南极磷虾拖网的试验研究

本文以我国首次南极磷虾探捕所使用的两顶大型变水层磷虾拖网为实物网,通过网具模型试验,测试网具的阻力与网口高度,分析其水动力性能,结果表明:网口部位六角形结构的2号网的垂直扩张性能和过滤同等体积的能量消耗均优于网口部位棱形网目结构的1号网;在拖速1.54m/s,1号网的能耗系数比2号网平均高26%。而网口垂直扩张系数低1.1%。南极磷虾拖网的阻力可用公式:R=0.25(d/a)LCV1.49估算。     

南极磷虾桁杆拖网网型结构与作业性能之间的关系

桁杆拖网是南极磷虾连续泵吸桁杆拖网捕捞系统重要组成部分之一,为深入了解该系统中桁杆拖网的作业性能特征,促进网具作业性能优化,本研究通过模型试验开展了网型结构和沉子重量对网具作业性能影响的探索,网型结构包括6种(3种腹网宽度,每种宽度采用2种缝合方式),分别以A、B、C、AA、BB和CC表示,沉子重量3种。综合比较表明,不同试验网型作业性能优劣排序为BB>CC>C>A>B>AA,但差异不显著。缩小腹网宽度和斜目缝合均能有效提高网口垂直扩张、降低能耗系数,提高网具作业性能,尤其适用于较高拖速的作业场景。沉子重量与网具阻力、网口垂直扩张均呈显著正相关,但与能耗系数相关性不明显;为促进网口垂直扩张,合适的沉子重量配备随拖速增加而递增,拖速1.5 m/s的条件下,各试验网型其沉子配重应不低于3.05 t。试验条件下,各网型的网具阻力、能耗系数变化趋势较平稳,递变斜率变化较小,网具阻力与拖速呈幂函数关系,指数介于1.49～1.64。以上结论可为南极磷虾桁杆拖网属具配备以及优化设计提供参考。     

单船拖曳4顶网式双撑杆虾拖网模型试验

单船拖曳4顶相同网具的双撑杆虾拖网有单顶网具规格小、结构相对简单、网口高度低、网具水平扩张大的特点。本文针对我国过洋性远洋渔业2种不同功率的双撑杆拖网渔船所使用的虾拖网进行模型试验,结果表明:4片式结构、网口周长为28.6 m的1号网和网口周长为40.3 m的2号网,在相同的拖速下,随着水平扩张增大,网具的阻力增加,而网口高度则有所下降。水平扩张L/S=0.45时,当拖速从1.29 m·s-1提高到2.57 m·s-1,1号网的阻力从4.77 kN上升为14.29 kN,网口高度从0.73 m下降为0.51 m;2号网的网具阻力从5.98 kN上升为18.04 kN,网具的网口高度从1.71 m下降为1.03 m。当拖速为1.54 m·s-1、L/S=0.45时,1号网具的阻力为6.37 kN,网口高度为0.66 m,2号网具的阻力为7.99 kN,网口高度为1.49 m;1号网网口垂直扩张系数为2.31%,2号网的垂直扩张系数为3.71%;1号网的能耗系数为3.71 kW·h·(104m3)-1,2号网的能耗系数为2.20 kW·h·(104m3)-1;在相同的拖速和水平扩张L/S下,2号网的垂直扩张性能优于1号网、能耗系数低于1号网。功率消耗系数的分析表明,1号网与渔船主机的额定功率较匹配,2号网被模拟部分的功率消耗所占渔船主机额定功率的百分比过小。     

网口结构变化对南极磷虾桁杆拖网水动力性能的影响

桁杆拖网是南极磷虾连续泵吸系统中的关键部分。为探究桁杆拖网结构与部件对网具水动力性能的影响,在基于网口背部水平扩张相同的前提下,通过缩减网口腹部网目数,缩短下纲长度设计了3种桁杆拖网网口规格,桁杆长度为20 m,下纲长度分别为20.0 m(1号)、18.2 m(2号)、17.6 m(3号)。按照田内相似准则制作模型网,在3种沉力条件和5档流速下进行模型试验。结果显示：相同拖速与沉力条件下3号网扫海面积与1号网接近,2号网扫海面积较小。沉力对桁杆拖网的阻力、网口高度、扫海面积存在极显著影响(P<0.01),对能耗系数无显著性影响,适当增大沉力可以提高网具的垂直扩张性能;拖速对网具阻力、网口高度、扫海面积和能耗系数的影响极显著(P<0.01),3种网口结构的网具阻力与拖速均呈幂函数关系,指数介于0.778 4～0.859 3,阻力递增斜率变化较小。综上分析,缩短南极磷虾桁杆拖网下纲长度后有利于南极磷虾桁杆拖网垂直扩张性能提高,有利于提高网具稳定性,有利于增加拖网有效扫海面积,有利于提高渔具综合捕捞效率。     

