运输应激对山羊血清和空肠中HSP27、HSP70和HSP90含量的影响

为探讨运输应激对山羊血清和空肠中HSP27、HSP70和HSP90 3种热休克蛋白含量的影响,试验选取12只赣西山羊,随机分为对照组、运输应激2 h组和运输应激6 h组,应用双抗体夹心ELISA法测定山羊血清和空肠中3种热休克蛋白浓度。结果表明:与对照组相比,运输2 h山羊血清中HSP70和HSP90极显著升高(P<0.01),空肠中HSP70和HSP90显著升高(P<0.05),血清和空肠中HSP27有升高趋势(P>0.05);与对照组相比,运输6 h后血清中HSP70和HSP90分别极显著和显著升高(P<0.05和P<0.01),血清中HSP27含量以及空肠中3种蛋白含量均无显著变化(P>0.05);与运输2 h相比,运输6 h后3种蛋白含量都极显著降低(P<0.01)。结果显示,山羊对运输应激在细胞水平的适应性调节与血清中HSP70和HSP90蛋白水平升高有密切联系,运输2 h山羊通过上调HSP70和HSP90对应激导致的空肠损伤发挥细胞保护作用。     

热应激时鸡糖皮质激素受体和热休克蛋白的变化

本研究应用3H-Dex放射配体结合的Scatchard分析和35S-蛋氨酸体外标记法分别测定了环境温度40℃热应激时,鸡外周血淋巴细胞(PBL)的糖皮质激素受体(GR)的最大结合容量(Ro)、平衡解离常数(Kd)及其热休克蛋白的表达。结果显示在热应激处理后0．5～4h鸡PBL、GR、Ro从85．75±10．09fmol／107细胞迅速下降至15．34±2．89fmol／107细胞。仅为正常对照组Ro的17．90％(P＜0．01)。与此同时细胞热休克蛋白(HSP)的合成持续增加,主要有HSP100,HSP90,HSP70和HSP25。而在热应激最初0．5h细胞总的蛋白合成急剧下降,随着应激时间的延长,HSP合成的增多,细胞总的蛋白也逐渐恢复。提示HSP在热应激过程中对细胞结构和机能的重建、维持激素与GR的亲合力,稳定受体蛋白结构,提高机体热耐受力具有重要意义。     

夏季奶牛血液中热休克蛋白的表达量

选择40头体质健康的中国荷斯坦奶牛,根据胎次和泌乳天数,按照随机区组试验设计分为Ⅰ组（30kg/d）、Ⅱ组（30～35kg/d）、Ⅲ组（35～40kg/d）和Ⅳ组（40kg/d）。热应激前、热应激前期、热应激中期、热应激后期和热应激后分别于尾静脉采血,用ELISA试剂盒测定热休克蛋白（HSP）27,70,90的表达量。结果显示,Ⅳ组HSP27表达量最高,Ⅱ组表达量最低,Ⅳ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅰ组均显著高于Ⅱ组（P〈0.05）。HSP70表达量各组间没有明显差异,但随产奶量呈线性增加（P〈0.05）。HSP90的表达量,Ⅳ组和Ⅲ组明显高于Ⅱ组（P〈0.05）。HSP27的表达量热应激后差异较大;HSP70的表达量各组整个过程差异较大;HSP90的表达量在热应激前、热应激前期和热应激后差异较大。总之,在热应激过程,高产奶牛血清中热应激蛋白的表达量较高,HSP70表达量随产奶量呈线性增加,而不同热应激蛋白的变化规律差异较大。     

