动物线粒体DNA多态性及其在畜牧科学中的应用

动物线粒体ＤＮＡ为核外遗传物质，具有广泛的多态性。线粒体ＤＮＡ多态性可以用来研究家畜的起源、进化和亲缘关系，是分析家畜群体结构的有用遗传标记，也是研究畜禽品种资源的有效工具。线粒体ＤＮＡ多态性与家畜的生产性能有一定的关系。     

家畜线粒体DNA限制性片段长度多态性的研究与应用

在阐述线粒体DNA的特点及其限制性片段长度多态性的基础上,介绍了线粒体DAN多态性的研究现状及在家畜育种中的应用,并指出线粒体DNA限制性片段多态分析在家畜品种资源研究中的意义。     

线粒体DNA多态性与家畜遗传育种

在线粒体DNA的特点及其限制性片段长度多态性的基础上，阐明了线粒体DNA多态性在家畜育种上的应用。并指出线粒体DNA多态分析在家畜品种资源研究中的意义。     

蜜蜂线粒体DNA碱变性提取法

一、前言线粒体ＤＮＡ（ｍｔＤＮＡ）已被广泛应用于动植物群体遗传学和进化生物学的研究中，并为分子系统学提供了有价值的比较生物学的数据，取得了许多非常有意义的结果。有效的ｍｔＤＮＡ提取方法，无疑是开展这方面研究的前提。而ｍｔＤＮＡ提取实验成功的标志是把染色体ＤＮＡ（即核ＤＮＡ）、蛋白质与ＲＮＡ尽量去除干净，从而获得一定得率和纯度的ｍｔＤＮＡ，以满足ｍｔＤＮＡ用于限制性片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰ）分析中的酶切及聚合酶链式反应（ＰＣＲ）中酶切、拷贝和连接的需要。本试验用碱变性提取法，ＣｓＣｌ超速离心法和蛋…     

实验兔线粒体DNA多态性研究

用ＥＣＯＲＩ，ＥＣＯＲＶ，ＢａｍＨＩ，ＨｉｎｄⅢ，ＰｔｕＩ，ＳｍａＩ，Ｘｂｏｌ，ＣｌａＩ，ＳａｃＩ，ＢｇｌⅡ等１１种酶，用ｍｔＤＮＡ限制性内切酶片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰ）技术，分析了国内几个省区的实验用兔ｍｋＤＮＡ多态性。结果表明，在研究的６４个个体中，共检出１５种限制性态型，归结为４种不同的限制性类型，限制性类型的差异主要来源于少数几个限制 位点的偶然突变，提示这些免疫ｍｔＤＮＡ变异度很低，遗传     

青海湖裸鲤线粒体DNA多态性研究

采用PstⅠ、pvuⅡ、HindⅢ、EcoRⅠ4种限制性内切酶，研究了20尾青海湖裸鲤线粒体DNA的限制性片段长度多态性。其检测出11个酶切位点，发现PstI和EcoRI两种酶切类型具有多态性。     

几个绵羊品种线粒体DNA限制性片断长度多态性比较研究

用ApaⅠ等15种识别6碱基的限制性内切酶研究了蒙古羊、乌珠穆沁羊、湖羊和小尾寒羊线粒体DNA的RFLP。结果表明，在所研究的个体中共检测到32个酶切位点，16种限制性态型，其中BglⅠ表现出多态，XhoⅠ无切点。16种限制性态型可归结为2种基因单倍型，即单倍型Ⅰ（BglⅠ－A）、单倍型Ⅱ（BglⅠ-B），单倍型Ⅰ为受试绵品种的基本单倍型。线粒体DNA多态度π值平均为0.0192%，表明受试绵羊品种线粒体DNA多态性比较贫乏。     

福建黄兔线粒体DNA的限制性内切酶分析

本文用差速离心法分离福建黄兔线粒体，氯化铯超速离心法纯化线粒体ＤＮＡ。对纯化的ｍｔＤＮＡ用ＢａｇＩＩ，ＢａｍＨＩ，ＣｌａＩ，ＥｃｏＲＩ，ＥｃｏＲＶ，ＭｌｕＩ，ＰｓｔＩ，ＰｖｕＩ，ＳａｃＩ等９种限制性内切酶进行酶切分析。共识别了１７个酶切位点。经测算福建黄兔ｍｔＤＮＡ的分子量约为１８．４５Ｋｂ。     

三江白猪线粒体DNA-RFLP的分析

采用22种限制性内切酶分析了三江白猪线粒体DNA的多态性。结果表明：在60头个体中检出30种限制性态型．归结为7种基因单倍型；其间的差异来自少数限制性位点的突变。单倍型间平均遗传距离为0．35%，群体遗传多态程度为0．044％。三江白猪遗传多样性非常贫乏，说明三江白猪与地方种猪起源于一个共同祖先，在品种形成早期受到创立者效应的制约。     

