黑龙江省中部地区土壤侵蚀状况及其治理

本文对黑龙江省中部黑土地区的土壤侵蚀状况作了调查,提出了对该地区进行水土保持的重要性;阐述了该地区产生土壤侵蚀的主要原因、侵蚀表现以及造成的危害;分析了该地区土壤侵蚀规律,提出了今后治理本区水土流失的措施。     

滇南地区高扰动地表水土流失及防治对策

根据调查和研究,滇南地区山体切割侵蚀较强烈,地形起伏大,原地貌被高扰动后,将造成十分严重的水土流失.在论述了滇南地区土壤侵蚀环境背景及土壤侵蚀营力作用的基础上,归纳总结滇南地区开发建设造成的高扰动地表的水土流失现状、成因和危害,并提出相应的防治措施,为该地区及类似地区的水土保持提供一定的科学依据和参考.     

巴基斯坦波特瓦尔高原土壤侵蚀调查报告

[目的]开展巴基斯坦的土壤侵蚀调查与典型单元的定量评价研究,旨在为巴基斯坦土壤侵蚀防治和了解泛第三极生态环境现状提供科学依据。[方法]在巴基斯坦北部的波特瓦尔高原,沿着穆里—伊斯兰堡—拉瓦尔品第—古杰尔汗—杰格瓦尔—保恩路线,选择了15个调查单元(12个小流域,3个矩形区),于2019年4月16—20日,对调查单元内的土壤侵蚀类型与特征、土地利用类型和水土保持措施等进行了调查。[结果]波特瓦尔高原的林地、草地整体土壤侵蚀较轻,以片蚀为主;土壤侵蚀主要发生在建设用地,开挖边坡、排土边坡、土路边坡和砖厂平台等人为形成的边坡和裸露平台在降雨和径流的作用下产生沟蚀;部分自然山坡因过度放牧,发生重力侵蚀和沟蚀。15个调查单元的平均土壤侵蚀速率平均值介于51.40～1 338.91 t/(km~2·a)之间。[结论]波特瓦尔高原的土壤侵蚀主要发生在建设用地,应对生产建设项目引起的土壤侵蚀进行监督治理,同时通过试验开发匹配的土壤侵蚀防治措施;北部穆里地区是巴基斯坦重要的水源涵养地,需要对该地区大量的建设项目进行合理的规划与审批,防止土壤侵蚀加剧,引起水质和生态环境恶化;应加强沟壑区溯源侵蚀的研究与防控,以保护农田,确保粮食安全;需加强对该区土壤侵蚀基础数据的采集,并对不同尺度的土壤侵蚀发生机理与过程进行研究,切实保障巴基斯坦土地资源。     

试论长江源头地区的水土流失

依据长江源头这一特定地区的自然、经济状况、在应用遥感技术调查土壤侵蚀现状的基础上，通过分析影响该地区水土流失的主要因素，阐述了不同侵蚀类型的特点和危害，提出了长江源头地区水土流失的防治途径。     

土壤侵蚀的现状和预测

本文分析了苏联欧洲国土部分一些地区土壤侵蚀发展的现状,并对以后的变化做了预测.指出目前该区域农业侵蚀程度已达60%～70%.在最近的100年中,土壤侵蚀面积增加了5%～6%,而中等侵蚀类土壤的比重增加了50%～100%.在比较长远的将来,土壤侵蚀面积的增长速度将有所减慢,但同时强度侵蚀类士壤的比重将增大.     

西藏“一江两河”地区土壤侵蚀现状及分布特征

基于土壤侵蚀遥感调查成果,分析了西藏“一江两河”地区（一江两河指雅鲁藏布江、拉萨河及年楚河）土壤侵蚀现状及分布特征,探讨了研究区土壤侵蚀的影响因素及水土流失防治思路。结果表明:（1）该地区侵蚀类型以冻融侵蚀为主,面积达2.2万km²,占总侵蚀面积的47.19%,水力侵蚀、风力侵蚀次之,分别占45.57%,7.24%;（2）土壤侵蚀强度以中度侵蚀为主,占42.65%,中度及以上侵蚀面积占80.36%;（3）土壤侵蚀面积广,空间分布差异明显,多种侵蚀形态相互交错,潜在危害大;（4）“一江两河”地区土壤侵蚀现状及特征是环境气候及人为活动共同影响下形成的,其中人为活动单一且影响较弱,恶劣的自然条件是土壤侵蚀的主导因素,该区水土流失防治可借鉴生态清洁小流域治理理论及经验,创新思路,综合治理。     

