‐bicarbonate (DCB) extractable iron (Fed) content. The upper horizon of paddy soil has extremely lower χ and χ_fd values than dryland soils formed on the same parent material. Soil with poorly‐drained condition has distinctly lower absolute χ and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) value than associated well‐drained soil. It indicates that reduction state is an important factor responsible for loss of SP ferrimagnetic minerals in soils.     

土壤溶质迁移的柱滞留方程

The relationship between magnetic properties and particle size of soils derived from metamorphic rock,basalt,granite,Quaternary red clay,limestone and mudstone from Zhejiang Province,East China was studied,Based on the variations of the mass magnetic susceptibility (χ),anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM),and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) with soil particle size,the relationship could be classfied into three groups.For the soils derived from metamorphic rock and basalt,magnetic values were the highest in the gravel and coarse sand fractions and decreased with decreasing soil particle size.The soils derived from sedimentary rock had a bimodal distribution of magnetic values.with peaks in 1-0.5 and 0.005-0.0005mm fractions.The soil developed on granite was characterized by a peak of magnetic value in 0.001-0.0005mm fractions.The soil developed on granite was characterized by a peak of magnetic value in 0.001-0.0005 mm fractions.Frequency-dependent susceptibility(χfd)and ratios of magnetic parameters (ARM/χ,SIRM/χand SIRM/ARM) of soil particle fractions showed that variations in ferrimagnetic grain size paralleled those in particle size,χfd peaked in caly fraction and decreased with increasing particle size,irrespective of soil parent materials.The acquisition curves of IRM and demagnetization paramenter of different soil particles indicated that there were different magnetic minerals assemblages in different particle fractions.     

Magnetic signature and source identification of heavy metal contamination in urban soils of steel industrial city,Northeast China

Purpose

Identifying the spatial distribution and degree of heavy metal contamination in the soils is required for urban environmental management. Magnetic measurement provides a rapid means of determining spatial distribution and degree of soil pollution and identifying various anthropogenic sources of heavy metals. The purpose of this study was to characterize the magnetic signature of heavy metal contamination and identify the sources of heavy metals in urban soils from steel industrial city.

Materials and methods

A total of 115 urban topsoils from Anshan city, Northeast China, were collected and determined for magnetic properties and heavy metal concentration. Magnetic susceptibility (χlf) and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) were determined as proxy for ferrimagnetic mineral concentration. Magnetic minerals were identified by using Curie temperature, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The Pearson’ correlation and matrix cluster analyses were used to establish the relationship between magnetic parameters and heavy metal concentrations.

Results and discussion

Urban topsoils exhibit characteristic magnetic enhancement. The magnetic measurement in particle size fractions indicates that 50–2 μm fraction has the highest low-field magnetic susceptibility (χlf), while <2 μm has the highest frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility (χfd) value. The soil χlf and SIRM values are significantly correlated with the contents of metals (Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cr) and Tomlinson pollution load index (PLI), which indicates that χlf and SIRM could be served as better indicators for the pollution of heavy metals in the urban topsoil. Spatial distribution maps of χlf, SIRM, and PLI indicate that the pollution hotspots tend to associate with the regions within and close to steel industrial zones. XRD and Curie temperature analyses indicate that the main magnetic minerals of urban topsoils are magnetite (Fe₃O₄), hematite (α-Fe₂O₃), and metallic iron. Magnetic minerals mostly occur in the pseudo-single-domain/multidomain (PSD/MD) grain size range, which is the dominant contributor to the magnetic enhancement of topsoils. SEM observation reveals that magnetic particles in soils exist in irregular-shaped particles and spherule. Results reveal that heavy metals from industrially derived and traffic emissions coexist with coarse-grained magnetic phases.

Conclusions

It is concluded that the magnetic measurement could be regarded as a proxy tool to detect the level of heavy metal pollution and identify the source of heavy metals in urban soils. Magnetic properties provide a fast and inexpensive method to map the spatial distribution of long-term pollution from steel industrial origin on region scale.

     

澧阳平原杉龙岗遗址埋藏古水稻土磁性矿物特性

为探明埋藏古水稻土磁性矿物特征,采用环境磁学方法研究了澧阳平原杉龙岗遗址埋藏古水稻土的磁性矿物含量、组成和粒度。结果表明,埋藏古水稻土的磁化率平均值为6.2×10~(–8) m~3/kg,饱和等温剩磁平均值为16 338×10~(–5)Am~2/kg,软剩磁平均值为773×10~(–5)Am~2/kg,退磁参数S300平均值为72%。埋藏古水稻土亚铁磁性和不完全反铁磁性矿物含量随土层深度增加不断降低,其含量均低于现代耕作水稻土层;埋藏古水稻土磁化率主要来源于亚铁磁性矿物和不完全反铁磁性矿物,且亚铁磁性矿物占相对主导地位;相对于现代耕作水稻土层,埋藏古水稻土层中磁性矿物以较粗的磁铁矿颗粒为主。     

磁性参数在红壤退化评价指标中的应用

选择浙西金华地区兰溪实验观测站六种不同退化程度的红壤为研究对象 ,分析了反映红壤退化程度的物理、化学和生物指标及红壤磁测参数与它们之间的内在联系。结果表明 ,磁性参数与反映红壤退化程度的理化及生物指标均有显著或较显著的相关性。退化程度较轻的香樟林和混交林表现了较低的细晶粒磁性矿物含量和较高的反铁磁性矿物含量 ,退化程度较高的杉木林、桔园、草地则相反 ,细晶粒磁性矿物含量较高且亚铁磁性矿物的相对含量上升。磁性参数和土壤理化生物指标之间良好的相关性表明 ,磁性参数可以作为指示红壤退化程度的重要指标。     

Mineral magnetic properties of a weathering sequence of soils derived from basalt in Eastern China

The magnetic properties and magnetic mineralogy of a weathering sequence of soils developed on basalt parent material from eastern China, were studied by rock magnetism, X-ray diffraction and soil chemical analyses to establish the connection between mineral magnetic properties and pedogenic development in a subtropical region. The magnetic susceptibility of soils formed on basalt varied greatly and did not increase with the degree of pedogenic development. The frequency-dependent susceptibility (χfd) values of soils ranged from 1.0 to 11.1% and increased with the pedogenic development. Highly significant linear relationship was found between the frequency-dependent susceptibility and the Fe_d content (R² = 0.683) and Fe_d/Fe_t ratio (R² = 0.780) in soils, indicating that pedogenic SP ferrimagnetic grains were associated with enrichment of the secondary iron oxide minerals in the weathering process of soil. Rock magnetism analysis showed that the major magnetic carriers in the weakly weathered soil profiles are magnetite and/or maghemite, and the highly developed soil profiles are generally enriched in magnetite/maghemite grains of pedogenic origin and the magnetically hard haematite, indicating that the magnetic component was transformed from a ferrimagnetic phase (magnetite) to antiferromagnetic phase (hematite) during pedogenic development. Results indicated that some of the magnetic parameters of soils, in this case χfd, can be useful for pedogenic comparisons and age correlations in the weathering sequence of soil. It is thus suggested that multiparameter rock magnetic investigations represent a more powerful approach for pedogenesis.     