扩张帆布对大型中层拖网性能的影响

针对我国引进的大型中层拖网所使用的扩张帆布,通过拖网模型试验,设计了三种面积和三种不同冲角的扩张帆布调整试验,并比较了使用扩张帆布与使用塑料浮子对网具性能的影响。结果表明：网口拉紧长度1040m,网口网目为a=20m六角形网目的大型中层拖网,使用长度为100m手纲、长度为48m叉纲、重锤重量为320kg×2、下袖端间距68．4m时,在帆布面积调整试验中,当冲角前纲长度为17．2m,冲角后纲长度为17．6m,拖速为2．57m·s^-1条件下,使用5．0m^2的扩张帆布比4．0m^2网口高度可提高11．92％,网具阻力上升6．74％,能耗系数下降6．5％。在冲角调整试验中,使用5．0m^2的扩张帆布,当冲角后纲的长度固定为17．6m,冲角前纲的长度从17．2m缩短为16．4m时,网口高度下降26．36％,网具阻力下降11．22％,能耗系数上升24．1％。大型中层拖网使用扩张帆布比使用塑料浮子在不同的拖速下网口高度变化幅度小,在高拖速时,有网口高、能耗系数低的优势,但在拖速低于2．06m·s^-1时,网口垂直扩张和能耗系数没有优势。试验的长宽比为20的扩张帆布的升力系数Cy可达1．16左右。     

大网目底拖网网身长度对网具性能的影响

通过拖网模型水池试验,分析比较了我国大网目底拖网网身长度设计参数对网具阻力、网口垂直扩张和能耗系数的影响,并选择网身设计参数的最佳范围。试验结果表明:1)保持大网目底拖网网身前部的网衣结构和尺寸及其他条件不变,网具阻力随身周比(Lb/C)的增加而增大;拖速为2.5~3.0 kn时,网具阻力变化幅度较小;2)当Lb/C为0.10~0.13时,网具阻力几乎不变,而当Lb/C大于0.13时,网具阻力有较明显的增加,适当缩短网身一定程度上可降低阻力;3)身周比变化对网口垂直扩张有较明显的影响,Lb/C由0.10增加到0.13时,网口高度逐渐增加,之后高度降低,身周比为0.13时网具获得最佳网口垂直扩张;4)身周比在0.10~0.13之间时,能耗系数最低;5)在高拖速下网身部位对大网目底拖网性能影响较低速下更明显,且网身网目更易张开。本实验结果对于此规格的底拖网在网身长度的设计中具有一定的指导意义。     

日韩小网目南极磷虾拖网性能对比分析

南极磷虾(Euphausua superba)是目前已知的地球上最大的单种生物资源之一,其巨大的生物量和潜在的开发价值日益受到各国的关注。本研究以中国南极磷虾捕捞船队引进的日韩小网目南极磷虾拖网为原型网,采用田内准则进行网具模型试验,比较分析其网具性能。模型网大尺度比λ分别为14(韩式网,Net B)和16(日式网,Net A),平均小尺度比约为3,速度比为3。模型试验于东海水产研究所拖曳水池中进行。模型网试验速度分别为:0.345 m/s、0.428 m/s、0.513 m/s、0.599 m/s、0.685 m/s。L/S取网具下袖端间距与下纲长度的比值,范围取0.4~0.55,以0.05为间距分4档。模型试验记录各档拖速和L/S下模型网的阻力和网口高度数据。按照模型换算准则换算得到原型网相应拖速下的阻力、网口高度和能耗系数等指标,分析网具的水动力性能。试验结果表明:(1)韩式磷虾拖网(192.60 m×110.50 m)网具阻力小于日式磷虾拖网(185.40 m×128.50 m);(2)日式磷虾拖网在扩张性(网口高度、扫海面积)、经济性(能耗系数)以及滤水性(水动力性能)方面优于韩式磷虾拖网;(3)两顶拖网在水槽模型试验时,网口与网身水下运动时均可保持稳定,网身呈流线型,未出现凹凸现象;(4)日式南极磷虾拖网的阻力估算公式为:RA=1/2ρ(0.24 R-0.5 SV2e)T;韩式拖网为:RB =1/2ρ(0.177 R-0.542e)STV;综合两顶拖网得到的小网目南极磷虾拖网的阻力估算式为:R=1/2ρ(0.209 R-0.52e)STV2。     