Influence of induced heat stress on HSP70 in buffalo lymphocytes

Heat stress in farm animals, such as cattle and buffalo during summer and post-summer seasons is a problem for livestock producers. The effect of heat stress becomes pronounced when heat stress is accompanied with ambient humidity impairing the immune status, growth, production and reproductive performance of animals. Increase in HSP70 levels from cell cultures in presence of different stressors often does not reflect the physiological adaptability of animals governing thermal regulation. In this study we directly compared the effect of different heat stress conditions with the immune status and HSP70 expression patterns from buffalo lymphocytes both in vivo and in vitro. Murrah buffalo calves were exposed to induced heat stress with two experimental treatments: hot-dry (42 °C with existing relative humidity) or hot humid (35 °C with 70% relative humidity) condition in psychometric chamber, 4 h daily for 12 days and compared with control animals maintained in an experimental shed under natural conditions. There was >200-fold increase in serum-HSP70 levels in both heat stress conditions compared with control. Furthermore, the immune status of the calves failed to activate the level of HSP70 expression in serum lymphocytes. Lymphocytes cultured in vitro at higher temperature exert 2.5-fold increase in HSP70 concentration. This study is the first of its kind to demonstrate more complex expression pattern of buffalo serum-HSP70 level as a thermo adaptive response compared with in vitro treated cells. Results from this study indicate that serum-HSP70 levels could be used as a sensitive biomarker for heat stress management in large farm animals.     

热休克蛋白70的生物学功能及应用的研究进展

热休克蛋白70(HSP 70)是热休克家族中最重要的一员,从细菌到哺乳动物中广泛存在。在正常生理状态下HSP 70表达水平很低,而理化刺激、病理刺激和生理刺激等均能显著诱导其表达。HSP 70具有较强分子伴侣、抗细胞凋亡、抗氧化、免疫调节等功能。本文就HSP 70的结构和分类、主要生物学功能及其在某些疾病治疗方面的应用作一综述。     

Purification, characterization and expression kinetics of heat shock protein 70 from Bubalus bubalis

The present work on Bubalus bubalis (buffalo) was designed to study heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) induction in lymphocytes, its purification and characterization. HSP70 induction and expression kinetics at different temperatures and time durations were also studied. HSP70 purification was carried out by immunoaffinity chromatography using adenosine di-phosphate (ADP-agarose column) and the characterization of the purified protein was done using western blotting by mouse monoclonal anti-HSP70. The molecular weight of HSP70 of buffalo lymphocytes was found to be approximately of 68 kDa and was less than that of bovine brain HSP70. The purified HSP70 was assessed using indirect inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A good amount of HSP70 (1430 ηg HSP70/100 μl) was recovered after purification, out of the total 2040.40 ηg of HSP70/100 μl of cell supernatant. To assess the impact of temperature and time dependent variability in the induction and expression pattern of HSP70, buffalo lymphocytes were subjected to three different temperature treatments, viz.: (I) 38 °C for 48 h and further exposed the same cells at 45 °C for 3 h, (II) 42 °C for 3 h, and (III) 45 °C for 3 h, respectively. The respective cell viability was found to be 68%, 63%, and 51%. The HSP70 levels were 58.30 ± 4.37, 42.59 ± 9.04 and 21.95 ± 6.79 ng/million cells, respectively, at three temperature exposures. The results indicates that higher intensity and duration of temperature exposure cause higher HSP70 induction in buffalo lymphocytes to maintain cellular homeostasis with a threshold of thermal dose for maximum HSP70 expression. However immediate induction of HSP70 in the lymphocytes was dependent on magnitude of thermal exposure (stress level) and time of thermal exposure (stress duration). The present study on HSP70 and its induction will help likely to solve the problems related to the present scenario of thermo-adaptability in buffaloes.     

Prospects of HSP70 as a genetic marker for thermo-tolerance and immuno-modulation in animals under climate change scenario

Heat stress induced by long periods of high ambient temperature decreases animal productivity, leading to heavy economic losses. This devastating situation for livestock production is even becoming worse under the present climate change scenario. Strategies focused to breed animals with better thermo-tolerance and climatic resilience are keenly sought these days to mitigate impacts of heat stress especially in high input livestock production systems. The 70-kDa heat shock proteins (HSP70) are a protein family known for its potential role in thermo-tolerance and widely considered as cellular thermometers. HSP70 function as molecular chaperons and have major roles in cellular thermotolerance, apoptosis, immune-modulation and heat stress. Expression of HSP70 is controlled by various factors such as, intracellular pH, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP), protein kinase C and intracellular free calcium, etc. Over expression of HSP70 has been observed under oxidative stress leading to scavenging of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and protection of pulmonary endothelial barrier against bacterial toxins. Polymorphisms in flanking and promoter regions in HSP70 gene have shown association with heat tolerance, weaning weight, milk production, fertility and disease susceptibility in livestock. This review provides insight into pivotal roles of HSP70 which make it an ideal candidate genetic marker for selection of animals with better climate resilience, immune response and superior performance.     

小鼠卵巢HSP70诱导表达的免疫荧光组织化学研究

试验采用免疫荧光组织化学法,检验了经历不同温度热应激后,在不同恢复期内小鼠卵巢组织HSP70的诱导表达,确立了HSP70诱导表达模式。结果表明：随着热应激温度的升高,卵巢组织HSP70的表达量增加,表达持续期延长,特别是经历了预应激小鼠的HSP70表达更显著。这说明在一定的热应激条件下。小鼠卵巢组织可发生HSP70的诱导表达,其表达量和表达持续期与热应激强度相关,而且热应激可显著促进HSP70的表达。     

Relationship between Clostridium septicum alpha-toxin activity and binding to erythrocyte membranes

The activity of Clostridium septicum alpha-toxin was determined in erythrocytes of various animals, with sensitivities observed in the order of mouse, rat, canine, equine, rabbit, chicken, bovine, swine and ovine. Temperature and protease treatment affected the sensitivity of erythrocytes to alpha-toxin. Proteinase K treatment decreased the sensitivity of murine, canine, equine and bovine erythrocytes, but ovine erythrocytes did not change the sensitivity to alpha-toxin activity. On the other hand, the activity of alpha-toxin on swine erythrocytes increased after treatment with proteinase K, trypsin, chymotrypsin or lysyl endopeptidase. Toxin overlay assay showed that alpha-toxin bound to erythrocyte membrane proteins with a molecular mass of 30 to 45-kDa in mouse, equine, bovine, swine and chicken, whereas in rat erythrocyte membranes the toxin reacted with 100-kDa protein. The treatment of murine and swine erythrocyte membranes with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C resulted in liberation of the toxin-binding protein from the individual membranes in a native state. These results show that alpha-toxin associates with specific erythrocyte membrane proteins in any animal species, and are subsets of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in various animal species. These results may reflect distinct characteristics of the hemolytic activity of alpha-toxin in response to various erythrocytes.     

牛磺鹅去氧胆酸对家禽和小鼠抗热应激作用研究

为探讨牛磺鹅去氧胆酸(taurochenodeoxycholic acid,TCDCA)对热应激条件下AA肉鸡、海兰褐仔鸡及昆明种小白鼠的抗热应激作用,试验检测了TCDCA对热应激条件下AA肉鸡死亡率、海兰褐仔鸡体增重及对热应激小鼠采食量、饮水量、增重、血清中皮质醇和甲状腺素(T3)含量、肝脏组织中热休克蛋白70(HSP70) mRNA表达的影响。结果表明,0.1和0.2 g/kg TCDCA可显著降低热应激AA肉鸡死亡率(P<0.05);0.05、0.1和0.2 g/kg TCDCA可极显著增加热应激海兰褐仔鸡的体增重(P<0.01);0.1 g/kg TCDCA能显著提高热应激小鼠的采食量和饮水量(P<0.05),而对其体增重无显著影响(P>0.05);0.05、0.1和0.2 g/kg TCDCA可使热应激小鼠血清T3含量显著降低(P<0.05);0.1和0.2 g/kg TCDCA可使热应激小鼠血清皮质醇含量显著升高(P<0.05);0.05、0.1和0.2 g/kg TCDCA可显著抑制热应激小鼠肝脏中HSP70 mRNA的表达(P<0.05)。综上所述,TCDCA具有抗热应激作用。     

Basic characterization of 90 kDa heat shock protein genes HSP90AA1, HSP90AB1, HSP90B1 and TRAP1 expressed in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)

