苹果三维树冠水分利用效率动态模拟

通过构建三维树冠净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)的耦合模型,可模拟出树冠内叶片瞬时水分利用效率(WUEI)的三维分布。根据2011–2012年27年生开心形苹果树 (Malus domestica Borkh. cv.)试验数据拟合模型参数,进而确定树冠内三维Pn和Tr分布。数值模拟结果显示,WUEI随CO2浓度和湿度的增加而迅速增加,随温度和叶水势的增大而减少;当光合有效辐射低于光饱和点时WUEI随PAR的增加而增加,超过光饱和点后WUEI变化不显著。在一天当中苹果冠层WUEI整体呈双峰曲线,多云时WUEI最高,晴天的WUEI比阴天高42%,约为2.98 mmol?mol-1。结果表明,该耦合模型能模拟出不同小气候条件和叶片水势下苹果三维树冠WUEI的维分布和动态变化。     

冬小麦叶片生长特征的动态模拟

叶片形态生长特征是作物群体发育动态的重要内容,在很大程度上决定了作物冠层内的光分布、CO₂传输及光合生产等^[1,2],同时也是作物生长诊断及遗传育种等多个研究领域的重要生理指标^[2]。近年来,随着农业信息技术的飞速发展和虚拟现实技术在农业上的应用,使得建立作物形态建成模拟模型和虚拟作物生长系统成为可能,其中前者是后者的基础,也是当前数字化可视化农作系统研究的关键技术。迄今为止,关于作物叶片形态生长特征的模拟虽有报道^[3~10],但由于禾谷类作物的叶片形态的复杂性、可变性以及形态指标的难获取性,准确描述禾其变化特征仍是有待研究解决的一个难点^[1]。在其描述中,叶长、叶形、叶面积是最主要的决定因素,对作物的个体和群体形态建成产生直接的影响^[1,3]。为此,本研究以冬小麦为试材,通过对不同株型冬小麦品种不同叶位叶片生长特征的连续观察和定量分析,构建冬小麦叶片生长特征的动态模拟模型,包括叶长、叶形和叶面积生长动态,以期为虚拟小麦生长系统的建立提供技术基础。     

基于叶片显微结构筛选耐盐碱苹果砧木

从叶片解剖学角度分析不同苹果砧木品种的耐盐碱性,旨在筛选适宜新疆南疆盐碱土壤栽培的优良苹果砧木。本研究以7种四年生苹果砧木为试验材料,将NaCl、Na₂SO₄、NaHCO₃、Na₂CO₃按1:9:9:1的比例混合,盆栽浇灌1/2 Hoagland营养液,模拟浓度为60 mmol/L的盐碱复合胁迫,对照浇灌1/2 Hoagland营养液。通过光学显微镜观察14项叶片解剖结构,并结合主成分分析法和聚类系统法综合评价各砧木的耐盐碱性。研究发现盐碱复合胁迫对砧木叶片叶肉解剖结构产生的影响大于叶脉结构;盐碱复合胁迫后,耐盐碱性较强的砧木叶片的栅栏组织细胞、维管束结构和厚薄壁组织细胞变得发达,组织紧实度增大,而耐盐碱性较弱的砧木叶片的栅栏组织细胞短缩,海绵组织疏松,组织疏松度变大,主脉厚度减小。结果表明,7种供试材料的耐盐碱性分为三类,包括耐盐碱性强的八棱海棠,较强的小金海棠和平邑甜茶,较弱的野苹果、白海棠、山定子、湖北海棠。本研究结果为耐盐碱性强的苹果砧木选育提供一定的理论依据和参考价值...     

苹果叶片过氧化物酶理化性质分析

以“青富１３”苹果叶片为试材，研究了苹果过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）的理化性质。结果表明：苹果叶片ＰＯＤ同工酶可粗分为酸性酶和碱性酶两大类，酸性酶的最适ｐＨ在６．０左右，碱性酶的最适ｐＨ在９．０左右；在最适ｐＨ条件下，不同的缓冲液体系对ＰＯＤ活性有一定的影响；该酶系最适温度综合表现为２５℃左右，热稳定性试验表明苹果ＰＯＤ相当耐热，８０℃可维持活性２ｍｉｎ左右 ，５５℃可保持活性７２ｈ；底物试验证明，该酶系     

