果实香气合成研究进展

香气是果实重要的品质指标之一,本文综述了果实香气主要成分及其生物合成途径和相关酶,以及乙烯在果实香气合成中的作用。     

桃果实香气物质生物合成研究进展

 介绍了桃果实香气物质组成、特征香气成分及其香味特点,综述了桃果实香气物质生物合成途径及关键基因的研究现状,总结了影响桃果实香气品质形成的主要因素和乙烯对香气物质合成的调控作用,提出了未来桃果实香气研究应开展的工作与方法,旨在为进一步开展本领域研究提供信息。     

葡萄自交与杂交后代香气成分的遗传研究

 利用气相色谱- 质谱- 计算机联用系统(GC-MC-CS) 对两个自交组合、1个杂交组合亲本及其后代的香气成分进行研究。结果表明: 同一组合中不同香气成分的分离情况不同, 同种香气成分在不同组合中的分离情况也不完全相同。果实香气成分的遗传主要表现为分离( 1∶1、1∶3、3∶1、15∶1) 与不分离两种方式, 发生分离的成分有些是由单基因控制的, 有些是由多基因控制的。     

猕猴桃果实采后香气成分的变化

 在‘魁蜜’猕猴桃采后的硬果期、食用期、过熟期, 及‘早鲜’采后的食用期,采用溶液萃取法提取果实中的香气成分。经气相色谱2质谱联机分析, 共分离出80 个峰值, 鉴定出77 种化合物, 占总峰面积的92. 10 %。硬果期至食用期, 香成分表现为高级饱和脂肪酸、C5～C7 醛、醇及烯类等减少, 而高级不饱和酯类、环酮类等增加; 食用期至过熟期, 高级饱和脂肪酸已降解为其他物质, 重要特征香气成分, 如法呢醇、香草醛等消失, 醇类化合物等明显增加, 表现出鲜食果实气味变劣的突出特点。     

杏果实香气物质的研究进展

果实香气是杏果实内在品质的一个重要特征。该文介绍了杏果实香气物质的检测方法,香气物质种类与组成,以及主要特征香气物质;综述了杏果实香气物质的生物合成途径与果实成熟过程中香气品质形成的影响因素,并提出对杏果实香气品质改良的研究方向。     

果实香气成分和生物合成代谢研究进展

香气是果实风味品质的重要指标。果实中香气物质在进入体内的过程中,通过人的味觉和嗅觉,对人体的生理机能和心理起平衡的作用,与人类健康、营养关系极其密切。随着国际市场对果实品质要求的提高,果实香气研究倍受关注。近年来,随着高精密测试仪器的出现,香气成分的研究得以深入。果实香气研究经历了组分分析、特征香气鉴定、香气合成代谢、基因调控等阶段。草莓、葡萄、     

梨果实香气物质的影响因素及其合成途径研究进展

香气是鉴定梨果实品质的重要指标之一,近年来备受人们的关注,成为梨产业研究的热点领域.本文主要从影响梨果实香气物质的因素,以及香气物质的合成途径等方面进行了概述和展望,为梨香味育种提供参考.     

巴厘菠萝果实发育期间香气成分的变化

采用顶空固相微萃取技术,研究巴厘菠萝果实发育过程中香气成分的组成及变化。结果表明,巴厘菠萝果实发育过程中共检测出48种成分,主要为酯类、烯烃,其中辛酸甲酯、己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯等成分是菠萝果实的重要香气成分,是菠萝成熟果实的特征香气。巴厘菠萝在果实发育不同阶段,各香气成分的相对含量变化较大。     

