乡土元素在乡村景观营造中的应用研究

乡村文化是经过历代传承下来的,体现着不同的地域特色。本文从乡土元素的基本概念出发,对我国国内的乡村景观研究目前存在的一些问题进行分析,提出乡土元素在乡村的景观营造过程中的应用策略,以供参考。     

乡土景观在城市园林设计中的应用分析

为解决城市园林同质化问题,本文以巴南文化电影公园为例,对乡土景观在城市园林设计中的应用策略进行研究,分析城市园林设计中的问题和乡土景观应用的原则,提出实体元素、事件元素、意境元素等乡土景观元素的应用要点,重点研究乡土自然景观、乡土社会景观以及乡土文化景观的营造方法,以期为城市园林设计人员提供参考。     

乡土景观营造策略初探

随着经济社会快速发展,乡土景观成为风景园林设计的重要内容。本文研究了乡土景观的来源,包括地形、地貌、气候、水文等自然景观和历史遗迹、神话传说、文物遗存等人文景观。梳理乡土景观的表达载体,即色彩、符号和装饰。研究乡土景观的表达手法,即再现和转译。     

乡土树种在城市景观绿化建设中的应用——以河北邢台市为研究对象

以河北省邢台市为研究对象,总结城市景观绿化中使用乡土树种的意义,调查并分析邢台市景观绿化中常用的乡土树种及其分布,对邢台市景观绿化中乡土树种应用提出相应的建议。     

信阳乡土景观设计探索

乡土景观因独具地方特色而具有强烈吸引力。以河南省信阳市为例进行分析,总结出乡土物质景观特征与非物质景观特征,在乡土景观设计中应遵循真实性、公众参与、整体性等基本原则。以期为后续的乡土景观设计方法研究提供有效指导。     

乡土景观元素的叙事性表达——以苏州陆巷村为例

乡土景观承载了数代人与自然和谐相处的记忆,与当地人的行为习惯、审美意趣、风俗观念息息相关,而乡土景观元素作为营建乡土景观的物质与精神符号,是构建乡土场所记忆与精神的基础。因此对乡土景观元素进行合理的编排与表达,才能有效唤起乡土景观予人的归属和亲切感。基于景观叙事学理论,以苏州陆巷村乡土景观元素的叙事性表达为例,阐述乡土景观的设计策略,望能为乡土景观规划与设计提供方法借鉴。     

论乡土景观元素在城市绿地设计中的运用

针对目前城市绿地设计中存在的乡土景观元素表现手法单一、主题不明确、挖掘不够深入等系列问题,通过实地考察等形式对西安市4处典型的城市景观绿地从乡土景观元素的艺术表现、环境营造手法等角度进行研究,从而发掘各种形式的乡土景观元素在城市景观环境中的创作方法,结合分析结果对今后乡土景观元素的应用与表达提出建议。     

文化遗产视角下的乡土景观

本文探讨了乡土景观基于人文遗址背景下的保护与应用,在尊重乡土自然环境、强调乡土文化、重视景观地域特色的指导思想下,通过分析研究和举例归纳,提出要维持完整的乡村自然景观特色,从文化遗产保护入手,处理好保护与利用乡村景观特色,营建出符合当地民风民俗的史迹下的乡土景观。     

基于美丽乡村建设的菏泽乡土植物景观配置研究

乡土植物适应性强,易繁殖,成活率高,养护管理简单,成本低,地方特色鲜明,是乡村绿化美化不可替代的植物材料。菏泽有乡土绿化植物300余种,对其景观配置进行研究,旨在促进原有乡土植物景观保护,加强乡土植物在美丽乡村建设中的有效利用,为营造具有地域特色的乡土植物景观,促进美丽乡村建设提供依据。     

乡土植物与现代城市园林景观建设

在现代城市园林景观建设中,乡土植物起着至关重要的作用,不仅能美化环境,还能净化空气。阐述了乡土植物的概念及城市植物的多样性,并从乡土植物在城市植物景观建设中的应用,乡土植物以及物种的生态安全,乡土植物以及景观文化的本土化,城市园林景观社会功能方面,探讨了乡土植物与现代城市园林景观建设。     

Residential landscapes—Garden design,urban planning and social formation in Belgium