避雨栽培对苹果叶片生长的影响

为了探讨避雨栽培对苹果叶片生长的影响,以11年生‘富士’苹果(Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Fuji’)和11年生‘金冠’苹果(Malus pumila Mill. ‘Golden Delicious’)为试材,采用避雨栽培的方法,研究避雨栽培对叶片生长发育的影响。结果表明：避雨栽培‘金冠’苹果叶片比露地栽培的叶片厚,但没有显著性差异。避雨设施降低光照强度,叶片中叶绿素含量避雨栽培高于露地栽培;叶片矿质元素锌、钾、锰、镁、磷和铜元素含量是避雨栽培比露地栽培高,铁和钙元素含量与之相反;光合相关基因psaB、psbA、psbD、RA、atpB的表达有所差别,以atpB基因最为明显,它仅在避雨栽培条件下表达,而psbA表达基本不受栽培方式的影响。试验结果为苹果避雨栽培的应用提供了重要的依据。     

苹果叶片蛋白质双向电泳样品制备方法的比较

为探索适用于苹果叶片蛋白质组学研究的样品制备方法,比较了三氯乙酸/丙酮沉淀法（TCA）、酚-甲醇/醋酸铵沉淀法和Tris-HCl提取法等3种总蛋白质的提取方法。制备的样品经双向电泳分离采用银染显色。结果3种方法分别得到450、374和1032个蛋白质点。认为Tris-HCl提取法为最适方法,所得图谱背景清晰,蛋白质信息量最大。     

控释肥对苹果叶片叶绿素影响的研究

为探讨叶绿素对控释肥的响应机制,从而为控释肥在果树上的应用提供理论依据。采用苹果专用控释肥和普通复合肥为试材,设计不同控释肥养分含量处理的方法,研究了控释肥对苹果叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素等含量的影响。结果表明,控释肥提高了苹果叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素的含量,以CRF3(19-7-19)处理的最高,分别提高4.8%、7.3%和5.6%。控释肥增加了叶绿素含量,促进了光合作用,可有效提高苹果产量和改善品质。     

适于SDS-PAGE分析的苹果叶片蛋白质提取方法

为探索苹果叶片蛋白质SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分析的样品制备方法,比较了三氯乙酸(TCA)/丙酮沉淀法、改良的Tris-HC1法、酚-甲醇/醋酸铵沉淀法、二硫苏糖醇(DTT)/丙酮法及Tris-HC1法等5种蛋白质的提取方法.制备的样品经SDS-PAGE分离采用银染显色.结果表明,改良的Tris-HC1法在加大PVPP用量和蛋白质提取缓冲液的基础上,将丙酮沉淀蛋白质的时间由30 mln增加到1 h,使蛋白质的得率最高为3.243μg/μL,上样量5μL得到的蛋白质条带数量最多,条带最清晰为41条.利用这一改良方法对苹果实生树不同节位蛋白质的动态变化进行了研究,共发现6条蛋白质差异带,分子量分别为71.9,60.5,52.6,41.1,35.3,18.5 kDa,条带清楚,背景清晰.因此,改良的Tris-HC1法适用于苹果叶片的SDS-PAGE分析.     

洛川苹果虫害的动态监测

为了研究洛川苹果虫害的发生规律及其动态监测,以对渭北黄土高原果园有害生物生态调控具有实践指导意义。2001-2010年在洛川苹果园,通过田间试验与室内实验相结合的方法,对苹果虫害进行了动态监测。结果表明：该地区果园虫害不同年度的发生规律和危害评价有不同程度的差异。因此,每年和常年动态监测可为苹果虫害的生态调控提供更准确的信息。     

水稻叶片伸长过程的模拟模型

水稻叶片生长过程的动态模拟, 对于实现水稻生长的数字化和可视化表达具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。本研究以4个不同株型的水稻品种为试验材料, 通过对水分试验、氮素试验条件下不同叶位叶片的叶长、叶宽特征进行连续观测, 综合分析了水稻叶片几何形态指标随生育进程和环境条件的变化规律, 进而构建了水稻叶片生长过程的动态模拟模型。模型采用Logistic方程描述了水稻主茎及分蘖叶片随生长度日(GDD)的动态伸长过程; 利用二次曲线描述了叶宽随GDD的动态变化过程; 分别用幂函数和一元二次方程描述了叶形(不同叶长处的叶宽)的动态变化过程; 另外, 以叶片氮素和水分因子分别描述了不同水氮水平对叶片形态建成过程的定量影响。同时利用独立的水稻田间试验资料对所建模型进行了测试和检验, 主茎和分蘖动态变化叶长、叶宽的均方根差(RMSE)分别为3.6 cm、3.96 cm以及3.15 cm、3.56 cm。表明本模型对水稻叶片的动态伸长过程具有较好的预测性和解释性。     

Influence of Solar Radiation and Vapour Pressure Deficit on Transpiration Efficiency of Rainfed Sorghum