基于地理探测器的岷江上游地区土壤侵蚀变化

为掌握岷江上游地区土壤侵蚀动态变化规律和驱动力,以修正的土壤侵蚀模型(RUSLE)为基础,实现该地区2000—2018年侵蚀定量评价,按照国家水力侵蚀分级标准将其分为6个等级,以斜率变化模型完成其动态变化规律的分析,借助地理探测器实现其变化驱动力的探索。结果表明:微度和轻度侵蚀占据全域总面积的70%以上;近20 a内,全域土壤侵蚀整体得到了有效遏制,整体发展态势相对良好;植被覆盖度、降水和高程是驱动土壤侵蚀强度空间分布格局形成和改变的主要因素,特别是植被度的驱动作用最明显;各因子间产生交互关系时,其协同作用均比单因子产生的驱动作用更明显。岷江上游地区土壤侵蚀强度分布格局差异显著,侵蚀总体得到有效遏制,植被覆盖是驱动该地区土壤侵蚀强度空间分布格局变化的主要因素。     

江苏省北部山丘区土壤侵蚀危害及其对策

调查表明,江苏省北部山丘区土壤侵蚀所造成的农业环境恶化是该地区农业低产的主要原因;在分析侵蚀因素的基础上,指出了防治土壤侵蚀的重要性及其对策。     

基于RUSLE和GIS的绥化市土壤侵蚀评估

基于修正的通用土壤流失方程RUSLE和GIS技术,结合绥化市的自然地理环境特征,分别计算了影响土壤侵蚀的各种因子,获取了绥化市2004年土壤侵蚀现状图,并对各区县以及不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀状况进行了统计,结果表明:绥化市土壤侵蚀以轻度为主,共有16083.9 km2,占46.34%,中度侵蚀面积共有1583.52 km2,占4.56%;轻度侵蚀集中连片分布,而中度以上侵蚀主要分布在河流沿岸的河流阶地与河漫滩过渡地带;兰西和青冈两个地区是土壤侵蚀面积最大的地区,而望奎、北林和海伦三个地区是中度以上土壤侵蚀的面积最大的;土地利用类型中以旱田土壤侵蚀最严重,面积也最大,未利用地主要表现为中度以上土壤侵蚀,林地和草地以轻度侵蚀为主。     

基于RUSLE和GIS的绥化市土壤侵蚀评估

基于修正的通用土壤流失方程RUSLE和GIS技术,结合绥化市的自然地理环境特征,分别计算了影响土壤侵蚀的各种因子,获取了绥化市2004年土壤侵蚀现状图,并对各区县以及不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀状况进行了统计,结果表明:绥化市土壤侵蚀以轻度为主,共有16083.9 km2,占46.34%,中度侵蚀面积共有1583.52 km2,占4.56%;轻度侵蚀集中连片分布,而中度以上侵蚀主要分布在河流沿岸的河流阶地与河漫滩过渡地带;兰西和青冈两个地区是土壤侵蚀面积最大的地区,而望奎、北林和海伦三个地区是中度以上土壤侵蚀的面积最大的;土地利用类型中以旱田土壤侵蚀最严重,面积也最大,未利用地主要表现为中度以上土壤侵蚀,林地和草地以轻度侵蚀为主。     

水土流失定量监测中GPS实测更新GIS数据的实用方法研究

介绍了GPS实测更新GIS陈旧处数据的实用方法研究及其在水土流失定量监测中的应用。该方法由GPS软硬件接收设备组装的实测仪器、实施实测的要点、实测数据的投影系统转换与对GIS陈旧处数据的更新处理等部分组成。它在实测更新土地利用图的应用效果,与测绘界所采用的RTK技术方法比,更为经济、快速和实用,而其所定位置和更新的GIS数据结果在消除系统误差后则更为可信。它在实验研究区应用表明:利用原土地利用图和实测更新后的土地利用图所获得的水土流失定量监测的两个结果,后者的监测精度明显高于前者7个百分点;为提高监测水土流失和水质面源污染量的精度,必须重视实测、更新变化了的山丘土地利用界线。     

