用丙硫苯咪唑检测羊线虫抗药性的体外虫卵孵化试验

为探讨用丙硫苯咪唑进行体外虫卵孵化试验检测羊线虫对苯并咪唑类药物的抗药性,对23个羊场的25份田间样品用丙硫苯咪唑和噻苯咪唑进行了虫卵孵化试验并与先前减卵试验（faecal egg count re-duction test,FECRT）的结果比较。结果表明,25份样品中,丙硫苯咪唑和噻苯咪唑对受检虫卵的半数致死量（LD50）均值分别为0.050 1和0.054 0μg/mL,差异不显著。FECRT检测有抗药性的4个羊场,75%的样品对丙硫苯咪唑和噻苯咪唑的LD50均值均在0.1μg/mL以上,只有1个羊场的的LD50值分别为0.068 9μg/mL（丙硫苯咪唑）和0.071 2μg/mL（噻苯咪唑）。检测为可疑的2个羊场,其样品的LD50值为0.04～0.07μg/mL;FECRT检测敏感的蠕虫群体的LD50均在0.04μg/mL以下。此外,丙硫苯咪唑用纯的二甲基亚砜溶解和稀释后于4℃保存7 d,LD50值变化不大,提示药效无明显下降,而保存14 d后药效有下降趋势。     

宁夏羊胃肠道线虫对现行驱虫药的抗药性调查

采用粪便虫卵减少试验对宁夏地区所属灵武、贺兰、盐池、吴忠、中宁、中卫、永宁和银川市郊8个县（市）的12个绵羊场、6个山羊场进行了丙硫苯咪唑和阿维菌素抗药性的随机调查。结果表明：在用丙硫苯咪唑调查的10个绵羊场和6个山羊场中，虫卵减少率在95％以下和95％的置信域下限在90％以下的有山羊场2个、绵羊场2个，证明对丙硫苯咪唑有抗药性；1个绵羊场和1个山羊场的虫卵减少率是96．3％、95．9％，但95％置信域的下限在90％以下，具有抗药性可疑；山羊群中丙硫苯咪唑的抗药性为33．3％，绵羊群为20．0％。用同样的方法调查了1个山羊场和5个绵羊场（其中有4个羊场曾执行了丙硫苯咪唑的试验），查出1个山羊场和1个绵羊场对阿维菌素具有抗药性可疑，其虫卵减少率分别为97．3％和95．5％，置信域下限在90％以下。揭示了宁夏地区羊消化道线虫对现行驱虫药的抗药状态，为今后防治提供了依据。     

阿维菌素和丙硫苯咪唑对巨晰体内寄生虫的驱除试验

用丙硫苯咪唑和阿维菌素对国家一级保护野生动物巨蜥进行驱进行驱虫试验，每种药物设2个剂量组，每组6个重复。口服丙硫苯咪唑40.0mg/kg剂量组的胃肠道线虫虫卵减少率和虫卵转阴率分别为91.49%和83.33%，20.0mg/kg的剂量无效。皮下注射阿维菌素0.3mg/kg和0.6mg/kg剂量组的胃肠道线虫虫卵减少率和虫卵阴率均达100%。试验结果表明，用丙硫苯咪唑驱除巨蜥消化道线虫需较高剂量，较小剂量的阿维菌素对驱除巨蜥消化道线虫效果很好。     

倍克虫复合制剂对放牧绵羊线虫的驱虫效果

应用不同剂量倍克虫复合制剂(伊维菌素,丙硫苯咪唑),对放牧绵羊胃肠道线虫,肺线虫等进行驱除试验,结果表明：中剂量组(伊维菌素0．2mg／kg,丙硫苯咪唑10mg／kg)绵羊的消化道线虫虫卵转阴率达100％,减少率达100％,原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率达70％,减少率为77．35％。     

不同驱虫药物对奶牛消化道线虫和吸虫驱除效果的试验

本文介绍应用两种不同药物对舍饲奶牛消化道寄生的线虫和吸虫进行了驱除试验,1组奶牛投服丙硫苯咪唑,2组奶牛投服一次净打虫星。结果投药后第5天,1组奶牛的消化道线虫和吸虫虫卵减少率分别为100%和78.1%,2组的减少率分别为90.9%和87.2%;投药后第10天,1组奶牛的减少率分别为100%和18.8%,2组奶牛的减少率分别为72.7%和17.0%。从而说明,丙硫苯咪唑与一次净打虫星对奶牛消化道吸虫的驱除效果不显著,对驱除线虫有良好效果。     