Besides assimilation, plant water relations are important aspects of physiological basis of productivity of crops in water limited environment. The relationships of photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, leaf water potential and stomatal conductance with photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) during pre-flowering (panicle initiation to ear emergence) and grain filling (from anthesis to maturity) stages of a sorghum hybrid (cv. CSH-6 ) grown under rainfed conditions were studied. Photosynthesis rate declined when PAR was above 1300 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. during both the growth stages. Higher transpiration rate during grain filling stage at higher PAR caused the transpiration efficiency to be lower than during pre-flowering stage when PAR was above 1200 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹.Leaf water potential and stomatal conductance decreased with increase in PAR. Leaf water potential was higher during pre-flowering than during grain filling stage but maximum photosynthesis rate was similar during both the growth stages. Changes in VPD did not qualitatively alter the relationships of the physiological variables with PAR.
Decreasing photosynthesis rate and LWP at high PAR suggest that photosynthesis rate was limited by low leaf water potential when PAR was optimal, and by low PAR even when leaf water potential was high in rainfed sorghum during rainy season.     

庆阳苹果树需水规律分析

为了探究半干旱地区苹果树的需水规律,以封闭果树根域土壤为试材,防止地面蒸发,采用定期连续测定土壤含水量的方法来测算果树的蒸腾量。结果表明：9年生矮化中间砧果树吸收土壤水分的主要垂直空间在0~60 cm土层,60 cm以下土层含水量变化不明显。果树秋季蒸腾耗水量为134 kg/棵,春季萌芽到花期,蒸腾耗水量为104 kg/棵。因此,在进行田间管理时,以0~60 cm湿润层确定节水灌溉较为科学。     

利用CFD模型研究苹果冷藏库内的空气流动

苹果冷藏库内的空气流动可调节库内环境,且气流速度对改善果实品质具有重要的作用,因此有必要研究苹果贮藏库内的空气流动特性。本研究采用CFD（Computational Fluid Dynamics）方法,运用大型计算流体动力学软件Fluent建立模型,以标准湍流模型对苹果冷藏库内的空气流动做三维模拟。模拟时以苹果堆码区作为多孔介质,研究库内堆码苹果时的空气流动状况,并对库内的空气流速进行试验测定和验证。结果表明,通过气流场模拟能较为直观地显示冷库内部的流场特征和流动状态,气流从风扇流出,在风机与货物堆码区形成明显的涡流;气流在货物堆码区分布较为均匀,靠近风机的货物堆码区气流速度均高于远离风机的货物堆码区气流速度。冷库流场的测量值与CFD模拟的结果进行对比,最大误差在10%以内,测量值和模拟值之间的相关系数在0.9以上,说明了CFD模拟的可靠性。该模拟结果可为商用苹果冷藏库的优化和库内环境调节提供一定的理论依据。     

水分胁迫对大丽花光合作用、蒸腾和气孔导度的影响

以大丽花品种‘粉西施’盆栽扦插苗为试材,研究了不同程度水分胁迫及复水对大丽花品种粉西施叶片光合作用、蒸腾和气孔导度的影响。结果表明：随着水分胁迫程度的加深和胁迫时间的延长,大丽花叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和水分利用率(WUE)下降,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)先下降后上升,气孔限制值Ls先升高后下降。轻度和中度水分胁迫下,气孔限制是Pn降低的主要原因;重度水分胁迫下,非气孔限制是Pn降低的主要原因。重度胁迫更早对大丽花叶片造成伤害,重度胁迫下复水后光合指标难以恢复。     

Understanding physiological and morphological traits contributing to drought tolerance in barley

Drought stress is a major limiting factor for crop production in the arid and semi‐arid regions. Here, we screened eighty barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes collected from different geographical locations contrasting in drought stress tolerance and quantified a range of physiological and agronomical indices in glasshouse trails. The experiment was conducted in large soil tanks subjected to drought treatment of eighty barley genotypes at three‐leaf stage and gradually brought to severe drought by withholding irrigation for 30 days under glasshouse conditions. Also, root length of the same genotypes was measured from stress‐affected plants growing hydroponically. Drought tolerance was scored 30 days after the drought stress commenced based on the degree of the leaf wilting, fresh and dry biomass and relative water content. These characteristics were related to stomatal conductance, stomatal density, residual transpiration and leaf sap Na, K, Cl contents measured in control (irrigated) plants. Responses to drought stress differed significantly among the genotypes. The overall drought tolerance was significantly correlated with relative water content, stomatal conductance and leaf Na⁺ and K⁺ contents. No significant correlations between drought tolerance and root length of 6‐day‐old seedling, stomatal density, residual transpiration and leaf sap Cl^? content were found. Taking together, these results suggest that drought‐tolerant genotypes have lower stomatal conductance, and lower water content, Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl^? contents in their tissue under control conditions than the drought‐sensitive ones. These traits make them more resilient to the forthcoming drought stress.     