136kW渔船鳀鱼变水层拖网的试验研究

本文报道了改进设计的专用鳀鱼变水层拖网1994～1995年期间海上的试验结果。试验结果表明:该网的结构合理,网具性能优良。网口高度达12.6m,拖速提高到3.0～3.8节。拖网阻力比原生产网减少19％,平均网次产量比原生产网增产35.3％。     

高强度聚乙烯拖网网具性能的研究

对４顶单船中层拖网和双船底拖网的前部以高强度聚乙烯网线替代常规聚乙烯网线,依田内渔具模型试验准则制成模型网,进行水池对比试验。结果表明,在其它条件不变的前提下,应用高强度聚乙烯网线的拖网与原生产网相比,在２．５～４．５ｋｎ拖速下,网具阻力可平均下降６．５％～１６．２％,网口垂直扩张可提高０．９％～２５．７％,能耗系数下降１４．５％～３３．５％。     

南极磷虾四片式小网目中层拖网作业性能分析

为了促进南极磷虾(Euphausia superba Dana)渔业发展,提出2种四片式小网目中层拖网网型设计(型号分别为dh256-1和dh256-2),2种网型网口拉直周长相同,背(腹)网与侧网拉直宽度比(以下简称"WRBS")分别为1和1.11。通过模型实验对2种WRBS小网目南极磷虾拖网的作业性能进行比较,并进行浮沉力(SBSW)、手纲长度和水平扩张系数(以下简称"L/S")的匹配优化实验,结果表明:实验条件下,当L/S介于0.5~0.6时或者L/S为0.45和0.65且拖曳速度≤1.5 m/s时,2种网型网口垂直扩张差异显著(P0.05),dh256-2型拖网网口垂直扩张明显高于dh256-1;为了保持侧网衣受力均匀,dh256-1型拖网浮沉力配备要求显著高于dh256-2型拖网,dh256-1型拖网浮沉力配备应≥4.59 tf,dh256-2型拖网浮沉力配备应≥1.98 tf;2种网型的能耗系数(C_e)差异不明显(P0.05);L/S与能耗系数(C_e)呈反相关;手纲长度≥50 m,手纲长度对2种网型作业性能的影响不明显;综上所述dh256-2型拖网网口垂直扩张性能较好,浮沉力配备要求较低,较适合拖速较低的南极磷虾捕捞,适宜的手纲长度为50 m。以上结论可为小网目南极磷虾拖网网具设计提供参考。     

高强度PA单丝拖网水槽试验研究

强度相同条件下,聚酰胺(PA)单丝网衣的水阻力比聚乙烯(PE)捻线网衣的要小,所以在普通PE网衣拖网中,可以对部分网衣结构设计替换高强度PA单丝网衣,以降低拖网阻力,达到节能降耗的目的。以虾拖网为实物拖网,按照田内模型试验准则,设计改进型PA网衣的模型拖网,通过水槽模型试验,对比研究改进型PA网衣和传统PE网衣的拖网渔具性能和节能效果。试验结果显示,在相同拖速条件下,水平扩张比(L/S)为0.40、0.50、0.60时,改进型模型拖网比对照模型拖网所受阻力分别可降低12.14%、8.11%、6.00%,网口高度分别可提高20.00%、22.09%、25.64%,网口扩张系数分别可提高28.57%、27.27%、30.00%,能耗系数分别可减少30.61%、29.32%、29.18%。研究表明,高强度PA单丝网衣拖网能起到降低渔具阻力、提高拖网性能的作用,可在渔业生产中推广应用。     