三种药物对绵羊的驱虫试验

应用清虫佳口服液，丙硫苯咪唑，左旋咪唑对绵羊进行了驱虫效果对比试验。结果表明，3种药物间隔7d分2次用药后，对羊线虫均表现出明显驱虫效果。但清虫佳组粪便虫卵转阴率（90%）要高于丙硫苯咪唑组（80%）和左旋咪唑组（80%）；就对羊肝片吸虫的驱除效果而言。丙硫苯咪唑要好于清虫佳。而左旋咪唑的效果则很差。     

用虫卵孵化试验对江苏某羊场线虫抗药性的检测

用虫卵孵化试验对江苏某羊场线虫抗药性进行了检测，测得其虫卵孵化半数抑制量ＥＤ５０为０．０６３３μｇ／ｍＬ丙硫苯咪唑，是敏感株（０．００２６μｇ／ｍＬ丙硫苯咪唑）的２０余倍。该方法操作方便、快速、结果客观、敏感，可以用于检测虫株抗药性的发生和抗药性动态变化规律分析，为寄生虫病防止抗药性提供有效依据。     

黑龙江大山种羊场羊线虫抗药性的检测：粪便虫卵减少试验检查线虫 …

为了查明羊线虫对某种药物的抗药性，本试验用粪便虫卵减少试验对黑龙江大山种羊场羊线虫的抗药性进行了检测。结果表明该羊场的羊线虫对丙硫苯咪唑产生了抗药性；改用佳灵三特，羊佳２号进行治疗，获得了较为满意的结果。     

黑龙江大山种羊场羊线虫抗药性的检测──粪便虫卵减少试验检查线虫抗药株

为了查明羊线虫对某种药物的抗药性,本试验用粪便虫卵减少试验（ＦＥＣＴＲＴ）对黑龙江大山种羊场羊线虫的抗药性进行了检测。结果表明该羊场的羊线虫对丙硫苯咪唑产生了抗药性;改用佳灵三特、羊佳２号进行治疗,获得较为满意的结果。粪卵减少试验是检测线虫抗药性的一种简单实用的方法。     

用虫卵孵化试验检查羊捻转血矛线虫的抗药性

用虫卵孵化试验对上海某羊肠的羊捻转血矛线虫的抗药性进行了检查，结果表明该羊肠有抗丙硫苯咪唑捻转血矛线虫存在，其５０％抑制虫卵有效孵化率（ＥＤ５０）为０．０８７，０．０１μｇ／ｍＬ，噻苯咪唑或０．０４８，０．０２μｇ／ｍＬ丙硫苯咪唑，而敏感株ＥＤ５０为０．００４５，０．００８５μｇ／ｍＬ噻苯咪唑或０．００６４，０．００２３μｇ／ｍＬ丙硫苯咪唑，抗药株ＥＤ５０值明量高于敏感株，改用羊佳１号进行治疗，取     

辽宁省羊寄生虫区系调查及高经济效益驱虫方案的研究：—辽宁省家畜寄生虫病综合防治技术推广

1999年1－12月，在全省七市、县设立31个调查点，进行了辽宁省羊寄生虫的区系调查。经调查了解了我省羊体内、外寄生虫的种类；优势虫种及其消长规律，体内寄生虫的优势虫是肝片形吸虫和消化道圆形线虫，体外寄生虫的优势虫种是蜱和螨。肝片形吸虫和消化道圆形线虫的排卵高峰期在3，7和11月份，在排卵高峰期前的2、6和10月末，用阿维菌素以0．2mg/kg体重剂量口服，7天后，再用丙硫本咪唑以10mg/kg体重剂量口服。用这两种药物复合应用进去驱虫，取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益。     

Efficacy of an Arthrobotrys oligospora N mutant in nematode-trapping larvae after passage through the digestive tract of sheep

