压水室结构对离心泵径向力影响的数值分析

采用SST k-ω湍流模型对不同压水室结构: 单蜗壳、双蜗壳、导叶和蜗壳匹配同一叶轮的离心泵进行定常和非定常数值模拟．根据数值计算结果比较并分析3种不同结构压水室离心泵外特性、定常和非定常径向力特性．结果表明,在全流量下,单蜗壳和双蜗壳离心泵流量-扬程曲线变化平缓,效率高效区较宽;单蜗壳离心泵径向力远大于其他2种形式离心泵;导叶式离心泵径向力方向随着流量增加基本不变,其他2种形式离心泵径向力方向随着流量的增加变化较大且从隔舌向蜗壳出口移动;单蜗壳离心泵和双蜗壳离心泵径向力整体变化趋势呈椭圆分布,导叶式离心泵径向力变化无规律性;单蜗壳离心泵径向力平衡较差,瞬态径向力幅度波动远大于其他2种形式离心泵．分析结果可对离心泵径向力的认识和设计提供依据．     

分流叶片对螺旋离心泵径向力的影响

为了改善单叶片螺旋离心泵叶轮径向力过大的问题,对单叶片叶轮设计分流叶片,并采用Navier-Stokes方程和标准的k-ε湍流模型对带分流叶片和不带分流叶片的螺旋离心泵的内部流场进行非定常数值模拟。通过模拟分别获得了带分流叶片和不带分流叶片的螺旋离心泵的蜗壳出口压力脉动特性以及作用在蜗壳和叶轮上的径向力特性,并对其进行分析比较。结果表明:各个工况下,带分流叶片和不带分流叶片的螺旋离心泵的蜗壳出口压力脉动特性、作用在蜗壳和叶轮上的径向力均呈周期性变化,且主频均为各自叶片通过频率;采用分流叶片后周期变为原模型周期的一半,蜗壳出口压力脉动幅值明显减小,作用在叶轮上的径向力明显减小,作用在叶轮上的径向力的变化趋势关于坐标轴对称性加强,且基本呈椭圆形分布;作用在蜗壳上的径向力虽有小幅提升,但是其脉动幅值减弱,且高频脉动减少。表明单叶片螺旋离心泵叶轮分流叶片的添加不仅可以有效减小叶轮上的径向力,而且对降低蜗壳上的振动特性有一定的积极作用。     

双吸泵系统开阀过程瞬态特性数值模拟

采用SST-SAS湍流模型,对一双吸离心泵闭式系统中泵启动和阀门开启两阶段的瞬态流动进行非定常数值模拟,研究了瞬态扬程、蜗壳内压力脉动及叶轮径向力等瞬态特征的变化规律。结果表明:泵启动阶段的瞬态扬程预测值与试验结果吻合良好;与稳态计算结果相比,瞬态开阀过程流动模拟所得扬程预测值与试验结果更为接近;不同开阀时间对泵的瞬态特性有重要影响,随着开阀时间增加,泵的瞬态流量明显增加,瞬态扬程变化不大;开阀过程中,蜗壳上各监测点的压力脉动呈周期性变化,其频率主要为叶片通过频率,蜗壳隔舌处压力脉动幅值变化最为剧烈;叶轮径向力随阀门开度增加而减小,在叶轮旋转周期内,叶轮径向力呈现以叶片通过频率为主频的周期性变化规律。     

蜗壳面积变化规律对低比转数离心泵性能的影响

为研究不同蜗壳面积变化规律对离心泵性能的影响,以一台单级单吸离心泵为研究对象,在保证叶轮及其他几何参数不变的前提下,针对4种蜗壳断面面积变化规律(即上凸式、线性式、下凹式和S形),进行泵内非定常数值计算及分析.结果表明:蜗壳面积变化规律在设计工况下对离心泵水力性能的影响较小,上凸式、下凹式和S形蜗壳面积变化规律的泵扬程和效率与线性式之差分别在1.4%和0.4%以内,而在非设计工况下,差异较大;不同蜗壳断面内的速度分布差异较大,线性式、下凹式和S形的速度分布较上凸式更为均匀;在设计工况下,上凸式和S形面积变化规律的蜗壳能有效降低泵内的压力脉动水平,其中S形面积变化规律的蜗壳效果最佳,而下凹式则会使泵内的压力脉动幅值增大;蜗壳面积规律变化引起叶轮周围静压分布变化,致使叶轮所受径向力的大小改变,线性式面积规律的泵叶轮平均径向力最小,上凸式面积规律的泵叶轮所受平均径向力最大.研究成果可为低脉动水平离心泵的优化设计提供一定参考.     

前后盖板长度对离心泵外特性与非定常特性的影响

为了研究前后盖板保留长度对离心泵外特性以及非定常特性的影响,以一台比转速为80的离心泵为研究对象,在切削叶轮的叶片外径保持不变的情况下,对比了不同前后盖板直径(168、174和180 mm)对外特性、径向力和压力脉动的影响。通过对离心泵进行全流场非定常计算发现,各流量下扬程、效率均随前后盖板保留长度的增加而增大,扬程最大相差2.14 m,效率最大相差3.5%;在设计工况下,3种方案下的径向力呈周期性变化,矢量图呈五芒星分布,前后盖板保留得越多,径向力越大;由于叶轮与隔舌动静干涉的作用,蜗壳内各监测点压力脉动的主频均为叶频,随着叶轮与蜗壳间间隙的减小,隔舌处的压力脉动在叶频处基本保持不变,其倍频逐渐增大,第二断面的压力脉动系数幅值也逐渐增大。     

不同径向间隙对离心泵动静干涉作用影响的数值模拟

通过改变蜗壳基圆直径改变叶轮与隔舌之间的间隙,采用SST模型对3个蜗壳基圆直径的离心泵全流道进行非定常数值模拟.3个蜗壳基圆直径分别为184、198和214 mm,其对应的间隙率为5.74％、13.79％和22.99％.通过非定常数值模拟获得了不同基圆直径离心泵的压力脉动特性、作用在叶轮上的径向力和扭矩特性,并对其进行比较分析.结果表明:不同测点的压力脉动、作用在叶轮上的径向力和扭矩呈周期波动,均以叶片通过频率为主;不同基圆直径泵叶轮上的径向力矢量图基本呈圆形分布;随着蜗壳基圆直径的增大,叶轮上的径向力先减小后增大,各测点压力脉动幅值逐渐减小,高频脉动也逐渐减少.同时针对蜗壳基圆直径为184 mm的泵进行数值模拟,并对该泵进行了性能试验,对比分析结果表明:数值模拟的结果是可信的.     

基于流固耦合的隔舌位置对双流道泵综合性能的影响

为了研究隔舌位置对双流道泵水力性能与结构性能的影响,针对3种不同隔舌安放角的双流道泵进行双向流固耦合计算,结果表明:水力性能方面,隔舌位置对扬程的影响较小,而对效率的影响较大,3种方案的最大扬程差仅为0.09 m,而最大效率差达1.1%;隔舌位置主要影响隔舌圆角及往第1断面方向附近与叶轮间隙处的压力脉动程度,隔舌安放角越大,压力脉动越强;叶轮旋转1周,蜗壳所受径向力呈现周期性变化规律,叶片扫过隔舌圆角时,蜗壳所受径向力最小,转过90°时径向力达到最大值.增大隔舌安放角可显著减小蜗壳所受径向力.结构性能方面,叶轮应力集中出现在出口吸力面,蜗壳应力集中出现在隔舌圆角附近靠后盖板处,增大隔舌安放角会增加蜗壳的最大应力值,但振幅减小;双流道泵发生10^-5m量级的位移,最大位移出现在蜗壳出口处,主要受叶片通过频率的影响,呈周期变化趋势,且随着隔舌安放角的增大,蜗壳最大变形量增大,振幅减小;隔舌位置对泵的振动速度影响比较明显,增大隔舌安放角,有助于减小振动.     

螺旋离心泵固液两相非定常流动诱导力特性

采用雷诺平均N-S方程,结合滑移网格技术对150×100LN-32型螺旋离心泵进行了固液两相非定常流动的数值计算,给出了在不同固相体积分数下蜗壳出口面的压力脉动、叶轮径向力、叶轮轴向力以及作用在叶轮上扭矩的分布规律,并分析了固相体积分数的变化对其大小和方向的影响.结果表明,不同固相体积分数对蜗壳出口面压力、作用在叶轮上的扭矩、轴向力和径向力在1个周期内的变化趋势和力的方向没有影响,但各个力的大小随着固相体积分数的增加而增大;蜗壳内壁各监测点的压力在1个旋转周期内呈波动状态,并且波动趋势明显不同,这与各监测点的位置和叶轮与蜗壳之间的干涉作用有关,随着叶轮的旋转,在螺旋叶片的作用下,全流道内的压力顺着蜗壳内壁沿叶轮旋转的方向逐渐增大;固相体积分数的改变对蜗壳内各监测点的压力脉动趋势影响较小,固相体积分数的增加使得各监测点的压力值随着固相体积分数的增加而增加,但是固相体积分数变化对蜗壳表面压力波动的幅值影响较小.     

双吸离心泵径向力数值分析

应用CFD软件对某型双吸离心泵的内部流场进行了数值计算,给出了不同工况下叶轮出口与蜗壳耦合面静压沿周向、轴向的分布规律.通过对比试验曲线与数值计算外特性曲线,发现两者比较吻合,相对误差小于5%,且数值计算叶轮出口周向压力分布曲线与试验曲线趋势一致.采用径向力出口压力法计算模型,计算了各工况下离心泵叶轮所受的径向力及其分量.结果表明：应用数值计算结果而建立的离心泵径向力计算模型具有一定的准确性.小流量工况时,径向力随流量的增加而减少;设计流量工况附近时,径向力达到最小值且不为0;大流量工况时,径向力随流量的增加而增加.     

叶轮口环间隙对离心泵性能及流动特性的影响

为了研究不同叶轮口环间隙对离心泵性能及其流动特性的影响,以一台单级单吸离心泵为研究对象,开展三维数值计算和试验.在传统口环间隙范围内选取2个不同的值(0.25 mm和0.50 mm)并选取一个大于常规范围的值(0.75 mm),通过对比各个间隙下离心泵的性能和前腔的流动特性,获得了前口环间隙对离心泵性能及流动特性的影响规律.结果表明:随着叶轮口环间隙的增大,离心泵扬程随之减小,效率也随之降低;口环间隙为0.50 mm时叶轮所受的径向力最大,其次是0.25 mm,0.75 mm时最小;随着口环间隙的增大,口环圆周截面的总压分布更加均匀,与前腔相接的部位总压下降,与叶轮进口相接的部位总压上升;受口环及叶轮前盖板所产生的离心力影响,前腔内流体的径向分速度随口环间隙的增大而增大,前腔轴截面的涡量也随之增大,流线的形状更加流畅规则.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。