几种鸟类mtDNA限制性酶切图谱的比较研究

本文用５种限制内切酶（ＨｉｎｄⅢ，ＢｇＬＩ，ＰｓｔＩ和ＢａｍＨＩ）初步建立了头鹅、白鹅、火鸡和鹌鹑的肝脏线粒体ＤＮＡ的内切酶图谱。结果表明白鹅和狮头鹅的ｍｔＤＮＡ的酶切图谱极为相似。山鸡、火鸡和鹌鹑的ｍｔＤＮＡ限制性性内切酶图谱之间的差异是很大的，以上事实说明驯化中的鹅类的不同品种间ｍｔＤＮＡ差异不在。而鸡形目中的不同物种间的ｍｔＤＮＡ是有很大的差异的。     

云南地方猪种遗传多样性研究

云南地方猪种在生境,形态外貌,细胞遗传,血液蛋白等均表现出较丰富的多样性,但ｍｔＤＮＡ的是度很低。结果分析表明;ｍｔＤＮＡ多态性的贫乏并不能代表云南猪种的群体结构单一,体现了猪种进化的不平行性,此现象很可能是长期以来人工强烈选择的结果。     

几个地方绵羊品种线粒体DNA(mtDNA)细胞色素b基因多态性研究

用12种限制性内切酶分析了6个地方绵羊品种线粒体DNA（mtDNA）细胞色素b（cytb）基因的RFLP。结果表明，在71只绵羊个体中，检出的14种限制性态型可归结成4种单倍型，其间的差异主要来源于几个限制性位点的点突变；4种单倍型间和6个绵羊群体间的平均遗传距离（D）分别为0．412％和0．041％，遗传多态程度（π）为0．028％，说明遗传多样性较为贫乏；单倍型聚类结果和群体聚类结果提示，我国地方绵羊品种的起源可能是单一的。     

10个山羊品种(群体)线粒体DNA D-loop序列多态性分析

对四川10个山羊品种(群体)线粒体DNA D-loop序列多态性及系统进化关系进行了探讨.结果表明:群体间共有多态位点83个,单一多态位点23个,简约信息位点24个,平均核苷酸歧异度为0.001 828,D-loop序列多态性相对贫乏;经聚类,10个品种(群体)分为两大类,合江黑山羊与江安黑山羊先聚在一起后,再与自贡黑山羊聚为1类,营山黑山羊与嘉陵黑山羊聚为1类,两类形成一大类;成都麻羊先与金堂黑山羊聚在一起后,再依次与乐至黑山羊、建昌黑山羊、白玉黑山羊形成另一大类,最后两个大类聚在一起.聚类结果与品种(群体)来源和生态地理分布相一致.     

中国地方猪种线粒体基因组遗传多样性及其系统发育分析

为从分子水平上探究中国地方猪种遗传多样性和分类地位,本试验采用生物信息学方法比较了6个类型共22个中国地方猪种的线粒体基因组全序列,分析了其多态性,并构建了6个类型猪种线粒体D-loop区单倍型的网络中介图以及基于线粒体D-loop序列、Cytb基因、完整编码区序列的系统进化树。结果表明,6个类型22个猪种中共检测到了144个多态位点,22种单倍型,说明地方猪种具有丰富的遗传多样性;地方猪线粒体基因组序列中核苷酸变异以转换为主,且Ti/Tv大于转换/颠换比临界值（2.0）,变异位点均符合中性突变。6个类型猪种间遗传距离均较小,且有共享单倍型。系统进化树结果表明,6种类型地方猪种主要聚为两个支系。表明线粒体D-loop序列及Cytb基因均可作为研究种内系统发育、起源进化的分子标记。     

中国9个家驴品种mtDNA D-loop部分序列分析与系统进化研究

本研究利用Dnasp4.10软件对中国9个家驴品种162个个体的mtDNA D-loop区385bp进行遗传多样性分析,共检测到32种单倍型35个核苷酸多态位点,其单倍型多样度为0.8137～0.9722,核苷酸多样度为0.0182～0.0270,表明我国家驴的遗传多态性丰富;利用MEGA3.1软件采用邻接法与3个努比亚野驴、3个索马里野驴和6个亚洲野驴的序列构建NJ系统发育树,并进行系统进化分析。结果表明:我国家驴的母系起源是非洲野驴中的努比亚野驴和索马里野驴,亚洲野驴不是中国家驴的母系祖先。     

Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationships of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome in Chinese Indigenous Pig Breeds

In order to explore the genetic diversity and the classification status of the Chinese domestic pigs at the molecular level, the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomic sequences of 22 Chinese indigenous pig breeds from 6 types were downloaded from GenBank for the analysis using the bioinformatics method. The polymorphism of nucleic acid sequences was analyzed,the molecular phylogenetic tree based on D-loop sequences, Cytb gene, complete coding region mtDNA sequences and the Median-Joining network of the mtDNA D-loop haplotypes were constructed for 22 pig breeds from 6 types. The results showed that a total of 144 mutation sites among 22 pig breeds were detected, 22 haplotypes were discovered, which indicated that Chinese indigenous pig breeds had abundant genetic diversity. According to the complete mtDNA genomic sequences analysis, which suggested that the main mutations was transition, the transition/transversion ratio was greater than 2.0 and all mutations were in line with the neutral mutation. Our findings clearly demonstrated that there was a near genetic distance among 6 types, meanwhile, the shared haplotypes were found. The phylogenetic tree showed that Chinese indigenous pigs from 6 types were diverged from two ancestors.The results indicated that mtDNA D-loop and Cytb gene might serve as molecular markers for phylogenesis, origin and evolution.     

六个家驴品种mtDNA D—Loop部分序列的遗传多样性分析

对中国的6个家驴品种(关中驴、德州驴、庆阳驴、泌阳驴、广灵驴、晋南驴)利用PCR-SSCP技术分析了其mtDNA D-Loop部分序列的遗传多样性。87个个体共检测到19个单倍型,单倍型比例为21.8%。单倍型多样度以关中驴、晋南驴较高,分别为0.834和0.904;其次为泌阳驴和广灵驴,分别为0.629、0.529;德州驴和庆阳驴较低,分别为0.467、0.599。文章从分子水平上揭示了家驴的遗传多样性,为我国家驴品种资源的评价和利用提供了一些依据。     

SSCP技术用于牛mtDNA多态性检测的可行性研究

采用SSCP方法对523头牛线粒体DNA的D-loop序列和12S rRNA基因序列进行多态性研究，再结合DNA直接测序技术发现D-loop序列的SSCP结果与直接测序结果不相符，而12S rRNA的SSCP检测结果与测序结果相同，结果发现对于高变异率片段如线粒体DNA D-loop片段，不适合用 SSCP方法进行多态分析；而对于比较保守的片段，如12S rRNA片段适合用SSCP进行多态性分析。     

How developments in cryobiology, reproductive technologies and conservation genomics could shape gene banking strategies for (farm) animals

Many local breeds are currently at risk because of replacement by a limited number of specialized commercial breeds. Concurrently, for many breeds, allelic diversity within breeds declines because of inbreeding. Gene banking of germplasm may serve to secure the breeds and the alleles for any future use, for instance to recover a lost breed, to address new breeding goals, to support breeding schemes in small populations to minimize inbreeding, and for conservation genetics and genomics research. Developments in cryobiology and reproductive technology have generated several possibilities for preserving germplasm in farm animals. Furthermore, in some mammalian and bird species, gene banking of material is difficult or impossible, requiring development of new alternative methods or improvement of existing methods. Depending on the species, there are interesting possibilities or research developments in the use of epididymal spermatozoa, oocytes and embryos, ovarian and testicular tissue, primordial germ cells, and somatic cells for the conservation of genetic diversity in farm- and other animal species. Rapid developments in genomics research also provide new opportunities to optimize conservation and sampling strategies and to characterize genome-wide genetic variation. With regard to gene banks for farm animals, collaboration between European countries is being developed through a number of organizations, aimed at sharing knowledge and expertise between national programmes. It would be useful to explore further collaboration between countries, within the framework of a European gene banking strategy that should minimize costs of conservation and maximize opportunities for exploitation and sustainable use of genetic diversity.     

The status and need for characterization of Nordic animal genetic resources

ABSTRACT

The Nordic countries are committed to conserving farm animal genetic diversity. National reports on phenotypic and genetic characterization point towards a lack of characterization for many Nordic native breeds. Little to no knowledge on the traits of the animals and their derived products leads to potential remaining untapped. The objective of this study was to provide a quantitative assessment of phenotypic and genetic characterization of Nordic native breeds, through a literature search and obtaining census data. Six species and a total of 85 breeds were included. Studies were classified according to six different categories of characterization. Results showed that a large percentage of the breeds are not characterized at all. Moreover, most breeds have extremely low census sizes. A substantial effort to increase population sizes and document characteristics of Nordic native breeds, to promote conservation and sustainable use, is needed.