In the current study, we describe four novel members of the 90 kDa heat shock protein (HSP90) family expressed in Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica. The coding regions of the genes, CjHSP90AA1, CjHSP90AB1, CjHSP90B1 and CjTRAP1, exhibited more than 94% similarity to their related genes in chicken. The putative proteins encoded by these quail genes contained motifs considered essential for HSP90 gene function. In addition, the predicted proteins were more similar to HSP90AA1, HSP90AB1, HSP90B1 and TRAP1 proteins expressed in vertebrates than they were to other members of the HSP90 family. Exon numbers of CjHSP90AA1 (11), CjHSP90AB1 (12) or CjTRAP1 (18) are the same as the chicken and mammalian orthologs. Furthermore, gene order in the regions surrounding CjHSP90AB1 and CjTRAP1 has been preserved, providing evidence that the genomic regions were orthologous to HSP90‐containing regions in the chicken genome. The promoter regions of the genes also contained conserved motifs identified in related genes of chicken. However, the nucleotide sequences of the 5′‐flanking region of these genes were highly polymorphic. We also found that CjHSP90AA1 exhibited a robust response to heat shock treatment. Taken together, the data suggest that CjHSP90AA1, CjHSP90AB1, CjHSP90B1 and CjTRAP1 encode orthologs of HSP90AA1, HSP90AB1, HSP90B1 and TRAP1, respectively.     

Molecular characterization of RNA and protein synthesis during a one-step growth curve of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in ovine (SFT-R) cells

The aim of this study was to determine the kinetics of noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) multiplication and synthesis of BVDV specific RNA and proteins in ovine cells (SFT-R) during a one-step growth curve. The virus titre and RNA level were determined by focus-forming assay and real time RT-PCR. The RNA synthesis was detected by Northern blot while synthesis of E2 and NS3 proteins was assayed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The results showed that synthesis of viral RNA is initiated at 4 h, NS3 and E2 proteins are detectable at 6-7 h and the replication cycle is complete at 10-12 h. Additionally, we provide evidence that NS2-3 protein was cleaved in ovine cells early during infection and in proliferated leukocytes of acutely infected sheep. This study showed that synthesis of BVDV RNA and proteins in ovine cells occurs at similar times as found in bovine cells.     

PCR方法鉴别肉骨粉中的动物成份种类

为防范疯牛病传入我国,有必要鉴别肉骨粉中动物成份的种类。针对牛、羊、猪和鸡四种动物的特异性核苷酸序列,分别选用和设计了四对特异性引物,用试剂盒提取四种动物的肉骨粉或者处理过的肉组织中的DNA,然后进行PCR扩增,所扩增的目的片断大小分别为271bp、199bp、196bp、148bp,运用PCR技术建立了鉴定这四种动物源性成分的方法。结果分别扩增出四种动物的特异性条带,证明该PCR方法具有很高的特异性和敏感性,而且成本低廉,简便易行,因此可以作为鉴别肉骨粉种类的常规方法。     

Heat-shock protein-specific T-cell responses in various stages of bovine paratuberculosis.

Bovine paratuberculosis is characterized by a chronic inflammation of the small intestine, caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. Research regarding diagnostic as well as immunopathogenic aspects of paratuberculosis are hampered by the lack of specific antigens. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of mycobacterial heat-shock proteins, as specific antigens, to measure cell-mediated immune responses during various stages of the disease. In a cross-sectional study, peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 179 cows in different stages of M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection, vaccinated against paratuberculosis or noninfected, were used to evaluate lymphoproliferative responses to mycobacterial heat-shock protein of 70 kD (HSP70) and 65 kD (HSP65). In addition, lymphoproliferative responses were measured using purified protein derivate (PPD) preparations from M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis, M. avium and M. bovis as antigens. Responses to HSP70 were higher in the vaccinated animals and in asymptomatic animals that shed the organism in their faeces. Compared with these animals, responses were lower in cows with clinical signs of paratuberculosis. Mycobacterial HSP65 induced less prominent responses compared with HSP70, but showed a similar pattern with regard to the stages of disease. Vaccinated and shedding animals also showed the highest responses to PPD derived from M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis (PPD-P). Observations with short-term cell lines raised to PPD-P and to HSP70 indicated that the similarity between those two antigens was not due to the presence of HSP70 in PPD-P. In conclusion, our study indicated that, as for PPD antigens the mycobacterial heat-shock protein-specific cell-mediated immune responses decrease when comparing the asymptomatic stage to the clinical stage in bovine paratuberculosis. Furthermore, this study shows that HSP70, being a well-defined antigen in comparison with PPD antigens, can be used to monitor cell-mediated immune responses in studies regarding the immunopathogenesis of bovine paratuberculosis.     