This paper aims at providing a historical understanding of the role of gardens and green spaces in urbanization and urban planning, as well as in processes of social formation and social mobility that took place on the background of a changing spatial, socio-economical and political context in Belgium in the period 1889–1940. The research is based on a number of case studies, which represent different stages and themes in the evolution of garden design, urban planning and society: 1) vernacular versus designed gardens and landscapes; 2) the popularization of the garden and the development of a new framework for urban planning; 3) the garden city versus private arcadia and 4) modern garden design and the rise of the middle class (1930–1940). Through an analysis of designs and discourses of, amongst others, leading landscape architects/urban planners Louis Van der Swaelmen, Jules Buyssens and Jean Canneel-Claes, the paper exposes a number of ambiguities and tensions, for example between the ‘vernacular garden’ and the ‘garden of the establishment’ and between the deep-rooted dream of a privately owned house and garden, and attempts to create new social and spatial frameworks that surpass the individual lot. The paper concludes that these tensions can still be traced in the context in which landscape designers and urban planners work today. This historical awareness, however, can help them to set out strategic goals for the contemporary garden as a place of both production and consumption, and as a place where social identity is shaped.     

Bridging landscape preference and landscape design: A study on the preference and optimal combination of landscape elements based on conjoint analysis

Landscape preference is the focus of landscape research, in which the relationship between landscape elements and landscape preference is an important issue. Most previous studies have analysed correlation between the landscape preference scored by the public and scores on the quality of landscape elements by experts; some have compared the effects of individual landscape elements on landscape preference by photo simulation. In this study, landscape preference is regarded as the selection preference of landscape element combination. The conjoint analysis method is used to further explore the ranking and optimal combination of the significant degrees of impact of landscape elements on landscape preference when multiple landscape element combinations are used. The results show that the influence degrees of landscape elements on landscape preference in urban parks followed the order water, square, openness of the landscape, vegetation, road and seats. The optimal combination of landscape elements is the open landscape with flowing water, a shaded square, rich vegetation, a road and seats. This study demonstrates the advantages of the conjoint analysis method over the univariate method in controlling multiple variables, improving experimental efficiency and obtaining more meaningful results. A combination of urban park landscape elements based on landscape preference is helpful to inspire landscape architects to make choices among multiple landscape elements, provides evidence-based design methods for landscape design and offers basic parameters for the wide application of the parametric design or computational design of landscape architecture.     

叶菜类蔬菜在城市景观中的应用

摘要：为了促进叶菜类蔬菜在城市景观中的应用，在对叶菜类蔬菜和城市景观的相关理论、历史发展 的梳理与总结的基础上，阐述了叶菜类蔬菜在城市景观中结合的形式，如治愈性景观、可食地景、城市 生产性景观、城市微空间更新景观、低碳景观、地域景观及公共性景观，表现出丰富多彩的景观效果和 文化特点，探讨了叶菜类蔬菜在城市景观中应用的限制因素，如观赏型品种少、技术人员缺乏等，并指 出未来叶菜类蔬菜在城市景观中应用前景广阔。     

居住区景观设计中乡村意境营造

从乡村意境的哲学基础和典型特征着手,结合现代居住区景观设计中的误区分析,提出在居住区景观设计中引入乡村意境的概念,并对如何从居住区景观设计的物质、精神层面营造乡村意境给出了一定的指导方法,目的是希望通过对乡土文化的挖掘,从现代人们对于回归自然的渴求出发,寻求一种符合现代大众审美情趣的居住区景观设计风格.     

Landscape Diagnosis on Different Space and Time Scales – A Challenge for Landscape Planning

Landscape diagnosis provides a bridge between scientific knowledge and socio-economic issues that is needed to meet the demands of sophisticated landscape planning and management. The diagnostic assessment of landscape functions (capacities, goods and services supported by the landscape) at different spatio-temporal scales is a valuable tool that can solve the transformation problem. A variety of landscape classification systems – including biophysical and landscape units – can be applied as a spatial reference system. Examples are described from the multitude of approaches to assess landscape functions that can be employed in landscape diagnosis. The theoretical and methodological aspects of the approach are illustrated using examples both from Germany and the Czech Republic. The examples focus on landscape functions such as groundwater recharge, regulation of water balance, and resistance to wind erosion. In addition, the rarity of and threats to landscape types, landscape aesthetic values, and the landscape character and landscape persistence are discussed.     