西非海域单船底拖网的试验研究-Ⅰ四片式拖网的设计与试验

以1029 kW六片式拖网为母型,设计四片式拖网,并进行水槽模型试验,分析其水动力性能。研究结果表明:通过改进上下纲结构形式、调整上下纲比例和背侧网比例,四片式拖网的水动力性能得到了较大的提高。当拖速为3.5 kn时,四片式拖网的阻力仅为44.57 kN,网口高度达5.9 m,水动力性能系数为2.32 m2/kN,能耗系数为1.20 kW.h/104m3。     

聚乙烯编织线替代普通聚乙烯捻线对拖网性能的影响

聚乙烯编织网线比普通聚乙烯捻线强度高,用编织线来替代目前的普通捻线,可降低拖网渔具的阻力从而达到节能降耗的目的。本文通过实际取样测试,比较了两种网线的拉伸性能,在不降低原拖网渔具的单线结强力的前提下,用聚乙烯编织线代替原普通捻线,并通过模型试验研究其对拖网渔具性能的影响和节能效果。结果表明:单线结强力相同的两种网线,编织线的直径可比普通网线的直径下降15.17%以上。本试验编织线拖网的平均网线直径比原普通捻线拖网下降16.00%,网具阻力面积(线面积)从304.57 m2下降到256.47 m2,下降了15.79%。同等试验条件下,编织线拖网的阻力比普通捻线拖网下降17.25%左右,而网口高度的变化则不明显。能耗系数的计算结果为编织线拖网过滤同体积的水体所消耗的能量比普通捻线拖网下降16.67%。功率消耗的分析表明,消耗同样的功率,440 kW的双拖渔船使用编织线拖网,拖速可比普通捻线拖网提高8.33%,如采用和普通捻线拖网同样的拖速作业,则去掉起、放网所消耗的时间,以一天正常拖网作业18 h计算,可节约燃油77 L左右。     

中国沿海底层拖网网型分析

作者根据中国沿海现有几十种较有代表性的底层有翼单囊拖网网具资料,统计了大量的网具设计参数,并根据拖网的结构特征和作业性能来分析研究结果,认为在中国沿海拖网渔业生产中,使用较多、效果良好并具有一定代表性的底层有翼单囊拖网的网型,主要有尾拖型、疏目型、改进疏目型和编结型四种,并认为这四种网型的作业性能可简单地归纳为:改进疏目型为高口中速;尾拖型为中口中速;编结型为中口高速;疏目型为低口快速。     

Comparing and modifying penaeid beam and otter trawls to improve ecological efficiencies

In an attempt to improve the selectivity and engineering performances of generic penaeid trawls, three established and one novel spreading‐mechanism configurations were assessed: otter boards attached (1) with and (2) without 3.15‐m sweeps to a 7.35‐m headline trawl, and a beam rigged directly to a 9.19‐m trawl (3) with and (4) without a horizontal wire and plastic streamers. Despite more surface area (7.5 vs 6.0 m²), both beam‐trawl configurations had significantly lower drag than the otter trawls (≤30%). When catches were standardised to per ha, the otter trawl with sweeps retained significantly more (1.3–2.4 times) school prawns, Metapenaeus macleayi (Haswell), than the other three configurations. Within systems, removing sweeps or adding a horizontal wire significantly reduced the unwanted catches of a key teleost (southern herring, Herklotsichthys castelnaui Ogilby) by 41 and 48%. The results illustrate the utility of simple anterior modifications for independently addressing penaeid‐trawling environmental issues.     

Efficiency of the bottom trawl used for the Mediterranean international trawl survey (MEDITS)

The aim of the work presented in this paper was to assess the relative efficiency of the GOC 73 sampling trawl used for the Mediterranean international trawl survey programme (MEDITS) compared with that of a typical Italian commercial trawl. The latter was chosen because it is commonly used by fishermen in the central Adriatic, where the experiment was conducted, and therefore appeared as the best possible sampler of the commercial species present in those areas. Moreover, this trawl is similar to the various trawls used for the Italian national survey programme (GRUND). Four fishing trips were conducted between 1996 and 1997 in different areas and seasons to sample different species. Each trip was conducted in the same fishing area. A codend cover mounted on the commercial trawl ensured that the codends of the two nets had the same mesh opening. The two trawls were alternated daily. Net geometry (horizontal and vertical net opening) was measured during all tows. Catch data were converted into abundance per swept area before comparing the trawls. Efficiency comparisons were performed on ten fish species, one crustacean and four molluscs belonging to the MEDITS list of main reference species. The MEDITS trawl was significantly less efficient in terms of both weight and numbers of individuals fished for hake (Merluccius merluccius), common sole (Solea vulgaris) and Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus). A highly significant difference in favour of the commercial trawl was found in the weight, but not the numbers, of common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus). Efficiency differences were negligible for red mullet (Mullus barbatus), while the MEDITS trawl was significantly more efficient for the numbers of Atlantic horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus). For all the other main reference species differences were not significant. The commercial trawl was more efficient for large individuals of some species. The relative efficiency of the MEDITS trawl was especially low for small-size classes of N. norvegicus. The results confirm the lower efficiency of the MEDITS compared with the commercial Italian trawl for benthic species, and its greater efficiency for some others released from the bottom as well as for the pelagic ones. These data allow the results of the MEDITS surveys to be compared with those of the GRUND programme and with commercial-fleet catches in areas where the commercial trawls used are similar to the one studied here.     