典型黑土直型坡耕地土壤侵蚀强度的小波分析

土壤侵蚀导致东北黑土坡耕地土地质量严重退化,研究东北黑土区典型坡耕地的土壤侵蚀规律,对控制坡耕地的水土流失以及深化土壤侵蚀规律的认识具有重要的意义。本研究通过采集开垦近100年的黑土直型坡耕地的土壤样品,利用137Cs示踪技术,结合小波分析方法,研究了长坡长直型坡耕地50多年来土壤侵蚀强度的空间变化规律,结果显示4个断面顺坡方向上的坡面侵蚀强度均存在着坡长为142m的强弱交替变化的波动周期,这反映了长坡长直型坡土壤在长期的降雨侵蚀过程中,泥沙沿坡面输移的强弱交替变化。通过对4个断面的侵蚀速率的数学拟合发现,用正弦函数的和拟合的结果最好,R2均在0.96以上,进一步说明了直型坡面侵蚀随坡长变化的波动性规律。所研究的断面控制面积内平均侵蚀速率为3054 t.km-2.a-1。     

SOIL EROSION IN THREE GRAZED PLANT COMMUNITIES IN NORTHEASTERN PATAGONIA

Grazing has been identified as the main cause of land degradation in Patagonia. However, land degradation is highly variable among areas, even within the same paddock. This strongly suggests that different plant communities differ in their resistance to land degradation. In this study, we have evaluated soil erosion at both microsite and community scales in coexisting plant communities subject to sheep grazing in northeastern Patagonia. Three plant communities coexist in the area: two shrub steppes dominated by Chuquiraga avellanedae Lorentz and Nassauvia ulicina (Hook. f.) Macloskie, and a grass steppe dominated by Nassella tenuis (Phil.) Barkworth. At a community scale, our results indicate that shrub steppes generally experienced soil erosion, whereas the grass steppe commonly did not show signs of soil erosion/deposition. At a microsite scale, non‐vegetated soil surface types and degraded mounds never accumulated sediments, regardless of plant community. In contrast, we found that in some sites, the intact mounds and grasses entrapped sediments, but in other sites, soil erosion prevailed. Our results highlight the fact that soil erosion measurements are scale dependent, because results at microsite and community scales often differ. When comparing among communities, grass steppe is more intensely grazed, but at the same time, it shows less evidence of past and present erosion. In contrast, the N. ulicina community showed a direct relationship between grazing and soil erosion. Finally, soil erosion was not related to grazing in the C. avellanedae community. Our results demonstrate that the grass steppe is more resistant to land degradation than shrub steppes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

~(137)Cs示踪法估算滇池流域土壤侵蚀

用13 7Cs示踪法探讨滇池流域的土壤侵蚀表明 ,不同利用方式农田的侵蚀量从 2 2 4t km2 yr(菜地 )～ 345 6t km2 yr(园地 )。与太湖地区相比 ,粗放的耕作方式也改变了当地农田的侵蚀排序。特别是土壤中的13 7Cs含量为 35 5～ 872Bq m2 ,比世界其他许多地区都低 ,却与青藏高原相邻地区的数值相近。原因可能是气候特点及远离核试验中心。经与其他方式所得结果比较可见 ,用13 7Cs示踪法研究滇池流域的中长期土壤侵蚀既简便快速又合理可行。     

黄土区土壤侵蚀的分类

近年来作者从事根治黄河工作中有关土壤侵蚀的调查研究,由于业务水平的限制和工作地区的特殊性,因此在整个工作进程中会经不断地遭受因难和走了不少弯路。今总结以往经验,初步认为有关土壤侵蚀调查的工作缺乏二个重要条件:(1)一个比较     

EFFECT OF SOIL BUNDS ON RUNOFF,SOIL AND NUTRIENT LOSSES,AND CROP YIELD IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS OF ETHIOPIA

The effects of soil bunds on runoff, losses of soil and nutrients, and crop yield are rarely documented in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. A field experiment was set up consisting of three treatments: (i) barley‐cultivated land protected with graded soil bunds (Sb); (ii) fallow land (F); and (iii) barley‐cultivated land without soil bund (Bc). For 3 years (2007–2009), the effect of soil bunds on runoff, losses of soil and nutrients, and crop productivity was studied. Daily runoff and soil and nutrient losses were measured for each treatment using standard procedures while barley yield was recorded from the cultivated plots. The results showed that Sb brought about significant reduction in runoff and soil losses. Plots with Sb reduced the average annual runoff by 28 per cent and the average annual soil loss by 47 per cent. Consequently, Sb reduced losses of soil nutrients and organic carbon. However, the absolute losses were still high. This implies the need for supplementing Sb with biological and agronomic land management measures to further control soil erosion. Despite these positive impacts on soil quality, Sb do not increase crop yield. Calculated on a per‐hectare basis, Sb even reduce crop yield by about 7 per cent as compared with control plots, which is entirely explained by the reduction of the cultivable area by 8·6 per cent due to the soil bunds. Suitable measures are needed to compensate the yield losses caused by the construction of soil bunds, which would convince farmers to construct these land management measures that have long‐term beneficial effects on erosion control. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