For oral applications, biocontrol of animal parasitic nematodes in ruminants, ion beam implanted nematode-trapping fungi must have the capacity to survive the passage through the digestive tract and be efficient in reducing infective larvae of nematodes in the faeces.Ion beams induced mutation in the spores of nematode-trapping Arthrobotrys oligospora. Mutants with genetic stability were bred. The fungi were cultured in bottles with corn kernels as growth media, and spores of different doses were, respectively, administered orally to each group of sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. The control group did not receive fungi. The faeces of these experimental animals were collected and faecal cultivations carried out. The fungal germination, growth, reproduction and predation of livestock parasitic nematode larvae were tested in laboratory. The efficacy of an A. oligospora N mutant in nematode-trapping larvae after passage through the digestive tract of sheep was tested. The results indicated that the ion beam implantation induced mutation of the nematode-trapping fungi is a positive mutation. The mutant spores through the digestive tract of sheep can kill livestock parasite nematode larvae in vitro. These results indicate the potential of the A. oligospora N mutant as a biological control agent for sheep nematodes.This study showed that such biotechnology could be explored for improving the effectiveness of the use of fungal infections to control livestock parasitic nematodes. This work represents the first application of nematode-trapping fungi in eukaryotic microorganisms.     

黑龙江省松花江地区绵羊胃肠道线虫虫卵排出与成虫寄生的季节动态

采用粪便检查法、幼虫培养法和蠕虫学剖检法对黑龙江省松花江地区羊胃肠道线虫虫卵排出与成虫寄生的季节动态进行了研究。结果表明，成年羊胃肠道线虫的虫卵排出量和成虫寄生量于5月出现一次明显的春季高潮，8月又出现一次较小的高峰，而一年的其他时期，虫卵排出量和成虫寄生量很低。羊胃肠道线虫的优势虫种是捻转血矛线虫、哥伦比亚食道口线虫、羊仰口线虫、毛圆线虫和毛首线虫。羔羊粪便中最早检获虫卵的时间是6月下旬，一年内虫卵排出量只在7月下旬出现一次高峰。研究结果对控制黑龙江省羊消化道线虫病有十分重要的意义。     

山西榆次区北郊绵羊胃肠道线虫感染调查及长刺似细颈线虫的描述

为初步了解山西榆次区放养绵羊消化道线虫的感染状况,采用蠕虫学剖检术对榆次区北郊农村的4只绵羊消化道线虫感染率和感染强度进行了初步研究。结果显示,榆次区北郊放养绵羊消化道线虫总感染率为100%（4/4）,共检出7种线虫,分别为：捻转血矛线虫感染率为100%,平均感染强度51条;环纹奥斯特线虫为100%,39条;羊仰口线虫为50%,5条;长刺似细颈线虫为100%,29条;哥伦比亚食道口线虫为50%,4条;绵羊毛尾线虫为100%,12条;绵羊夏伯特线虫为100%,81条。经t检验,真胃中捻转血矛线虫与环纹奥斯特线虫两虫种感染强度差异不显著;小肠中羊仰口线虫与长刺似细颈线虫和大肠中绵羊毛尾线虫与哥伦比亚食道口线虫、绵羊夏伯特线虫虫种感染强度差异显著。同时,对长刺似细颈线虫进行了形态再描述。     

羊常见消化器官疾病及防控措施

在养羊生产实践中,消化系统疾病是临床上最常见的多发病,若治疗不及时,可导致严重的经济损失。羊的消化系统是机体摄取食物,并经消化、吸收,供应机体营养的器官系统,包括消化管（口腔、咽、食管、前胃、真胃、小肠、大肠和肛门）和消化腺（唾液腺、肝脏、胰腺）两部分。消化管和消化腺的任何部位发生问题,即表现为消化器官疾病。羊常见的消化器官疾病主要有羊口炎、羊口疮、食道梗塞、前胃迟缓、瘤胃积食、瘤胃臌胀、瓣胃阻塞、皱胃炎及胃肠炎、急性实质性肝炎等,应引起养殖场（户）的重视。本文重点介绍羊常见消化器官疾病的预防及治疗措施。     

Slowing the spread of anthelmintic resistant nematodes of sheep and goats in the United Kingdom.

Anthelmintic resistant nematodes pose an increasing threat to animal welfare and lamb production on lowland sheep farms in the United Kingdom. Based on published information on anthelmintic resistance in nematodes and insecticide resistance in arthropods, seven recommendations are made for reducing the development and spread of anthelmintic resistant nematodes. The two most important are probably to prevent the introduction of resistant worms through the purchase of stock and to reduce the reliance on frequent anthelmintic treatments by using epidemiological principles of nematode control.     