莲雾催花过程中叶片内源激素的变化

为探明莲雾产期调节的内在生理生化机理,以‘粉红种’莲雾为材料,研究莲雾反季节遮阳催花过程中叶片内源激素IAA、GA₃、ABA、ZT含量的动态变化和激素平衡（比值）的变化。结果表明：在遮阳处理后,叶片的IAA、ZT、GA₃、ABA含量均降低;喷施催花药剂后,IAA、ZT、ABA含量上升,GA₃含量下降。遮阳抑制了莲雾的营养生长。在花芽分化期,高水平的ABA、ZT,低水平的GA₃,IAA/ABA、GA₃/ABA、(IAA GA₃)/ABA低,ZT/GA₃高有利于莲雾成花。其中,高水平的ABA、GA₃/ABA低、ZT/GA₃高可能在莲雾的花芽分化中起主导作用。     

Influence of Exogenous Glycine Betaine on Gas Exchange and Biomass Production in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under Water Limited Conditions

This study investigated whether the exogenous application of glycine betaine (GB) could alleviate the adverse effects of water deficit on sunflower. Two sunflower lines, Gulshan-98 and Suncross, were subjected to water deficit at the vegetative or the reproductive stages of plant growth. Three levels (0, 50 and 100 mmol l⁻¹) of GB were applied as a pre-sowing seed treatment or as a foliar spray at the time of initiation of water deficit at the vegetative or reproductive stages. Foliar application of GB at the time of initiation of water deficit treatments showed a marginal increase in shoot biomass in drought-stressed plants. Exogenously supplied GB as a foliar spray also showed a positive role in reducing the effects of water deficit on net CO₂ assimilation rate, transpiration rate and sub-stomatal CO₂ concentration in both sunflower lines. Pre-sowing seed treatment with GB had no effects on the above-mentioned physiological and growth attributes in both normally irrigated and drought-stressed plants. Taken together, foliar application of GB increased net CO₂ assimilation rate which in turn showed a slight increase in growth of water-stressed plants but this increase was not related to stomatal regulation.     

Response of Photosynthesis and Water Relations of Rice (Oryza sativa) to Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide in the Subhumid Zone of Sri Lanka

The objective of the present paper is to determine the response of the physiological parameters related to biomass production and plant water relations in a standard Sri Lankan rice (Oryza sativa) variety (BG‐300) to elevated CO₂ (i.e. 570 µmol/mol). During two seasons, rice crops were grown under three different experimental treatments; namely, at 570 µmol/mol (i.e. ‘elevated’) and 370 µmol/mol (‘ambient’) CO₂ within open top chambers, and at ambient CO₂ under open field conditions. Leaf net photosynthetic rate in the elevated treatment increased by 22–75 % in comparison to the ambient. However, the ratio between intercellular and ambient CO₂ concentrations remained constant across different CO₂ treatments and seasons. CO₂ enrichment decreased individual leaf stomatal conductance and transpiration rate per unit leaf area, and increased both leaf and canopy temperatures. However, the overall canopy stomatal conductance and daily total canopy transpiration rate of the elevated treatment were approximately the same as those achieved under ambient conditions. This was because of the significantly greater leaf area index and greater leaf–air vapour pressure deficit under CO₂ enrichment. The leaf chlorophyll content increased significantly under elevated CO₂; however, the efficiency (i.e. photochemical yield) of light energy capture by Photosystem II (i.e. F_v/F_m) in chlorophyll a did not show a significant and consistent variation with CO₂ enrichment.     

寿光日光温室小气候变化规律及模拟方法

为了开展北方日光温室小气候要素预报报务,利用寿光三元朱村三号黄瓜日光温室2007-2010年冬、春季节小气候要素观测资料,对北方日光温室内气温、相对湿度、地温等要素在不同天气类型下的日变化以及温室内气温空间分布规律进行研究。利用相关分析、逐步回归等统计方法对影响日光温室内气温变化的影响因子进行筛选,并建立日光温室未来一天24 h不同天气类型、不同月份、不同时间段的逐小时模拟模型。模拟结果表明,除4月的模拟结果差异较大外,其他各时间段均较好;利用实际观测结果对2010年2-5月温室内气温进行实际检验,模拟预报结果较好,可以将预报模型应用于业务服务。