子午岭連家砭地区土壤物理性质与土壤抗侵蚀性能指标的初步研究

黄土地区,地形起伏,丘陵沟壑很多。由于长期耕作,植被破坏,致使土壤表层遭受侵触,引起土壤肥力及农业生产下降,故防止土壤侵触是当前增加农业生产的重要措施。     

EFFECT OF RAINFALL INTENSITY,SLOPE, LAND USE AND ANTECEDENT SOIL MOISTURE ON SOIL EROSION IN AN ARID ENVIRONMENT

Most climate change scenarios predict a significant increase in the frequency of high intensity rainfall events especially in the dry areas, which will increase runoff and soil erosion. Understanding the factors that control soil erosion is crucial to recommending appropriate measures to protect soils and reduce their vulnerability. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of rainfall intensity, slope, land use and antecedent soil moisture on soil erosion and runoff. Twelve sites from Al‐Muwaqqar watershed, Jordan, were selected to represent six slope angles: 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9%. Two sites, one cultivated with barley and one as rangeland, were selected within each slope. Erosion was measured under three rainfall intensities: 3, 5 and 10 mm h⁻¹; and three different antecedent soil moisture contents: dry, wet and very wet; using a rotating disk rainfall simulator. Regression equations indicated that rainfall intensity was the most important factor affecting soil erosion and that erosion could occur at a relatively small intensity on wet soils as a result of subsequent rainfall events. Soil erosion on cultivated land was primarily affected by moisture content, while on uncultivated land, it was mostly affected by slope steepness. Rainfall intensity, slope and antecedent moisture explained 84–89 and 59–66% of the variation in runoff and soil loss, respectively. The results indicated the significant influence of cultivating the land on soil erosion. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

青海共和盆地土壤风蚀的137Cs法研究

选择青海共和盆地作为研究区 ,探讨1 37Cs法在土壤风蚀研究中应用的可行性。通过野外考察和大量的1 37Cs取样分析 ,初步查明了共和盆地不同类型地表的1 37Cs含量及其剖面分布 ,确定了区域1 37Cs背景值为 2 691 78± 196 0 8Bqm- 2 ,建立了风蚀速率的1 37Cs评估模型 ,估算出四个样方的土壤风蚀速率 ,并由此转化为区域风蚀速率 ,计算出共和盆地区域土壤风蚀速率为 12 5 5 6thm- 2 a- 1 ,通过蚀积平衡检验 ,其误差水平小于 10 %。     

APPRAISAL OF SOIL EROSION RISK IN THE EASTERN HIMALAYAN REGION OF INDIA FOR SOIL CONSERVATION PLANNING

Management practices to minimise soil erosion can be effectively carried out if the magnitude and the spatial distribution of soil erosion risk areas are known. Prioritisation of soil erosion risk areas is a challenging task, especially in the developing countries because of non‐availability of relevant data and analytical tools for such an assessment. As a result, it becomes difficult to establish appropriate soil conservation measures on the risk‐prone areas to reduce soil loss and ensure development of a sustainable management of soil resources. Such a database can be better generated and analysed in a geographical information system (GIS) environment to delineate and prioritise the soil erosion risk areas at state or regional level. Therefore, a methodology was developed to assess the soil erosion risks in eastern Himalayan region by integrating spatial data on prevailing erosion rates and soil loss tolerance limits in GIS environment. By comparing the potential erosion rates with permissible rates, we observed that about 58·94 per cent of total geographical area (TGA) of the region requires different degrees of erosion management and 28·38 per cent of TGA falls under no treatment category because of higher values of permissible erosion limits. It can be successfully applied to assess and prioritise soil erosion risks in any region or country and identify best management practices to bring the erosion losses within the permissible limits. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.