肥料-土壤-作物系统镁-磷营养互作研究进展

镁和磷是植物生长所必需的营养元素,当前镁营养缺乏和磷利用效率低已成为限制我国种植业绿色发展的关键养分管理问题。镁、磷养分供应不能满足作物生育期的养分需求,导致作物产量下降和品质降低,在南方酸性土壤中表现尤为明显。镁-磷营养间存在着复杂的交互作用,在肥料中,镁-磷互作影响镁、磷养分在肥料中的生物有效性;在土壤中,镁-磷互作影响镁、磷养分的固定与释放;在作物生长过程中,镁-磷互作促进了作物对镁、磷养分高效吸收和利用,提高作物产量并改善作物品质。综上所述,镁和磷在肥料-土壤-作物系统中存在着不同类型的交互作用,需要系统地认知和理解二者在肥料、土壤和作物中的交互过程及作用机制,为绿色高效肥料产品创新设计和农田养分高效管理与利用提供科学依据。     

广东合水水库淤积物直接利用对蔬菜种植效应的影响

利用网室盆栽试验,以当地大田土壤为对照,种植辣椒、生菜和油麦菜,探讨广东合水水库淤积物直接农业利用对蔬菜生长、营养元素吸收及品质的影响。结果表明,水库淤积物种植的辣椒、生菜和油麦菜的每盆产量分别为111.25、110.04和115.84g,但均显著低于当地大田土壤种植蔬菜的产量;水库淤积物种植的辣椒果实、生菜和油麦菜植株含水率在78%～82%之间,相对低于当地大田土壤种植的蔬菜含水量;从蔬菜营养元素吸收及品质情况来看,水库淤积物种植的蔬菜氮素吸收量、维生素C含量与大田土壤种植之间差异不明显,而磷、钾、钙和镁元素的吸收量不同程度的低于大田土壤种植,硝酸盐和可溶性糖含量在水库淤积物种植条件下的累积量相对高于大田土壤种植。综合考虑蔬菜产量、养分吸收量和品质情况,合水水库淤积物作为土壤种植蔬菜进行农业资源化利用具有一定的可行性,但要达到当地大田土壤种植条件下的蔬菜产量和更好的蔬菜品质,需要对淤积物进行一定程度的改良后再行利用。     

氮钾配施对弱筋小麦氮、钾养分吸收利用及产量和品质的影响

在低钾和中钾土壤上,采用田间试验研究了氮钾配施对弱筋小麦氮、钾养分吸收及产量和品质的影响。结果表明,氮钾肥配合施用促进了弱筋小麦植株氮、钾含量的提高,氮、钾养分吸收表现出一定的正交互作用;合理配施氮钾肥能够显著地提高弱筋小麦产量。在低钾土壤上,N180K150处理产量最高(5023.kg/hm2);中钾土壤上,最高产量(5145.kg/hm2)为N180K90处理。两种土壤上,氮肥的产量效应均大于钾肥。低钾土壤上,氮钾对小麦产量表现出极显著的正交互作用。提高氮肥用量显著降低了弱筋小麦的专用品质,钾肥对小麦品质的独立效应不显著,但是钾对氮的品质效应存在着交互作用。弱筋小麦抽穗期或灌浆期植株氮、钾含量与子粒品质的相关系数较大,与产量的相关系数则是以拔节期或抽穗期较大。适当减少氮肥用量和增加氮、钾肥基施比例有利于改善弱筋小麦的品质。     

不同施肥处理对白菜的物质积累与养分吸收的影响

研究了在洞庭湖平原的冲积性菜园土条件下,不同施肥结构对白菜生育期间的物质积累与白菜对N,P,K养分的吸收规律以及土壤有效N,P,K养分的动态变化.结果表明,不同处理白菜的产量相差较大,各施肥处理比不施肥对照平均增产达33.1%,但各施肥处理之间产量差异不显著.白菜对N,P,K养分的吸收都是在移栽30 d以后的生长中、后期,与其地上部生物产量的积累规律一致.专用肥处理和有机无机肥配施处理明显促进白菜对N,P,K养分的吸收.从而提高白菜对肥料养分的利用率.当地习惯施肥处理的N,P施用量明显过大,浪费肥料,也对当地水体及环境造成污染.其施K量明显低于白菜一季的总吸钾量,既影响白菜产量和品质,也造成土壤K素的耗竭.根据不施肥对照和4个平衡施肥处理白菜地上部分的养分吸收总量结果,以白菜对肥料N,P,K的当季利用率分别为40%,25%和60%计算,供试土壤条件下白菜一季所需N,P_2O_3,K_2O的施用量分别为195.25 kg/hm~2,145.60 kg/hm~2,228.53 kg/hm~2.其N:P_2O_5: K_2O值为1:0.75-1.17.     