两个早熟苹果品种不同成熟阶段果实香气成分的变化

采用静态顶空和气相色谱-质谱联用技术,研究了不同成熟阶段苹果早熟品种‘泰山早霞’和‘辽伏’果实的香气成分。结果表明：‘泰山早霞’果实特征香气成分为乙酸丁酯、乙酸-2-甲基-1-丁酯、乙酸己酯、丁酸乙酯、2-甲基丁酸乙酯、丁酸丙酯、2-甲基丁酸丁酯和己酸乙酯等8种,‘辽伏’果实特征香气成分为己醛、（E）-2-己烯醛、乙酸己酯、丁酸乙酯、2-甲基丁酸乙酯和己酸乙酯等6种;两品种香气成分分别以酯类和醇类为主;‘泰山早霞’含量最高的酯类为乙酸酯,‘辽伏’为丁酸酯;两品种的醇类与酯类含量随果实的成熟显著升高,但‘泰山早霞’酯类含量在花后45d即显著高于同期的其它成分,并高于‘辽伏’的酯类含量,表明‘泰山早霞’酯类合成启动较早,‘辽伏’与‘泰山早霞’醇类增加较快的时期分别为花后45～60d与花后60～75d,表明‘辽伏’醇类成分的合成早于‘泰山早霞’。     

两个苹果早熟品种果实香气成分差异及变化

采用静态顶空和气相色谱—质谱联用技术,研究了不同成熟阶段苹果早熟品种‘泰山早霞’和‘辽伏’果实的香气成分。结果表明：‘泰山早霞’果实特征香气成分为乙酸丁酯、乙酸-2-甲基-1-丁酯、乙酸己酯、丁酸乙酯、2-甲基丁酸乙酯、丁酸丙酯、2-甲基丁酸丁酯与己酸乙酯等8种,‘辽伏’果实特征香气成分为己醛、(E)-2-己烯醛、乙酸己酯、丁酸乙酯、2-甲基丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯等6种;两品种果实成熟过程中香气成分分别以酯类和醇类为主;‘泰山早霞’含量最高的酯类为乙酸酯,而‘辽伏’为丁酸酯;两品种的醇类与酯类含量随果实的成熟显著升高,但‘泰山早霞’酯类含量在花后45 d即显著高于同时期的其它成分,并高于‘辽伏’的酯类含量,表明‘泰山早霞’酯类合成启动较早,‘辽伏’与‘泰山早霞’醇类增加较快的时期分别为花后45～60 d与花后60～75 d,表明‘辽伏’醇类成分的合成早于‘泰山早霞’。     

EST-SSR标记及其在果树研究中的应用

近年来大量ESTs数据的出现已成为开发SSR标记的重要来源。EST-SSR作为一种新型的分子标记,不仅具备传统基因组SSR标记的特点,而且以其开发经济和通用性高等优势已在很多植物中得到开发和应用。简要介绍了EST-SSR标记的原理和特点,重点综述了其在果树的遗传多样性分析、遗传连锁图谱的构建、比较作图和分子系统发育等研究领域的应用现状,期望为今后该项技术在果树研究上的应用提供参考。     

果树中基因枪法遗传转化的研究进展

目前,应用于果树遗传转化的方法主要有农杆菌介导法和DNA直接导入法。介绍了DNA直接导入法中基因枪转化技术的原理、类型和基因枪的轰击参数、受体材料、基因型、轰击前后的培养条件等对其遗传转化频率的影响,并系统地概述了基因枪法在选择标记基因、报告基因、改良果树性状相关基因、启动子及多基因遗传转化中的应用研究进展,同时对果树基因枪转化研究中存在的问题及应用前景进行了讨论。     

果树自交不亲和花粉S基因研究进展

果树自交不亲和属于配子体自交不亲和,配子体自交不亲和至少由S位点的花柱S基因和花粉S基因2个基因决定,花柱S基因已被确定为S-RNase基因,而花粉S基因研究在近年才取得进展,一个在花粉中特异表达的基因SFB(Shaplotype-specificF-boxprotein)被发现,并且多方面的证据表明该基因是花粉S基因的最佳代表。就花粉S基因的筛选、该基因的结构特点、可能的作用机理等方面的研究进展予以综述。     