水耕人为土时间序列铁氧化物与磁化率演变特征

以我国亚热带地区不同母质起源的水耕人为土时间序列为研究对象,分析不同形态铁氧化物和磁化率随成土时间的动态演变特征及其影响因素。结果表明,石灰性母质起源的水耕人为土0~120 cm土体中全铁(Fet)、游离铁(Fed)和游离度(Fed/Fet)随时间序列演变均逐渐增加,0~50 a内Fet、Fed和Fed/Fet增加速率分别为3.2 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)、1.2 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)和0.04%a~(-1),50~1 000 a内Fet、Fed和Fed/Fet增加速率分别为0.1 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)、0.15 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)和0.01%a~(-1);而酸性母质起源的水耕人为土0~120 cm土体中Fet、Fed和Fed/Fet随时间序列演变均逐渐下降,0~60 a内Fet、Fed和Fed/Fet下降速率分别为0.2 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)、0.5 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)和0.03%a~(-1),60~300 a内Fet、Fed和Fed/Fet下降速率分别为0.9 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)、1.2 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)和0.06%a~(-1)。土壤pH、Eh、以及外源铁输入与土体内铁淋失的相对强度是控制不同母质水耕人为土中铁氧化物转化速率与途径的主要因素。石灰性母质起源的水耕人为土中不同磁学指标随时间演变分为三个阶段:0~50 a内表现为质量磁化率(MS)、饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)和软剩磁(IRMs)的急剧降低;50~300 a内表现为MS、SIRM和IRMs的持续、缓慢降低以及硬剩磁(IRMh)的相对稳定发展;300~1 000 a内表现为MS、SIRM和IRMs的持续、缓慢降低以及IRMh的快速下降。酸性母质起源的水耕人为土0~20 cm和20~120 cm土壤中磁学指标演变呈现截然不同的两个阶段:0~60 a 0~20 cm内MS,SIRM和IRMs的急剧降低,IRMh具有明显增加;而20~120 cm内MS、SIRM和IRMs缓慢下降,IRMh明显降低。60~300 a 0~20 cm内不同磁学指标变化幅度均很小,而20~120 cm内IRMh相对比较稳定,MS、SIRM和IRMs在种稻150 a后快速下降。淹水还原条件下亚铁磁性矿物的破坏是不同母质水耕人为土演变过程中磁性衰减的主要机制。     

伊朗中部伊斯法罕地区土地利用对石灰性土壤磁性质和重金属的空间分布的影响

Anthropogenic activities have caused the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil environment. Pollution of the soils significantly reduces environmental quality and affects human health. In many recent studies, magnetic susceptibility measurements have been used for pollution monitoring. The objective of this research was to determine the spatial variability of magnetic properties and selected heavy metals and the effects of land use on their variability in the surface soils of the Isfahan region, Central Iran. A total of 158 composite surface (0-5 cm) samples of calcareous soils were collected from an area of about 700 km2, located along a cross-border transect from Isfahan City to a steel plant, covering urban, industrial, agricultural and uncultivated land uses. Concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and cobalt (Co) and magnetic parameters, magnetic susceptibility at low frequency (χlf), natural remanent magnetization (NRM), saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM), and isothermal remanent magnetization at the field of 100 mT (IRM100mT) and the backfield of 100 mT (IRM-100mT), were measured in all the soil samples. Results showed that magnetic susceptibility in the urban and industrial land topsoils (0--5 cm) samples was significantly higher than that in the agricultural and uncultivated land soils in the study area. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Mn, and Fe were positively correlated with magnetic properties (χlf, IRM100mT, SIRM, IRM-100mT, and NRM), which could be attributed to their inputs from traffic emissions and industrial activities at the study sites. Ni and Cr concentrations showed significant negative correlations with magnetic properties. No significant correlation was found between Co concentration and magnetic parameters. The Tomlinson pollution load index (PLI) showed significant correlation with the magnetic properties (χlf, IRM100mT, SIRM, IRM-100mT, and NRM). The spatial distribution of the selected heavy metals and χlf in the study area suggested that activities at the urban and industrial land sites caused greater pollution as compared to that at the study sites of other land uses. The concentrations of Cu and Zn seemed to have been affected by anthropogenic sources, whereas Ni, Cr, and Co were mainly controlled by natural sources in the study area. Moreover, the concentrations of soil Pb and Fe in the study area could be affected by both lithologic and anthropogenic sources. The magnetic parameters appeared to be a proxy measure for the degree of heavy metal contamination and could be a potential method for the detection and mapping of contaminated soils.     

安徽宣州黄棕色土和第四纪红土的比较研究及其古气候意义

通过地貌和型面的考察和研究,发现安徽宣州地黄棕色土的层序位于第四纪红土层之上。用ＥＳＲ测年法测得黄棕色土年龄约为８０ｋａＢ．Ｐ．,红土年龄 ２４０ｋａＢ．Ｐ．,。对这两种成土母质的各项理化性状和磁化率指标进行比较研究,发现黄棕色土受风化作用的程度不如第四纪红土。