巨桉人工林叶片养分交互效应

在四川巨桉栽培区设立了60个标准地,采用相关分析和矢量诊断法进行分析,以了解巨桉人工林养分的相互作用关系。结果表明,巨桉人工林叶片的养分交互作用较为复杂。N可促进P、K、Ca、Mn等的吸收,但易受到Fe、Zn、高Ca、高Mg的拮抗,而且高N抑制了Mn的吸收;P可促进K、Mg、Mn等的吸收,但易受Zn、Fe、高Mn、高K、高Ca、高Mg的拮抗,而高浓度的P将抑制K、Zn、Fe等的吸收;K对其他养分元素均没有明显的促进作用,但高浓度K限制P的吸收;Ca、Mg之间可相互促进吸收。同时,低浓度的Ca和Mg有利于Fe、Zn的吸收,高浓度的Ca和Mg将对N、P、Fe、Mn、S、B等养分产生拮抗,限制吸收;S可促进Zn的吸收,但易受高Ca、高Mg拮抗;Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn之间主要以拮抗为主。B相互作用较少,对其他养分几乎没有明显的促进作用。     

铵钾施用次序和比例对油菜生长和氮钾养分吸收的影响

通过油菜盆栽试验研究了铵(NH4 )钾(K )离子施用次序和比例对这两种离子在土壤中的交互作用及其对油菜生长和N、K养分吸收的影响.结果表明:当NH4 、K 摩尔比为1:1时,先NH4 后K ,油菜的生物产量和N、K养分吸收量均较低,该结果与后施入的K 促进了先施入的NIL4 的固定,降低了土壤NH4 -N含量有关.而当NH4 、K 质量比为1:1(其摩尔比约为3:1)时,施用次序对该土壤油菜的生长和养分吸收影响不大,这也说明了合适的N、K比例对作物生长的重要性.     

施肥对设施土壤及作物生育的影响研究进展

该文综述了施肥措施对设施土壤及作物品质、产量的影响，指出有机肥与无机肥合理配施对土壤的可持续性利用的重要性，而过量施肥(有机肥或化肥)或偏施氮肥均导致土壤、植物养分平衡失调，作物产量和品质下降。     

设施栽培条件下蔬菜含硒状况及其健康风险评估

设施栽培条件下土壤性质变化剧烈,其对作物吸收硒(Se)的影响值得研究。本文通过对南京市典型设施蔬菜种植基地土壤及对应植物样品进行取样分析,探讨高强度利用模式下土壤Se的存在形态以及不同蔬菜类型对Se吸收的差异,分析蔬菜Se含量与土壤Se存在形态及土壤性质之间的关系,并对长期设施栽培条件下蔬菜Se的摄入健康风险进行评价。结果表明,不同蔬菜可食部分对Se的富集能力表现为叶菜类(平均含Se量为60μg/kg,干重)根茎类(30μg/kg)茄果类(26μg/kg)。蔬菜可食部分Se含量随土壤有机质及有机结合态Se含量的增加而降低。研究区域有机肥的大量施入引起的有机结合态Se含量的增加可能是降低Se有效性的最重要原因。     

施肥对设施土壤及作物生育的影响研究进展

该文综述了施肥措施对设施土壤及作物品质、产量的影响,指出有机肥与无机肥合理配施对土壤的可持续性利用的重要性,而过量施肥(有机肥或化肥)或偏施氮肥均导致土壤、植物养分平衡失调,作物产量和品质下降。     

湖北潮土区不同轮作制度下土壤养分平衡状况与评价

通过连续5年定点调查和取样分析,研究了湖北省2个潮土区域农田土壤养分平衡状况,并用允许养分平衡盈亏率进行了评价.结果表明:①在几种主要轮作制中,所有作物的K肥施用量及施用比例均明显比N肥低,但几乎所有作物的K素吸收量均明显高于N素吸收量,早、晚稻吸收P、K的比例明显高于其它作物.②不同轮作制中土壤养分平衡状况表现为N素有不同程度的盈余、P素基本平衡、K素总是亏缺的,且水田K素亏缺量明显高于早地.在此基础上,作者提出"减N稳P增K"和以一个轮作周期为单位进行统筹施肥的养分平衡调控措施,以实现作物生产的高产稳产和土壤养分平衡的良性循环.     