热休克蛋白70上调表达对热应激猪小肠上皮细胞凋亡的影响

本试验以谷氨酰胺作为热休克蛋白70(HSP70)诱导剂,从细胞凋亡线粒体信号转导途径探讨HSP70对热应激猪小肠上皮细胞(IPEC-J2)凋亡相关因子的影响。试验以体外培养的猪小肠上皮细胞为模型,分别加入不同浓度(1、2、4、6、8、10 mmol/L)谷氨酰胺的培养基中培养24 h,提取总RNA和总蛋白,用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot检测HSP70 mRNA和蛋白的相对表达量,筛选出谷氨酰胺诱导HSP70表达的最佳浓度。取对数生长期的细胞分为3组,分别为对照组(Con组,37℃培养12 h)、热应激组(Hs组,42℃培养12 h)、谷氨酰胺组(Gln组,6 mmol/L谷氨酰胺、42℃培养12 h)。采用Annexin V/PI双染法检测细胞凋亡水平,实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot分别检测HSP70、凋亡酶激活因子-1(Apaf-1)、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶-9(Caspase-9)、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶-3(Caspase-3)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2(Bcl-2)的mRNA和蛋白的相对表达量。结果表明:谷氨酰胺对HSP70上调表达呈先上升后下降的趋势,6 mmol/L的谷氨酰胺诱导时HSP70 mRNA和蛋白相对表达量最高,显著高于其他浓度(P<0.05),作为后续试验中Gln组的诱导条件。与Con组相比,Hs组细胞凋亡率极显著增加(P<0.01),HSP70、Apaf-1、Caspase-3、Caspase-9 mRNA和蛋白的相对表达量极显著升高(P<0.01),而Bcl-2 mRNA和蛋白的相对表达量极显著降低(P<0.01)。与Hs组相比,Gln组细胞凋亡率极显著降低(P<0.01),但仍极显著高于Con组(P<0.01);Gln组HSP70 mRNA和蛋白的相对表达量极显著升高(P<0.01);Gln组Apaf-1、Caspase-3、Caspase-9 mRNA和蛋白的相对表达量极显著降低(P<0.01),但极显著高于Con组(P<0.01);Gln组Bcl-2 mRNA和蛋白的相对表达量极显著升高(P<0.01),但极显著低于Con组(P<0.01)。由此可见,上调HSP70的表达可有效缓解热应激导致的猪小肠上皮细胞凋亡。     

Development of a method of measuring cellular stress in cattle and sheep

In the current studies, flow cytometric methods were used to demonstrate that heat shock protein (hsp) 70 is constitutively expressed in ovine and bovine leukocytes but that the level of expression varies considerably between different leukocyte types and between species. We also show that expression of hsp70 is upregulated in response to an in vitro heat shock treatment. The optimal temperature for heat shock of leukocytes from sheep and cattle is 43.5 degrees C. In sheep and cattle, the relative susceptibility of leukocyte type to upregulation of hsp70 expression, as assayed as percent positive cells, by in vitro heat shock was cell type specific. Best results were obtained from fresh samples; after storage at room temperature for 24h upregulation was highly variable between animals and less than in fresh samples. These studies demonstrate that evaluation of leukocyte hsp70 expression by flow cytometry is a robust, reproducible method for use in the evaluation of cellular stress responses in cattle and sheep. The application of the methods described may be a valuable tool in assessing in vivo stress responses in livestock species.     

The expressions of HSP70 and ��B-crystallin in myocarditis associated with foot-and-mouth disease virus in lambs

This study describes the expression of heat shock protein70 (HSP70) and alpha-basic-crystallin (α-BC) and their association with apoptosis and some related adaptor proteins in the pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)-induced myocarditis in lambs. HSP70 was generally overexpressed in the myocardial tissues and inflammatory cells of FMDV-induced myocarditis with differential accumulation and localization in same hearts when compared to non-foot-and-mouth disease control hearts. α-BC immunolabeling showed coarse aggregations in the Z line of the cardiomyocytes in FMDV-infected hearts in contrast to control hearts. Overall, the results of this study show that the anti-apoptotic proteins, HSP70 and α-BC, were overexpressed with increased apoptosis in FMDV-infected heart tissues. Both proteins failed to protect the cardiomyocytes from apoptosis as defense mechanisms to the FMDV during the infection, suggesting that the virus is able to increase apoptosis via both downregulation and/or upregulation of these anti-apoptotic proteins.