Anthelmintic treatment and the suppression of egg production in gastro-intestinal nematodes of sheep and cattle: fact or fallacy?

Evidence for a temporary suppression of egg production in gastro-intestinal nematodes of sheep and cattle following anthelmintic treatment is reviewed and the possible relevance of this phenomenon to the appropriate sampling time in the faecal egg count reduction test is discussed. The results of this review suggest that if such suppressive effects do occur in sheep nematodes, then they are unlikely to be of much practical significance and that little benefit would be derived from extending the post-treatment sampling interval beyond 10 days. For cattle nematodes, however, the issues are less readily obvious but indicate, at least when testing for resistance to persistent anthelmintics, that adoption of a longer post-treatment interval might be advisable.     

伊维菌素浇泼剂对绵羊线虫的驱虫效力与安全性试验

应用0.5%伊维菌素浇泼剂按0.3,0.4,0.5mg/kg.b w剂量对绵羊沿背中线皮肤一次浇泼给药,并以伊维菌素注射剂0.2mg/kg.b w剂量做对照。结果:伊维菌素浇泼剂0.3mg/kg,0.4mg/kg.b w剂量对消化道线虫虫卵转阴率分别为85%和90%,减少率分别为89.1%和95.9%;对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率分别为60%和75%,减少率分别为77.2%和86.7%;0.5mg/kg.b w剂量对消化道线虫虫卵转阴率和减少率均为100%,对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率为85%,减少率为95.4%。解剖检查结果:伊维菌素浇泼剂三种剂量对绵羊消化道、呼吸道多属线虫均有效,总计驱虫率分别为90.8%,95.6%和99.7%,伊维菌素浇泼剂0.5mg/kg.b w剂量与伊维菌素注射剂0.2mg/kg.b w剂量驱虫效果基本一致;绵羊经皮给药可耐受1.0mg/kg.b w剂量。试验证明:伊维菌素浇泼剂经皮给药驱除绵羊线虫高效安全,临床推荐剂量以0.5mg/kg.b w为宜。     

Anthelmintic resistance in Australian sheep nematode populations

SUMMARY The resistance status of gastro–intestinal nematodes to anthelmintics was evaluated on 881 sheep farms throughout Australia during 1991–92. Resistance was shown to be widespread. Overall, 85% of farms had sheep infected with nematodes resistant to benzimidazole, 65% to levamisole and 34% to combination (benzimidazole + levamisole) products. Resistance to ivermectin was not detcted. On only 9% of farms did all anthelmintic groups reduce egg counts by greater than or equal to 95%. The culture of faeces from untreated sheep showed Telodorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus spp, Chabertia ovina and Haemonchus contortus to be the principal species. The nature and prevalence of resistance was not significantly correlated with stocking rate. However, resistance to combination products was almost twice as prevalent on farms in areas with an average annual rainfall of greater than 500 mm.     

放牧绵羊主要寄生虫病药物防治技术试验与示范效果观察

为评价伊维菌素注射剂的驱虫效果与对放牧绵羊线虫病及外寄生虫病的防治示范效果,选择1.5岁感染线虫和部分外寄生虫的绵羊150只,设伊维菌素注射剂0.1,0.2和0.3mg/kg体重剂量组和伊维菌素片剂对照组,进行驱虫效果评价;在冬季应用伊维菌素注射剂按0.2mg/kg体重剂量对放牧绵羊进行规模防治技术示范,检查防治效果和考核防治效益。结果:药效试验中伊维菌素注射剂0.2mg/kg对绵羊消化道线虫虫卵转阴率和减少率分别为93.3%,99.3%,对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率分别为90.0%和96.1%;0.3mg/kg剂量对消化道线虫虫卵及原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率均为100.0%;0.1mg/kg剂量对消化道线虫虫卵转阴率和减少率分别为76.7%,88.6%,原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率分别为66.7%和86.1%。防治示范群绵羊消化道线虫虫卵转阴率为93.3%,虫卵减少率为96.8%;对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率分别为90.0%和96.2%。同期检查未防治对照组虫卵EPG和幼虫数略有增加。技术示范群比未示范群每只成年羊平均多增重5.47kg、幼年羊成活率平均提高2.1个百分点。结果表明该防治技术对放牧绵羊主要寄生虫病高效安全,效益显著。