多胺在果实生长发育中的作用研究进展

多胺是广泛存在于植物体内的具有生物学活性的低分子量脂肪族含氮碱。它在植物的胚胎发育、花和果实的发育等生长发育过程具有重要的调控作用,同时在延缓植物衰老和抗逆境等方面也具有重要意义。近几年的研究表明多胺代谢同植物开花坐果、果实发育甚至果实品质特性密切相关。概述了多胺对果实坐果,膨大与衰老等果实发育生理过程的影响,并对多胺在果实逆境发育中的作用进行了探讨,对多胺在果实发育过程中可能的调控作用机理以及外源多胺在植物开花坐果上的应用潜力进行了讨论,并展望了多胺作用分子机理的研究前景。     

杨梅果实发育与糖的积累及其关系研究

以东魁、荸荠种、水梅为试材,研究了杨梅果实发育与糖积累及其关系。根据杨梅果实大小的增加将果实发育大致分为3个阶段,呈双“S型”曲线动态变化:第1阶段(约盛花32d前)果实纵、横径增长最快;第2阶段(32-63d)果核发育硬化,果重增加明显;第3阶段(63d至成熟)果实进入快速增长高峰,果重迅速增加,光合产物在果实中迅速积累。杨梅果实中积累的糖主要是蔗糖,果糖和葡萄糖仅占总糖的1/4,蔗糖含量在发育初期和中期都较低,盛花52d后开始快速积累直至果实成熟,东魁高于水梅、荸荠种;葡萄糖和果糖变化大致保持同步,第1阶段较高,第2阶段降到最低,第3阶段迅速积累达到最高,与蔗糖积累基本保持一致,成熟时东魁与水梅较荸荠种高且相近。杨梅果实中酸性转化酶(Ivr)与中性转化酶(Nvr)活性变化趋势相同,幼果早期最高,中期降低后维持较低活性直至成熟。品种间pH值变幅相似,果实发育第1阶段最高,第2阶段降到最低,转色后上升。相关分析表明:果实发育动态与蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖的积累存在着极显著的相关关系,其中果实横径的增加与果实糖积累组分中蔗糖的变化2者间相关性最大(r=0.93255**)。     

Effects of CPPU on fruit set and fruit growth in Japanese persimmon

The effects of hand-pollination and spraying with N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea (CPPU) on fruit set and fruit growth of ‘Matsumoto-Wase-Fuyu’, which is a member of the pollination-constant, non-astringent group of persimmons (PCNA) were investigated. Staminate flowers of pollinizers in the orchard were eliminated before anthesis. Hand-pollination was carried out at full bloom (FB). Without prior hand-pollination, CPPU at 5 or 10 mg 1⁻¹ was sprayed 11 days after FB. Hand-pollination and spraying with CPPU increased fruit set before thinning of fruits by hand. The number of fruits after thinning did not differ among treatments. The yield of marketable fruits after hand-pollination was similar to that after treatment at 5 mg 1⁻¹, but was higher than that for untreated trees. Formation of a sunken fruit apex, which was observed in about 30% of fruits from untreated trees, was suppressed by application of CPPU. CPPU also delayed coloration of fruit. There were no differences among treatments in firmness or soluble solids concentrations of marketable fruits.     

Relation of peel damage in citrus fruit to wind climate in orchard and its control

Peel damage originated by wind is the main abiotic cause of citrus fruit discards for export in Uruguay. Natural windbreaks such as Eucalyptus and Casuarinas have not been effective in reducing it. This research was carried out during three years in a citrus orchard situated in the coastal plain of Uruguay (35° SL). The purpose of this work was to study wind climate inside the orchard, fruit seasonal sensitivity, basal leaf effect on the onset and evolution of peel damage, and the efficiency of artificial windbreaks to reduce fruit discard of ‘Ellendale’ tangor. Average wind velocity in the orchard did not exceed 5 m s⁻¹. First peel scars were evident two weeks after petal fall and damaged fruit percentage importantly increased during the first stage of fruit growth. Low energy vortexes caused almost permanent friction between basal leaves and the developing fruitlets growing in their axil. Removal of the basal leaf decreased significantly wind damaged fruit. Natural wind flow modification through the use of semi-porous artificial windbreak nets (5 cm by 10 cm mesh) modified low energy vortexes and increased significantly the percentage of export quality fruit. We conclude that this type of net is more efficient than natural windbreaks or classical nets to reduce wind damage in citrus fruit.     

