早稻全生育期气温、水温、泥温特征及避灾应用

采用农田小气候与实景观测系统,辅以人工观测,以获取早稻各发育期气温、水温、泥温特点,探讨水分干预避灾措施的效果。试验表明：全生育期以水温积温最高,气温积温最低。营养生长期日平均气温落后于水温、泥温,生殖生长期气温、水温、泥温日均值均比营养生长期提高4℃左右并非常接近。叶面积指数较小或衰减时,受太阳辐射影响,午间水温常常超过气温值。水温维持较高的时间约9~ 10 h,是理想的调温目标介质。高温逼熟时采用活水灌溉3天,可拉低水稻冠层上方最高气温2.5℃、日均气温低1.0℃。且稻米粗脂肪含量、直链淀粉含量较高,垩白度较低;结实率提高,千粒重比高温逼熟对照要高6.65%。结果认为：叶面积指数与水温呈反相关特点,高温逼熟时、叶面积衰减时对应高水温、泥温。水分干预调温对产量和品质要素有确定改善,并以活水灌溉2~3天以上的控温效果较佳。     

外源ABA和GA对水稻不同粒位籽粒主要米质性状的影响

以中熟籼稻扬稻6号和中熟粳稻扬粳9538为材料,灌浆初期通过喷施低浓度的ABA (75.7 μmol L^-1)和GA (57.7 μmol L^-1)处理,研究其对水稻穗部不同粒位籽粒品质的影响。结果表明,灌浆初期喷施低浓度的外源ABA和GA对米质影响较大,影响程度因激素种类和籽粒着生部位不同而异。ABA增加千粒重和整精米率,降低垩白度;其影响对同枝梗上开花较迟的籽粒大于对其他粒位籽粒,对同部位二次枝梗籽粒大于对一次枝梗籽粒。外源GA处理则显著或极显著降低千粒重、整精米率、胶稠度、粗蛋白含量,增加垩白度、直链淀粉含量;同一枝梗不同粒位籽粒间,对较早开花籽粒千粒重和整精米率的影响大于对较迟开花籽粒,对垩白度、直链淀粉含量和蛋白质的影响则与ABA相反。     

水稻不同粒位籽粒米质对花后不同时段温度胁迫的响应

为探讨花后高温胁迫对水稻籽粒米质的影响,以中熟籼稻扬稻6号和中熟粳稻扬粳9538为材料,研究了灌浆前期(花后0~10 d)和灌浆中期(花后10~20 d)的高温(35℃)对米质的影响,并进一步探讨了不同粒位间的差异。结果表明,与常温CK (25~27℃)相比,灌浆结实期高温处理对稻米品质影响较大,总体上前期(0~10 d)大于中期(10~20 d),且因供试品种和粒间位置而异。灌浆前、中期高温处理,降低了精米率、整精米率、直链淀粉含量,增加了垩白粒率、垩白度和粗蛋白含量;其中,温度对二次枝梗与同枝梗上较迟开花籽粒的碾米品质的影响大于一次枝梗与较早开花的籽粒;前期高温显著增加了一次枝梗和各枝梗上开花较早籽粒的垩白粒率和垩白度;前期高温显著降低了直链淀粉含量,对一次枝梗籽粒的影响大于二次枝梗。不同供试品种对花后不同温度处理的敏感性不同,影响程度亦受花后温度胁迫时段的不同而异。生产上通过合理安排播期、平衡施肥和合理灌溉可以减轻结实期高温胁迫对籽粒品质的影响。     

新型植物生长调节物质对水稻产量及品质的影响研究

灌浆结实期对两优培九、汕优63和扬稻6号3个不同品质的品种进行PDJ、BR和ALA3种植物生长调节物质处理试验,研究结果表明:植物生长调节物质对水稻产量及品质均产生影响。BR及ALA导致稻米的整精米率下降和垩白粒率的上升,而PDJ处理结果与之相反;不同浓度的ALA处理后,导致稻米的整精米率下降、垩白度以及垩白粒率上升,但对糙米率、精米率和外观品质等其他稻米品质的指标影响不大。3种植物生长调节物质均可使供试验的3个品种的结实率明显提高,并使千粒重、单位面积产量增加。     

不同籼型三系保持系的稻米品质相关性状分析

对16个籼型三系保持系稻米品质进行研究,考察了子粒的长宽比、千粒重、垩白粒率、垩白度、直链淀粉含量等指标及指标间的相关性.品质评价结果表明.现有水稻品系G763B和新育品系422B的外观品质等级为1级,吉香B的外观品质等级为2级.相关性分析表明长宽比与垩白度、垩白粒率呈极显著的负相关:直链淀粉含量与垩白度呈极显著的正相关;粒宽与垩白度、垩白粒率呈正相关.     

齐穗后遮阴时长对西北稻区粳稻产量和品质的影响

灌浆期光照强度对保障水稻产量和稻米品质至关重要。本研究以常规高产水稻品种(新稻41、吉粳88)和优质水稻品种(粮粳10号、吉粳515)作为研究对象,以不遮阴作为对照,于2018和2019年在新疆乌鲁木齐研究了齐穗后不同遮阴时长处理(遮阴10 d、20 d和持续遮阴)对水稻产量及稻米品质的影响。结果表明,齐穗后遮阴延长了水稻灌浆进程,降低了结实率、千粒重和产量;遮阴同时导致了籽粒直链淀粉含量显著降低,蛋白质含量显著增加,进而导致水稻垩白粒率和垩白度增加,淀粉糊化特性和食味值变差。与不遮阴相比,齐穗后遮阴10 d、20 d和持续遮阴处理2年平均水稻结实率和千粒重分别下降了3.5%、9.7%、11.1%和3.7%、7.1%、13.1%,进而导致产量分别下降了11.3%、16.5%和31.7%。直链淀粉含量和食味值受齐穗后0～10 d遮阴的影响不大,齐穗后遮阴20 d和持续遮阴处理较对照2年平均籽粒蛋白质含量分别增加了20.5%和30.8%,直链淀粉含量降低了3.6%和4.6%,崩解值和食味值分别降低了15.2%、26.1%和3.9%、7.7%。籽粒垩白粒率受齐穗后遮阴的影响因灌浆期背景光照强...     