福建省拖网模型水池试验研究

模型试验是研究渔具作业性能最直观方便的方法。本文通过对全省南北有代表性的七张对拖网具进行的网模系列试验,对比和分析了各地使用的不同结构拖网渔具的作业参数和特性,得出底拖网阻力经验公式及体现渔具性能优劣的四个要素(阻力、网高、垂直扩张系数和能耗系数)。     

南极磷虾拖网的性能优化分析

针对一顶中国目前正在使用的南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)拖网进行网具优化试验,设计了调整参数为浮沉比、上下手纲(等长)和叉纲的三因子L9(34)正交实验,并在3组L/S(水平扩张比)和5级拖速下完成了135次拖曳试验。结果表明:(1)随着拖速和L/S的增加,网具阻力增加,网口高度降低;(2)流速为3 kn情况下,L/S=0.45时,对阻力(Fs)和网具功率消耗(Ps)影响的主次顺序均为沉力(A)>叉纲(C)>手纲(B),对网口高度(Hs)影响的主次顺序为A>B>C,对能耗系数(Ce)影响的主次顺序为C>A>B,水动力性能的最优组合为A3B3C1;L/S=0.5时,对Fs、Hs和Ps影响的主次顺序均为C>A>B,对Ce影响的主次顺序为B>C>A,最优组合为A2B3C3;L/S=0.55时,对Fs和Ps影响的主次顺序均为C>A>B,对Hs影响的主次顺序为B>A>C,对Ce影响的主次顺序为B>C>A,最优组合为A2B3C3;(3)当L/S极低为0.2时,网口的水平扩张约为23 m,虽然此时网口高度有一定的提高,但网具的综合性能却显著下降,能耗系数增加;(4)增加沉力,适当放长手纲和叉纲可以有效提高已定型网具的性能。为确保在低拖速下达到网具的高扩张性能,应考虑改进网板性能,建议采用低拖速高扩张性网板。     

Capture efficiency of a multi-species survey trawl for Snow Crab (Chionoecetes opilio) in the Newfoundland region

An experiment was carried out during September of 2001 to estimate the relative catching efficiency of the NAFC's (Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre) standard survey bottom trawl, the Campelen 1800 shrimp trawl, for Snow Crab (Chionoecetes opilio). Secondary trawls were mounted underneath the main trawl directly behind the footgear to estimate escapement of crab passing underneath the main trawl. Overall, the capture efficiency of the survey trawl was found to be much lower than 1.0 and highly variable, with variability being strongly related to substrate type and Snow Crab size. The probability of capture monotonically increased with crab size, and was higher on soft than on hard substrates. Three substrate-specific capture efficiency functions were defined; (1) efficiency was highest (about 0.73–0.95), and least dependent on crab size, on the softest mud substrate; (2) efficiency was lower (about 0.39–0.70) and linearly related to crab size throughout a soft mud–sand substrate; and (3) efficiency was lowest (about 0.05–0.33) on a variety of hard substrates within relatively shallow water. Our models over-estimated true efficiency because secondary trawls were not fully efficient, i.e., crab escaped underneath their footgear. Nevertheless, our experiment demonstrated that substrate type can affect capture efficiency and annual changes in trawl configuration or in Snow Crab distribution in relation to substrate type will affect survey biomass estimates. Additional studies using various approaches could provide a basis for standardizing survey catches for varying capture efficiency effects and refining survey-based estimates of biomass and exploitation rates of Snow Crab.