Effects of Nutrient Antagonism and Synergism on Yield and Fertilizer Use Efficiency

Interaction among plant nutrients can yield antagonistic or synergistic outcomes that influence nutrient use efficiency. To provide insight on this phenomenon, peer-reviewed articles were selected that quantified the interaction effects of nutrients on crop yield levels. In total 94 articles were selected that described 117 interactions between all macro- and micronutrients for different agricultural crops. In 43 cases the interaction was synergistic, in 17 cases the interaction was antagonistic, and in 35 cases the interaction was zero-interaction; the other 23 cases were non-significant (16) or showed a negative response (7). Generally: (a) when the availability of two nutrients is characterized as deficient, a large increase in yield can be expected by diminishing these deficiencies: (b) for most macronutrients the mutual interactions on yield levels are synergistic; and (c) antagonistic effects on yield are often found for divalent cations. Knowledge of nutrient interactions can guide fertilizer design and optimization of fertilization strategies for high yields and high nutrient use efficiencies.     

Effect of Micronutrient-Based Integrated Use of Nutrients on Crop Productivity,Nutrient Uptake,and Soil Fertility in Greengram and Fingermillet Sequence Under Semi-arid Tropical Conditions

To identify the best combinations of micronutrient-based fertilization treatments in terms of crop yield and nutrient uptake, three field experiments with greengram?fingermillet as the test sequence with 12 treatments on micronutrient-based fertilization [with recommended nitrogen (N)?phosphorus (P)?potassium (K) fertilizer] were conducted during 2005 to 2007 in a semi-arid Alfisol at Bangalore. The effects of treatments on available soil and plant uptake of nutrients [N, P, K, sulfur (S), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), and molybdenum (Mo)] and yield of crops were assessed based on standard analysis of variance procedure. Using the relationships of yield with soil and plant nutrient variables, regression models of yield through soil and plant variables were calibrated and effects of variables on crop yields were assessed. The models gave high and significant yield predictability in the range of 0.87 to 0.98 through different variables. The model of plant uptake through soil nutrients indicated that soil S, Fe, and Zn had significant positive effects, whereas soil N, K, B, and Mo had negative effects on plant nutrient status in greengram. Similarly, soil P, Mn, and Zn had significant positive effects, whereas soil N, K, and Fe had negative effects on plant uptake of nutrients in fingermillet. Based on a relative efficiency index (REI) criteria, T2 for plant uptake and T12 for maintaining soil nutrients were found to be superior in greengram, whereas T2 for plant uptake and T8 for maintaining soil nutrients were found to be superior in fingermillet over years based on REI. The combined REI over soil and plant nutrients for both crops indicated that application of T8 for greengram and T2 for fingermillet could be prescribed for attaining maximum plant uptake of nutrients and productivity of crops in sequence, apart from maintaining maximum soil fertility of nutrients under semi-arid Alfisols.     

土壤状况及养分交互作用对棉花产量影响的数学分析

The influence of soil chemical properties and soil nutrition on cotton yields was studied by means of establishing mathematical models. The nultivariate quadratic regression equations developed by a stepwise regression method not only presented the single effect of soil factors but also displayed the interaction (synergistic or antagonistic) of soil nutrients. The effect of individual factor and the way of nutrient interaction were further analysed by the path analysis method. The results showed that among major factors affecting cotton yields, there existed the interactions between macronutrients(available P × available K), and between macronutrients and microelements (N × Zn, P × Mo, P × Cu, P × Zn, K × Mo) besides the single effect of soil pH, total P, available Cu and available Zn.     

