甘肃天祝县天然草地毒草危害状况调查与防控

采用实地调查、走访调查和文献资料收集相结合的方法,对天祝县草地畜牧业现状、天然草地毒草种类和区域分布、牲畜中毒病流行特点与危害及毒草防控现状进行调查研究。结果表明,天祝县天然草地面积42.57万hm2,其中毒草分布面积21.36万hm2,占天然草地面积的50.18%,毒草种类61种分属18科32属;对天祝草地畜牧业造成危害的毒草主要有黄花棘豆、甘肃棘豆、宽苞棘豆、急弯棘豆、瑞香狼毒、醉马芨芨草、马先蒿、铁棒锤和露蕊乌头9种,构成严重毒性灾害的是有毒棘豆、瑞香狼毒和醉马芨芨草3种。目前采取的治理措施有物理防控、化学防控和生态防控,从长远来看生态防控将是未来草地毒草防控的主流途径。     

乐都县天然草地鼠虫害及毒草调查

通过对乐都县天然草地鼠虫害及毒草调查，全县天然草地鼠类有高原鼢鼠、高原鼠兔和根田鼠，主要危害种为高原鼢鼠，发生危害面积7．74万hm2，其中，中、重度危害气54万hm2损失牧草4671．03万kg；蝗虫有鼓翅雏膝蝗、宽须蚁蝗、小翅雏蝗、白边痴蝗等7种，发生危害面积11．84万hm2，损失牧草403．59万kg；毒草危害以黄花棘豆，甘肃棘豆，兰花棘豆和狼毒为主，发生危害面积17.75万hm2，其中，中、重度危害6．49万hm2，减少牧草4473．63万kg。“三害”累计年损失牧草9548．22万kg，相当于6．54万个羊单位的饲草量。     

祁连县草地毒草调查报告

通过对祁连县毒草密度和危害程度的调查,结果表明:祁连县主要毒草为棘豆和狼毒,危害面积达16.18×104hm2,占全县可利用草地面积的16.09%,严重威胁到草地畜牧业的发展。并提出防治对策。     

互助县草地毒草危害及防治

通过对互助县毒草密度和危害程度的调查,结果表明:互助县主要毒草为棘豆和狼毒,危害面积达1.28×104hm2,占全县可利用草地面积的16.8%,严重威胁到草地畜牧业的发展,为此提出防治对策。     

玉树高寒草原黄花棘豆锈病的调查

通过对玉树州称多县珍秦乡高寒草原毒草的调查发现,黄花棘豆的危害面积大,且黄花棘豆锈病的发病率也比较高,研究表明,该病对黄花棘豆的生物防治有极其重要的意义.     

玉树高寒草原黄花棘豆锈病的调查

通过对玉树州称多县珍秦乡高寒草原毒草的调查发现,黄花棘豆的危害面积大,且黄花棘豆锈病的发病率也比较高,研究表明,该病对黄花棘豆的生物防治有极其重要的意义。     

玉树高寒草原花花棘豆锈病的调查

通过对玉树州称多县珍秦乡高寒草原毒草的调查发现，黄花棘豆的危害面积大，且黄花棘豆锈病的发病率也比较高，研究表明，该病对黄花棘豆的生物防治有极其重要的意义。     

青海省互助县草地毒草黄花棘豆的危害及其防治

黄花棘豆属豆科多年生草本植物,是青海省互助县天然放牧草场、人工草场的一种主要毒草。综述了草地毒草黄花棘豆对天然草地的危害,并提出了相应的防治方法。     

新疆阿克苏地区天然草地毒草分布及危害状况调查

采用现场调查与资料收集相结合,对新疆阿克苏地区天然草地毒草种类和地理分布及危害等进行了调查。结果表明,阿克苏地区天然草地毒草分布面积62.05万hm2,占可利用草地面积7.12%,年平均牲畜毒草中毒数超过7 000余头(只)。天然草地主要毒草有66种,分属22科,49属,对畜牧业生产造成危害的主要有小花棘豆、苦豆子、苦马豆、骆驼蓬、黄花棘豆、无叶假木贼、盐角草、盐生草、醉马芨芨草、苍耳等。结合调查结果提出了毒草防控建议。     

中西医结合治疗绵羊棘豆草中毒

棘豆草是危害本县草原绵羊最严重的毒草之一，在我县分布的有黄花棘豆、蓝花棘豆和小花棘豆3种，发生和危害面积为17．55万hm^2，其中发生面积9．19万hm^2，占全县可利用草地面积的72．23％，重度危害面积为3．69万hm^2，占29．4％，主要分布在县境内的山地草原，山地草甸和高寒草甸类草场。时有绵羊误食毒草引起大批死亡现象，给畜牧业生产造成巨大的经济损失。近年来笔者对棘豆草中毒的156只绵羊进行了诊治，除中毒严重103只死亡外，其余53只中毒较轻，病情基本好转，收到一定效果，报告于后。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -