胶东半岛丘陵区典型流域气温-降

利用大沽夹河流域1966~2003年各水文站逐年、月气温和降水实测资料，采用线性倾向估计和Mann-Kendall法，对流域气候变化趋势的年季特征及突变性进行了分析。结果表明，（1）近40年来，大沽夹河流域年平均气温整体呈上升趋势，降水呈下降趋势，气候倾向率分别为0.20℃/10a和-42.17mm/10a。（2）春、夏、冬三季平均气温均呈上升趋势，秋季呈下降趋势。春、冬季的气温倾向率大于全年且冬季高于春季（分别为0.216和0.583℃/10a），夏季的气温倾向率（0.01℃/10a）小于全年；各季平均降水的变化趋势与年降水量变化趋势基本相似，整体亦呈减少趋势，但减少的幅度均明显小于全年平均降水。其中，夏秋季下降趋势较快，春冬季较慢，倾向率分别为-21.76、-15.52、-2.52和-2.25mm/10a。（3）除冬季外，各季及年平均气温均在1972年左右发生突变。其中，夏季在1994年左右发生第二次突变，秋季突变次数相对较多；降水的突变多发生在1970s和1980s初。     

多模式多情景下西北内陆干旱区未来气候变化预估

基于排放情景RCP2.6,RCP4.5和RCP8.5,采用站点实测资料、ERA-40再分析资料以及从23种大气环流模式中优选的5种大气环流模式数据,构建统计降尺度模型SDSM,预估中国西北内陆干旱地区黑河流域的未来(2021-2050年)日最高、最低气温以及降水情景.结果表明:构建的降尺度模型对黑河流域气温模拟效果较好,率定期及验证期中的决定系数R^{2和纳什效率系数NSE均在0.9以上,均方根误差RMSE整体控制在实测值的20%内;降水模拟效果较气温而言略差,但除下游沙漠地区模拟效果一般外,其余地区模拟结果的R2及NSE均在0.500以上.未来情景预估结果表明:较基准期(1976-2005年)而言,未来3种排放情景下仅1种模式模拟的降水量整体呈下降趋势,其余4种模式模拟的结果有增有减,年降水量变化幅度大多在±10%以内;不同季节、月份间的降水量变幅差异性更为显著,且大多模式显示出夏季降水减少,春季降水增多的现象;所有模式模拟的未来最高、最低气温较基准期而言均呈上升趋势,最高气温增幅大于最低气温增幅,且气温增幅随典型浓度目标值提升而升高.}     

鄱阳湖流域未来降水和气温变化模拟预测——基于SDSM统计降尺度方法

研究鄱阳湖流域的降水和气温变化为指导湖区防洪抗旱、保护生态、开发利用水资源和保证流域社会经济协调发展等具有重要作用。利用SDSM统计降尺度方法以及NCEP大尺度再分析数据对鄱阳湖流域降水和气温进行降尺度模拟,效果较好。利用全球气候模式HadCM3的输出,预测鄱阳湖流域在A2和B2情景下未来降水和气温变化。通过分析发现,未来降水相比基准年长期呈现整体减少趋势,而未来气温相比基准年长期呈现整体增加趋势,根据研究结果推论未来鄱阳湖径流可能会呈减少变化。     

近50 a新疆且末县红枣农业气候资源变化特征分析

本研究以且末县红枣为研究对象，利用且末县1971-2020年逐日气象数据资料，采用Mann-Kendall突变检测、小波分析、气候倾向率等方法，分析红枣生长季农业气候资源变化特征，为当地红枣产业适应气候变化提供科学依据。结果表明：红枣生长季平均气温和≥10℃积温呈显著增加趋势，气候倾向率分别为0.36℃/10 a、98.4（℃·d）/10 a，分别在2003年和2008年发生了由少由到多的显著突变；降水量变化不明显，呈略微的增加趋势，年际间波动较大。日照时数呈减少趋势，在1981年发生由多到少的突变，气候倾向率为24.4 h/10 a；夏季高温日数呈增加趋势，尤其以7月份的增加显著，增加速率为2.0 d/10 a ；夏季气温日较差平均15.8℃，6～8月气温日较差均呈减少趋势，但变化不明显。春季、夏季的大风日数和沙尘日数呈均减少趋势，其中大风日数显著减少，沙尘日数年际分布不均。气候变化背景下，且末县红枣生长季光热资源丰富、气温日较差大，总体有利于红枣产量的提高，但开花坐果期高温日数的增加，对红枣生长发育有一定影响。     

生育期模型的不确定性对未来四川水稻灌溉需水量影响

生育期的准确模拟是预估未来气候变化对作物耗水影响的关键,但不同生育期模型间差异较大,其不确定性还未充分研究。采用3种经充分率定和验证的水稻生育期模型(ORYZA2000、CERES-RICE和RCM)结合降尺度后的CMIP5大气环流模式,模拟两种情景下(RCP4.5、RCP8.5)未来3个时期(2020s、2050s、2080s)四川省水稻生育期的变化趋势,再结合水量平衡模型和水稻常规灌溉制度,预估灌溉需水量的变化,同时评估模拟结果的不确定性。结果表明,未来气温的显著升高导致四川省水稻生育期长度显著缩短,而降水量的显著增加导致了灌溉需水量的明显减少。不同生育期模型在模拟水稻生育期以及灌溉需水量时存在着一定的差异,3种生育期模型模拟未来水稻生育期长度的偏差分别为天-2.8 d、-2.3 d、+4.2 d,模拟的灌溉需水量偏差分别为-1.4%、-2.4%、+3.8%,表明3个模型的模拟结果偏差在可以接受的范围内。     

资料匮乏地区径流降尺度模型构建及预测

基于贝叶斯神经网络,构建了资料匮乏地区的径流降尺度模型,模拟了叶尔羌河卡群站月平均径流,与BP神经网络的结果进行了对比,验证了BNN的优越性,并结合CMIP5三种气候模式GFDL_ESM2G,GFDL_ESM2M及MIROC5的RCP 4.5,RCP 6.0,RCP 8.5三种情景,对未来3个时段(2020年代,2050年代,2080年代)卡群站月平均径流进行了预测,并定量计算了预测的不确定性区间,研究表明:贝叶斯神经网络降尺度模型可以较好地捕捉叶尔羌河的径流特征,即相关系数达到0.9以上,效率系数达到0.8,且模拟效果比ANN较优;未来情景下,叶尔羌河流域受气温升高影响,3个时段年径流均呈现增加的趋势,增加幅度分别为75%~92%,83%~110%,88%~127%,其中RCP8.5情景下的径流增加幅度比其他情景较明显;不同月份径流存在不同程度的增加趋势,其中5-8月份变化趋势相对较明显。     

基于统计降尺度的长江上游流域降水和气温的时空变化趋势研究

基于长江流域宜昌站以上集水区的气象站实测数据,采用等距离累积分布函数法(Equidistance Cumulative Distribution Function Method,EDCDFm),对国际耦合模式比较计划第5阶段(Phase Five of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5,CMIP5)的2种排放情景下(RCP4.5,RCP8.5)8个气候模式模拟的降水和气温进行统计降尺度。在此基础上,采用平均绝对误差、相对偏差和相关系数评估EDCDFm模拟结果与历史阶段(1961-2005年)实测站点数据的模拟精度,并对长江上游流域降水和气温的变化进行趋势分析。结果表明EDCDFm降尺度的模拟结果与实测值的拟合程度高,月降水相关系数达到0.89以上,月平均气温的相关系数在0.98以上;2种排放情景下,长江上游未来时期(2010-2099年)的降水、气温均呈增加趋势,且气温显著性增加。     

气候变化对青藏高原陆地水储量的影响

陆地水储量是降水、蒸散发、径流及下渗等水文过程的综合反映，控制不同尺度的水文循环过程。分析青藏高原陆地水储量在长时间尺度上的变化情况，明晰气候变化产生的影响，可为认识青藏高原的水安全风险并制定相应的水资源管理措施提供科学参考。研究综合使用GRACE数据与ISI-MIP2b多模型数据，利用多模型权重法、Mann-Kendall趋势分析等方法分析了青藏高原1861-2005年与2006-2099年陆地水储量的时空变化情况，通过试验情景设计探究了气候变化对陆地水储量及地下水储量的影响。结果表明：(1)GRACE数据显示青藏高原陆地水储量在2002-2017年间呈减少趋势，水储量变化空间异质性强，高原南部呈减少趋势，北部呈增加趋势。(2)ISI-MIP2b模拟结果显示1861-2005年间青藏高原陆地水储量在工业革命前情景（PIC）与历史情景（HIST）下呈增加趋势，气候变化降低了陆地水储量的增加速率（0.50 km3/a），同时使高原东部及中部大部分地区的陆地水储量由PIC情景下的增加趋势变为减少趋势。(3)2006-2099年间，PIC情景下青藏高原陆地水储量呈增加趋势，RCP2.6、RC...     

气候变化下雅砻江流域降水时空变化特征研究

雅砻江流域是我国重要的水电能源基地,在全球气候变化背景下,研究雅砻江流域内降水变化规律及未来的降水变化趋势具有重要意义.利用SDSM统计降尺度模型对GCM全球气候模式数据进行降尺度,模拟雅砻江流域未来的降水变化情况.通过趋势分析、M-K趋势检验及突变检验、Morlet小波分析等方法分析了雅砻江流域历史期及未来3种浓度路...     

景电灌区降水与气温随时间变化特征分析

为探明景电灌区近年来气候变化规律,深化对灌区气候变化的认识和理解,以甘肃省景泰县1983—2017年的降水及气温日数据为基础,运用线性倾向分析、Mann-Kendall趋势检验及小波分析等方法,研究了景电灌区降水与气温不同时间尺度的变化,并预测了灌区降水的发展趋势,结果表明:近35 a景电灌区降水量呈缓慢上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.38 mm/a,冬灌降水呈显著上升趋势,其余灌季均呈下降趋势;灌区年降水量变化存在7 a和11 a这2个主要的周期尺度;灌区近35 a平均气温和极高气温均呈显著上升趋势,气候倾向率分别为0.056,0.050 ℃/a,而极低气温上升趋势不明显;灌区各灌季平均气温均呈上升趋势.由此看出,景电灌区气候变化整体呈暖湿化趋势,灌季尺度上,仅冬灌期间呈现明显的暖湿化趋势,其余灌季呈暖干化趋势.     

Responses of crop yield and water use efficiency to climate change in the North China Plain

Based on future climate change projections offered by IPCC, the responses of yields and water use efficiencies of wheat and maize to climate change scenarios are explored over the North China Plain. The climate change projections of 21st century under A2A, B2A and A1B are from HadCM3 global climate model.A climate generator (CLIGEN) is applied to generate daily weather data of selected stations and then the data is used to drive CERES-Wheat and Maize models. The impacts of increased temperature and CO₂ on wheat and maize yields are inconsistent. Under the same scenario, wheat yield ascended due to climatic warming, but the maize yield descended. As a more probable scenario, climate change under B2A is moderate relative to A2A and A1B. Under B2A in 2090s, average wheat yield and maize yield will respectively increase 9.8% and 3.2% without CO₂ fertilization in this region. High temperature not only affects crop yields, but also has positive effect on water use efficiencies, mainly ascribing to the evapotranspiration intensification. There is a positive effect of CO₂ enrichment on yield and water use efficiency. If atmospheric CO₂ concentration reaches nearly 600 ppm, wheat and maize yields will increase 38% and 12% and water use efficiencies will improve 40% and 25% respectively, in comparison to those without CO₂ fertilization. However, the uncertainty of crop yield is considerable under future climate change scenarios and whether the CO₂ fertilization may be realized is still needed further research.     

A preliminary assessment of climate change impacts on sugarcane in Swaziland

The spatial and temporal impacts of climate change on irrigation water requirements and yield for sugarcane grown in Swaziland have been assessed, by combining the outputs from a general circulation model (HadCM3), a sugarcane crop growth model and a GIS. The CANEGRO model (embedded with the DSSAT program) was used to simulate the baseline and future cane net annual irrigation water requirements (IR_net) and yield (t ha⁻¹) using a reference site and selected emissions scenario (SRES A2 and B2) for the 2050s (including CO₂-fertilisation effects). The simulated baseline yields were validated against field data from 1980 to 1997. An aridity index was defined and used to correlate agroclimate variability against irrigation need to estimate the baseline and future irrigation water demand (volumetric). To produce a unit weight of sucrose equivalent to current optimum levels of production, future irrigation needs were predicted to increase by 20-22%. With CO₂-fertilisation, the impacts of climate change are offset by higher crop yields, such that IR_net is predicted to increase by 9%. The study showed that with climate change, the current peak capacity of existing irrigation schemes could fail to meet the predicted increases in irrigation demand in nearly 50% of years assuming unconstrained water availability.     

The impact of climate change on maize yields in the United States and China

This study analyzes the impacts of climate change on maize yields using an econometric model that incorporates climate, economic, and technology variables. The major finding is climate change will not universally cause negative impacts of maize yields in the United States and China. The results of a simulation of climate change on maize yields over the period 2008-2030 show that a combination of changes in temperature and precipitation can either bring positive or negative effects on maize yields. Furthermore, variation in regional climatic and economic conditions makes the impacts of climatic change on maize yields substantially different in different regions. In this research, the impacts of climate change on maize yields are not simply examined by climate factors. Economic and technology adaptation effects on maize yields are also incorporated. Thus, even with significant changes in climate conditions that alter the maize crop’s growing environment and affect crop yields, a decrease in maize supply due to a decrease in maize yields would lead to an increase in the maize price, which in turn would induce farmers to add more investments in production inputs to raise yields. Thus, the decrease in actual yields may not be as dramatic as predicted in only climate factor considered cases. In this research, findings gained from the study can be used for early-staged policymaking decisions and advanced problem prevention programs. To ensure the continuous increase in maize yields in the future, further studies and research, as well as efficient environmental policies and actions are required.     

Sensitivity of groundwater recharge under irrigated agriculture to changes in climate, CO2 concentrations and canopy structure

Estimating groundwater recharge in response to increased atmospheric CO₂ concentration and climate change is critical for future management of agricultural water resources in arid or semi-arid regions. Based on climate projections from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, this study quantified groundwater recharge under irrigated agriculture in response to variations of atmospheric CO₂ concentrations (550 and 970 ppm) and average daily temperature (+1.1 and +6.4 °C compared to current conditions). HYDRUS 1D, a model used to simulate water movement in unsaturated, partially saturated, or fully saturated porous media, was used to simulate the impact of climate change on vadose zone hydrologic processes and groundwater recharge for three typical crop sites (alfalfa, almonds and tomatoes) in the San Joaquin watershed in California. Plant growth with the consideration of elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration was simulated using the heat unit theory. A modified version of the Penman-Monteith equation was used to account for the effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration. Irrigation amount and timing was based on crop potential evapotranspiration. The results of this study suggest that increases in atmospheric CO₂ and average daily temperature may have significant effects on groundwater recharge. Increasing temperature caused a temporal shift in plant growth patterns and redistributed evapotranspiration and irrigation water use earlier in the growing season resulting in a decrease in groundwater recharge under alfalfa and almonds and an increase under tomatoes. Elevating atmospheric CO₂ concentrations generally decreased groundwater recharge for all crops due to decreased evapotranspiration resulting in decreased irrigation water use. Increasing average daily temperature by 1.1 and 6.4 °C and atmospheric CO₂ concentration to 550 and 970 ppm led to a decrease in cumulative groundwater recharge for most scenarios. Overall, the results indicate that groundwater recharge may be very sensitive to potential future climate changes.     

草甸草原区羊草生育期蒸散量变化规律研究

基于2005~2006年羊草生育期气象因子及生理因子野外观测试验数据,用联合国粮农组织FAO-56分册中最新双作物系数法以日为时段计算了羊草2个不同水文年的蒸散量。模拟计算的蒸腾、蒸发量与实际观测值间进行了拟合相关图、拟合优度参数法的有效性检验。用羊草生育期生理特性、冠层结构变化、气象要素和根系层土壤含水率变化对计算结果进行了分析,得出生育期各生长阶段蒸散量和日平均蒸散强度及它们的变化规律。     

江苏省参考作物蒸散量的时空变化及影响因素分析

【目的】参考作物蒸散量是水分循环和能量循环的重要组成部分,研究其变化特征及影响因素可以为该地区合理利用水资源,高效水分管理及农业生产布局提供参考。【方法】利用1961-2018年江苏省60个站点的风速、温度、相对湿度和日照时数等逐日数据计算了逐日蒸散量(ET0),并采用气候倾向率、敏感性分析、通径分析、贡献率分析等方法对江苏省ET0的时空变化及影响因素进行分析。【结果】①江苏省1961-2018年平均ET0为976.8 mm,区域整体ET0的变化幅度为-0.44 mm/10 a,共有28个站点ET0呈增加趋势(47%),主要分布在无锡以及苏州等苏南区域,共有11个站点ET0增加趋势显著(p<0.05),其中无锡、太仓、靖江地区ET0气候倾向率较大,分别为18.6、19.0、30.0 mm/10 a。共有32个站点ET0呈减小趋势(53%),主要分布在连云港、徐州、宿迁等苏北地区,共有16个站点ET0减小趋势显著(p<0.05),其中新沂、泗洪、灌南地区ET0减小趋势较大,分别为-19.2、-23.1、-23.2 mm/10a;②丰县(1 007.4 mm)、徐州(1 041.1 mm)以及西连岛(1 130.3 mm)区域为ET0的高值中心;③ET0对平均温度、日照时间、风速为正敏感,对相对湿度为负敏感,且ET0对相对湿度最敏感。平均温度、日照时间、风速、相对湿度与ET0决策系数分别为0.09、0.33、-0.02、0.29。敏感系数空间分布上,ST与SWS纬向分布特征都较明显;④贡献率分析表明,主要影响因素为风速的有22个站点,均分布在苏北地区,其中沛县、泗阳、新沂站风速对ET0变化贡献较大,分别为-13.44%、-12.52%、-12.49%,主要影响因素为相对湿度的有38个站点,主要分布在苏南地区,其中丹阳、靖江、昆山站相对湿度对ET0变化贡献较大,分别为18.47%、18.57%、20.87%,全区平均温度和日照时间不对ET0变化产生主要影响。【结论】苏北地区ET0变化的主要影响因素是风速,且风速贡献率为负,苏南地区ET0变化的主要影响因素是相对湿度,相对湿度贡献率为正。     

岷江源区Hargreaves法适用性与未来参考作物蒸散量预测

利用岷江源区1961—2010年逐日气象数据,采用FAO 56 Penman-Monteith和Hargreaves公式计算参考作物蒸散量,并以FAO 56 Penman-Monteith为标准对Hargreaves公式适用性进行评价,通过对Hargreaves公式转换系数C0进行修正,建立基于月尺度的参考作物蒸散发公式,结合Reg CM4.0区域模型生成的温度数据,对未来(2011—2099年)研究区参考作物蒸散发量变化进行预测。研究结果表明:通过通径分析发现,在岷江源区气温是影响参考作物蒸散量最重要的气象因子,采用基于温度法的参考作物蒸散发公式具有理论依据;采用未修正的Hargreaves公式明显高估了该区域参考作物蒸散量,特别是在雨季4—10月;修正后的Hargreaves公式绝对偏差与相对偏差显著减小,与FAO 56 Penman-Monteith月值之间均方根误差RMSE为3.76 mm、效率指数EF为0.39、可决系数CD为0.84,吻合系数d为0.8,能够满足研究区参考作物蒸散发估算精度;在未来气候变化情景下岷江源区参考作物蒸散量总体呈增加趋势,气候倾向率为5.6 mm/(10 a)。     

Effects of rising atmospheric CO2 on crop evapotranspiration in a Mediterranean area

In the assessment of plant response to the climate changes, the effects of CO₂ increase in the atmosphere and the subsequent rise of temperatures must be taken into account for their effects on crop physiology. In Mediterranean areas, a decrease of water availability and a more frequent occurrence of drought periods are expected. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of elevated CO₂ concentration and high temperature on reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop evapotranspiration (ETc) in the Mediterranean areas. The Penman-Monteith equation was used to simulate the future changes of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) by the recalibration of the canopy resistance parameter. Besides, crop coefficients (Kc) were adjusted according to the future climate trend. Then the modified empirical model (ETc = ETo × Kc) was applied providing an effective quantification of the climate change impact on water use of irrigated crops grown in Mediterranean areas. In the studied area, water use assessment was carried out for the period from 1961 to 2006 (measured data) and for a period from 2071 until 2100 (simulated data), showing a future climatic scenario. Water and irrigation use of crops will change as a function of climate changes, thermal needs of single crops and time of the year when they grow. Climate simulation model foresees the tendency for a significant increase of temperatures and a decrease of total year rainfall with a change of their distribution. The temperature increase and the concomitant expected rainfall decrease lead to a rise of year potential water deficit. About the autumn-spring crops, as wheat, a further increase of water deficit, is not expected. On the contrary, for spring-summer crops as tomato, a significant increase of water deficit and thus of irrigation need, is foreseen. Actually, for crops growing in that period of the year, the substantial rise of evapotranspiration demand cannot be compensated by crop cycle reduction and partial stomatal closure.     

塘堰调控对未来气候变化下典型灌区氮负荷排放的影响

基于SWAT模型建立了适用于漳河灌区杨树垱小流域水量平衡和面源污染模拟分布式水文模型,利用模型模拟分析了未来气候变化对灌区氮负荷排放的影响,以及增加塘堰汇流面积对未来气候变化下氮负荷的调控作用。结果表明,未来气候情景下,灌区氮负荷排放量明显增加;增加塘堰汇流面积,灌区产流量减少,并且氮负荷排放量能与现状条件下的持平甚至减少。增加塘堰汇流面积是未来气候情景下提高灌区水肥利用效率,削减氮污染排放的有效措施;为使总氮排放负荷不增加,未来气候情景下研究区塘堰汇流面积的合理增幅为30%。     

淮河流域极端气候事件非平稳特征研究

气候变化和人类活动导致极端气候事件呈现非平稳性,传统的平稳性分析方法已不能正确揭示气候极值的真实时空分布规律。利用淮河流域1960-2018年日值气温和降水数据,对极端气候事件指数平稳性特征进行判定,采用非平稳广义极值分布(GEV)和广义帕累托分布(GPD)解读极端气候事件的空间分布特征。主要结果为:①低温极值中,超门限最低气温(Tmingpd)和1日最低气温(Tnn)表现出显著增加趋势,变化幅度分别为0.16 d/a和0.04℃/a。超门限最高气温(Tmaxgpd)、1日最高气温(Txx)、超门限降水(Pregpd)和1日最大降水量(Rx1day)均表现为不显著变化;②不同的平稳性检验方法会导致气候极值序列存在一定的平稳性差异,总体上Tmingpd和Tnn在淮河流域表现为非平稳性,Pregpd和Rx1day表现为平稳性,Tmaxgpd和Txx表现相对复杂,平稳性和非平稳性同时存在;③低温极值(Tnn、Tmingpd)30年重现水平从南向北变化,反应纬度地带性规律;高温极值(Txx、Tmaxgpd)从东部向西部减少,反应海洋对陆地气温的调节作用;降水极值(Rx1day、Pregpd)30年重现水平从东南向西北递降,反应东亚季风的逐步减弱。该研究可以进一步提高对极端气候事件时空规律的科学认识,为流域水资源管理和区域防灾减灾提供科学依据与理论支撑。