Potassium fractions with other nutrients in crops: A review focusing on the tropics

Potassium (K), a plant nutrient with diverse roles to play in plant metabolism, is required in large amounts by most crops. It interacts with many other plant constituents to affect crop yield and quality. The magnitude of this interaction is high in areas of high cropping intensity, as in the tropics. The interaction of nutrients with K may be in the soil or in plant. Potassium modifies ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) ion fixation in soils to restrict nitrogen (N) availability. On the other hand, an antagonistic effect between K and NH₄ absorption has been suggested in which K absorption is restricted. Similarly, magnesium (Mg) or calcium (Ca) deficiency occurs from ion antagonism in acid soils following K fertilization and in soils with high exchangeable K. Sulfur (S) has been reported to increase K absorption and productivity of oilseed crops. With increasing levels of applied or soil K, the severity of phosphorus (P)‐induced zinc (Zn) deficiency in corn has been observed to decrease. Application of K decreases manganese (Mn) content and iron (Fe) toxicity in rice. Application of K has been reported to decrease B levels in plants and to increase incidence of boron (B) deficiency. Top‐dressing with K fertilizer was reported to lower the copper (Cu) content of alfalfa forage. In root, sugar‐producing, or fiber‐producing crops, the sodium (Na) and K relationship is important with the specific response to either element depending on which element is in low or high supply. Molybdenum (Mo) stimulated K uptake in alfalfa and com. In intensive agriculture with high‐yielding single crops or with multiple crops per year, farm management must include strategies to maintain substantial K reserves in the soil and to balance K nutrition with other fertilization practices.     

Optimum Nutrient Rate and Nutritional Constraints in Tuber Crops Growing in Ultisol of India with Special Emphasis on Tannia

Tuber crops are generally grown in marginal lands with low native soil fertility. In India, laterite soils (acidic Ultisols) are the major soils for tropical tuber crops and are poor in innate fertility. Among tropical tuber crops, some have adapted to poor soils, such as cassava, whereas others such as tannia (Xanthosoma sagittifolium L.) cannot establish well in these soils and may manifest nutritional disorders, which ultimately result in the complete devastation of the crop. Therefore, we investigated the effects from a preliminary rate trial (PRT) and nutrient-omission pot trial (NOPT) using maize as a test crop and a NOPT with tannia to determine the optimum nutrient rate and limiting nutrients, as well as nutritional problems affecting the growth and yield of tannia. Each experiment was laid out in a complete randomized design with three replications and was conducted for both garden and paddy soils. The PRT revealed that the optimum nutrient requirements for the soils were different, with garden soils requiring nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), boron (B), zinc (Zn), and molybdenum (Mo) at 200, 60, 160, 70, 60, 50, 4, 8, and 0.8 kg ha^?1, respectively, and paddy soil requiring twice these rates. The NOPT indicated that in addition to N, P, K, B, and Mo in both garden and paddy soils, Ca and Zn in paddy soils and S in garden soils were the constraining nutrients. The NOPT carried out with tannia indicated that the main nutritional problem was subsoil acidity-induced multinutrient deficiencies involving K, Ca, and Mg.     

硒锌钼对黄土高原马铃薯和小白菜产量及营养元素与硒镉含量的影响

黄土高原旱地土壤微量元素硒锌钼潜在缺乏,不仅影响农作物产量,还降低农产品的矿物营养品质,研究施用硒锌钼肥料对该地区作物生长及可食部分营养元素含量的影响具有重要意义。通过田间试验,研究了硒锌钼肥单独土施、硒锌肥配施、硒锌钼肥配施对马铃薯和小白菜产量及营养元素和硒镉含量的影响。结果表明：硒肥提高了马铃薯块茎和小白菜叶片硒含量,分别由对照的0.02mg.kg-1和0.09mg.kg-1提高到1.51～2.15mg.kg-1和13.03～19.44mg.kg-1,钼肥提高了马铃薯块茎和小白菜叶片钼含量,分别由对照的0.43mg.kg-1和2.3mg.kg-1提高到1.03～1.16mg.kg-1和17.7～19.9mg.kg-1,单施与配施处理间无显著差异。锌肥土施或锌与硒、钼肥配合土施不但使小白菜叶片中的锌含量由对照的21.0mg.kg-1显著提高到48.1～68.4mg.kg-1,还使镉含量显著降低50%以上;施锌对马铃薯块茎的锌含量无显著影响。硒锌钼肥单施或配施均对马铃薯和小白菜产量及氮、磷、钾、硫、钙、镁、铁、锰、铜、硼含量无显著影响。因此,在黄土高原旱地,硒钼配合土施可同时提高马铃薯块茎的硒钼含量,硒锌钼配合土施可同时提高小白菜叶片的硒锌钼含量。     