Effects of bagging on fruit development and quality in cross-winter off-season longan

Clusters of cross-winter off-season longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour) cv. Chuliang were bagged with three types of bags: perforated translucent plastic bag (TPB), white adhesive-bonded fabric bag (WAFB) with about 70% light transmittance, and black adhesive-bonded fabric bag (BAFB) with <10% light transmittance. Bagging treatments began at 34 days after anthesis and continued until harvest. The results showed that bagging modified the microenvironment for fruit development. Bagging with TPB was most effective in increasing humidity, and air moisture within TPB maintained above 90% from 2 weeks after bagging. Bagging with BAFB or WAFB increased humidity most of the time, and the effect was more prominent when the weather was very dry (RH < 60%). All bag types tended to increase temperature and promoted fruit development, resulting in larger sized fruit. Bagging tended to promote early fruit drop but reduced late fruit drop, and the final fruit retention rate was not significantly affected by bagging. Bagging with different materials showed differential effects on incidence of fruit cracking. WAFB and BAFB reduced cracking incidence significantly as compared to the control (5.1% and 11.6% vs 32.8%). Sugar content was not significantly affected by bagging but organic acids including vitamin C (Vc) were considerably affected. Concentration of malic acid, the dominant organic acid in longan aril, was 605.6, 830.0, 1161.0 and 1428 μg/g FW in TPB, BAFB, WAFB and the control. Vc in the aril was significantly reduced by BAFB (108.4 μg/g FW), slightly increased by WAFB (183.9 μg/g FW) and significantly increased by TPB (264.5 μg/g FW) as compared with the control (174.7 μg/g FW). Pericarp of fruit bagged with TPB had a slightly higher content of Vc (1337 μg/g FW), while those bagged with BAFB (873.6 μg/g FW) and WAFB (787.4 μg/g FW) had significantly lower Vc contents than the control (1243 μg/g FW). The responses of oxalate and Vc contents in the aril and the pericarp to bagging treatments showed an opposite trend. The results suggested that WAFB increased fruit size and fruit retention rate while significantly reduced fruit cracking incidence and could be a promising practice for cross-winter longan production.     

核果类果树遗传连锁图谱的研究进展

遗传连锁图谱构建是基因组研究中的重要环节,是基因定位与克隆乃至基因组结构与功能研究的基础。近20a来,分子生物学特别是分子标记技术的飞速发展为高饱和核果类遗传连锁图谱的构建和利用奠定了基础。目前国内外已经公布十几张核果类的遗传连锁图谱,但这些图谱均有不同的缺陷。因此,我们就核果类遗传连锁图谱的构建进展、性状的QTL定位及比较图谱应用进行了综述,并探讨了核果类遗传连锁图谱研究的前景和存在的问题。     

桃(Prunus persica)品种资源结果习性遗传多样性与评价指标探讨

通过对桃品种资源数据库进行统计分析,展示桃种质资源结果习性性状的遗传多样性,并提出其数值分类指标和参照品种,为桃种质资源描述的规范化、标准化提供依据。以386～411份品种资源为试材,研究了与结果习性有关的4个指标的遗传多样性,结果表明单花芽复花芽比率具有最大的遗传多样性,遗传变异系数达到101%,其次变异系数依次为花叶芽比率37.50%、花芽起始节位32.49%、节间长度12.61%;根据遗传多样性分布状况,提出5级数值分级指标和参照品种,其中3级作为中间级;每个性状的每个等级均有2个参照品种,分别为亚洲品种和欧美品种,且尽量选择育种者公知或广泛栽培的品种。