浅析福建省滨海城市园林景观及其特色

从自然环境、地域文化、园林植物三方面介绍了福建滨海城市的园林景观资源.从自然景观和人造景观二方面简要介绍了园林景观的分类.从植物、地域文化、历史、自然环境等景观元素入手,浅析了福建省滨海城市园林景观所具有的特色,对城市景观建设中如何体现景观特色有重要的指导意义,.     

古典园林铺地景观文化浅析

铺地是景观组成的一个重要元素,除了达到建筑功能外,还要完成其文化功能,即所蕴涵文化涵义与其他景观元素一起构建园林主题。通过对古典园林铺地进行分析和论述,总结铺地景观的特征,并着重分析铺地景观生成的文化成因,探索铺地景观与文化之间的关系。     

Can landscape indices predict ecological processes consistently?

The ecological interpretation of landscape patterns is one of the major objectives in landscape ecology. Both landscape patterns and ecological processes need to be quantified before statistical relationships between these variables can be examined. Landscape indices provide quantitative information about landscape pattern. Response variables or process rates quantify the outcome of ecological processes (e.g., dispersal success for landscape connectivity or Morisita's index for the spatial distribution of individuals). While the principal potential of this approach has been demonstrated in several studies, the robustness of the statistical relationships against variations in landscape structure or against variations of the ecological process itself has never been explicitly investigated. This paper investigates the consistency of correlations between a set of landscape indices (calculated with Fragstats) and three response variables from a simulated dispersal process across heterogeneous landscapes (cell immigration, dispersal success and search time) against variation in three experimental treatments (control variables): habitat amount, habitat fragmentation and dispersal behavior. I found strong correlations between some landscape indices and all three response variables. However, 68% of the statistical relationships were highly inconsistent and sometimes ambiguous for different landscape structures and for differences in dispersal behavior. Correlations between one landscape index and one response variable could range from highly positive to highly negative when derived from different spatial patterns. I furthermore compared correlation coefficients obtained from artificially generated (neutral) landscape models with those obtained from Landsat TM images. Both landscape representations produced equally strong and weak statistical relationships between landscape indices and response variables. This result supports the use of neutral landscape models in theoretical analyses of pattern-process relationships.     

From Hiking Through Farmland to Farming in a Leisure Landscape: Changing Social Perceptions of the European Landscape

The idea that landscape has been created by human activities on a biophysical basis allows for clear cause–effect reasoning. However, landscape planning and management practice learns that it is impossible to neglect the social perception of landscape, i.e. the ways people think about nature and landscape. It is the result of social research and human sciences of the last decade that a differentiation in views of nature and landscape can be identified in the different groups of social actors in the landscape. Case studies from France and the Netherlands show a marked change in values attributed to nature and landscape in the end of the last century. Social demand for landscape is growing and a shift from a functional image of nature and landscape to a more hedonistic image like the Arcadian and wilderness images has taken place. Comparing the Netherlands with France and rural with urban inhabitants, the influence of urbanisation is evident in this process. It is further shown that images of nature vary considerably between for example farmers, urban residents, hunters and conservationists. The way people perceive landscape seems determined by their functional ties with the landscape and the social praxis in which they encounter the landscape. It is concluded that the concept of landscape is nearer to the lifeworld of people than the abstract notions of nature and biodiversity. This implies a big challenge both for national and international landscape policies and for local landscape management initiatives to be developed, taking into due consideration both the material and immaterial nature of landscape.     

Landscape agronomy: a new field for addressing agricultural landscape dynamics

Landscape dynamics increasingly challenge agronomists to explain how and why agricultural landscapes are designed and managed by farmers. Nevertheless, agronomy is rarely included in the wide range of disciplines involved in landscape research. In this paper, we describe how landscape agronomy can help explain the relationship between farming systems and agricultural landscape dynamics. For this, we propose a conceptual model of agricultural landscape dynamics that illustrates the specific contribution of agronomy to landscape research. This model describes the relationship between three elements: farming practices, landscape patterns and natural resources. It can stimulate agronomists to deal with research issues in agricultural landscape dynamics and enhance the interdisciplinary integration of farming systems in wider landscape research. On these premises, we discuss the main research issues that will benefit from an active involvement of agronomy, to understand, but also to assess landscape dynamics and to design relevant decision support systems.