Effect of potash fertilizer on leaf nutrients and their relationships to tuber yields of sweet potato

Abstract

The fourth, fully‐expanded leaves at sweet potato vine tips were sampled at harvest from two separate but similar experiments on njala upland soils after 7 years bush fallow to study the effects of timing and rates of K fertilizers on leaf nutrients and their relationships to sweet potato tuber yields. Potash showed significant effects on leaf P, leaf Zn, leaf Ca, leaf Mn, leaf K/P and leaf Ca/Mg. K x timing interaction affected leaf K/Mg and leaf K/P but timing of Z application did affect significantly neither leaf nutrients nor leaf nutrient ratios. Significant quadratic effect of K on tuber yields as well as significant cubic K x timing interaction effect on tuber yields were observed. There were significant negative correlations between tuber yields and leaf N and between tuber yields and leaf P, indicating that increases in either leaf N or leaf P depressed yields. On the basis of coefficient of determination, increases in leaf N contributed significantly more to yield variation than increases in leaf P. Analysis of covariance and multiple regression studies showed lack of significance of 10 nutrients on tuber yields. Sweet potato tissue which reflects differential nutrient levels with significant effect on tuber yields must be sought. Apart from the added fertilizer, the total effect of ether factors which affect nutrient status and crop performance must be considered.     

我国主产区紫花苜蓿营养状况分析

为探究我国主产区紫花苜蓿营养现状以及生产中肥料使用的科学性, 2012年5-6月,对我国紫花苜蓿主产区21个大田样地苜蓿初花期时的土壤养分、 植物组织营养以及第一茬产草量和施肥管理情况进行测定和调研,对土壤和植物营养状况进行评价,对土壤和植物养分含量与产草量间的关系进行了分析。研究表明, 紫花苜蓿主产区土壤以砂性为主,有机质含量低。紫花苜蓿组织中氮素营养处于充足水平,磷素（P）和钾素（K）普遍缺乏, 微量元素中锌（Zn）、 硼（B）、 钼（Mo）元素缺乏。土壤中磷素和植物体内硼（B）、 钼（Mo）和铁（Fe）含量与第一茬产草量显著正相关。施用氮肥地块有12个,磷肥有5个, 钾肥有3个,没有有针对性施用微量元素肥料的地块。建议在紫花苜蓿大田生产上控制氮肥施用,注重P、 K肥的施用,有针对性地施用B、 Mo等微量元素。     

叶类蔬菜硝酸盐与矿质元素含量及其相关性研究

对重庆市 2 3种叶类蔬菜NO-3 和部分矿质元素含量及其相关性研究结果表明 ,不同蔬菜、同一蔬菜不同品种NO-3 和矿质元素含量差异很大 ,除莴笋、西生菜和瓢儿白 (卷心 )鲜菜食用安全外 ,其他均有不同程度污染 ,且以芹菜食用安全性最差。不同叶类菜矿质元素间多数相关性很好 ,尤以N、P、K(除个别元素外 )与其他矿质元素呈显著或极显著正相关 ;叶类菜鲜样中NO-3 含量与K、Na、Ca和Fe呈显著或极显著正相关 ,叶类菜干样中NO-3 与P、S、Mn、Zn、B和Mo呈负相关 ,且与B、P达显著负相关     

不同轮作体系土壤残留硒锌对小麦产量与营养品质的影响

采用盆栽试验,通过玉米-小麦和大豆-小麦轮作,探讨了不同种植模式中,土壤残留硒锌对小麦产量与营养品质的影响。结果表明,土壤中残留硒锌对小麦生物量和产量的影响与作物轮作体系有关。玉米-小麦轮作,土壤残留硒锌并没有表现出增加小麦产量的趋势,而大豆-小麦轮作,土壤残留硒锌对小麦生物量和产量呈增加趋势。土壤残留硒锌可改变作物体内元素组成。玉米-小麦轮作,土壤残留硒锌有利于小麦籽粒对氮、钾、硫、钙、铁、锌、硒、铜元素的吸收累积。大豆-小麦轮作,土壤残留硒锌促进小麦对钾、硫、镁、铁、锌、硒、铜、锰、硼的吸收,而氮、磷、钙吸收减少。