植物生长调节物质对食用稻米品质的影响研究

灌浆结实期对两优培九、汕优63和扬稻六号三个不同品质的品种进行PDJ、BR和ALA三种植物生长调节物质处理试验,研究表明：植物生长调节物质对灌浆期稻米品质的存在影响。BR及ALA导致稻米的整精米率下降和垩白粒率的上升,而PDJ处理结果与之相反;不同浓度的ALA处理后,导致稻米的整精米率的下降、垩白度以及垩白粒率的上升,但对稻米品质的加工品质如糙米率及精米率和外观品质等其他指标影响不大。三种植物生长调节物质均可使供试验的三个品种的结实率明显提高,并使千粒重增加,且使杂交稻稻米的胶稠度一般呈上升趋势,而常规稻的胶稠度有所下降。生长调节物质对稻米氨基酸含量有影响但规律性不强。     

高海拔地区水稻遮光、剪叶和疏花对米质影响的研究

通过遮光、剪叶和疏花等措施研究了高海拔地区水稻源库关系对籽粒灌浆及稻米品质的影响以及灌浆物质和灌浆动态与稻米品质的关系。结果表明,遮光提高整精米率,特别是对强势粒;遮光对垩白度的影响因品种和粒位而异;剪叶提高垩白度,疏花降低垩白度;遮光降低稻米直链淀粉含量和稻米淀粉RVA谱的最高黏度和崩解值,延长米胶长度;稻米主要品质指标既与灌浆物质量有关,也与灌浆动态有关;灌浆结实前期的灌浆速率、灌浆量及其比例对垩白面积、垩白度、最高黏度、崩解值等影响最大,后期其次,中期的影响较小;垩白面积和垩白度随结实前期灌浆速率、灌浆量及其比例的增加而降低,随结实后期灌浆速率、灌浆量及其比例的增加而增加,最高黏度、崩解值则相反。     

小麦秸秆还田量对水稻产量和品质的影响

以华粳6号和两优培九为材料,通过小麦秸秆还田与秸秆不还田比较试验,研究小麦秸秆还田对不同水稻产量和稻米品质的影响.结果表明:小麦秸秆还田后,明显提高了水稻的穗粒数、结实率、千粒重和稻米的出糙率、精米率和整精米率,降低了垩白粒率和垩白度,提高了长宽比,直链淀粉含量降低,胶稠度增大,表明稻米的加工品质、外观品质、食味品质和营养品质得到改善.小麦秸秆还田后对水稻产量和稻米品质有显著的影响.     

基于季节性降雨的双季稻生育后期干湿交替灌溉对稻谷产量及品质的影响

为明确依靠季节性降雨实现干湿交替灌溉对双季稻生育后期的影响,研究了双季稻齐穗后0、7、14和21d（对照）停止灌溉对叶绿素含量、干物质转化、产量及品质的影响。结果显示,早稻灌浆期降雨多且雨量大,齐穗后早停止灌溉延长干湿交替灌溉时间,可显著提高叶片、茎鞘干物质转化、穗粒数和结实率,叶绿素含量降低,无效分蘖成穗减少;与对照相比,齐穗后0d停止灌溉,实收产量提高16.0%,整精米率提高8.2%。晚稻灌浆期间降雨相对偏少,适期延迟停止灌溉,可提高叶片、茎鞘干物质转化、穗粒数、结实率、千粒重及整精米率;与对照相比,齐穗后7d停止灌溉,实收产量提高11.0%,整精米率提高6.1%;垩白度、垩白粒率及透明度随停止灌溉时间提前和干湿交替灌溉时间延长而增加,胶稠度以早稻齐穗后7d和14d、晚稻齐穗后14d停止灌溉最高,所有处理对双季稻米整体品质指标等级无影响。     

Nitrogen efficiency of canola genotypes varies between vegetative stage and grain maturity

There is no information on whether N efficiency in canola at maturity can be reliably determined by screening germplasm in the vegetative stage. Twelve canola genotypes identified in preliminary screening study as having either high or low N efficiency indices were tested for consistency in N efficiency between the vegetative stage and maturity. Plants were grown in a glasshouse under low or adequate N supply and N efficiency was assessed using the following criteria: dry weight at deficient N supply, relative yield at low vs. adequate N supply, and N utilisation efficiency. None of the 12 tested genotypes was classified as efficient or inefficient under all three criteria. One genotype (46C74) was classified as efficient under two criteria, and one genotype (Surpass 300 TT) was inefficient under two criteria. At maturity, three additional efficiency criteria were used: harvest index, N harvest index, and oil and protein concentration in seed. Two genotypes (Wesway and 46C74) (ranked as efficient at vegetative stage) remained efficient at maturity under most of the efficiency criteria used. On the other hand, genotype Surpass 603 CL ranked inefficient during the vegetative stage was ranked as efficient at maturity under two criteria. Overall, there was little consistency in the N efficiency ranking between vegetative stage and maturity in 12 tested genotypes. Screening canola germplasm for N efficiency for breeding purposes would therefore require an assessment at maturity.     

高CO2处理对不同成熟度甜柿的常温货架期影响

为了解决甜柿常温下贮藏极易软化问题,以‘次郎’甜柿为试材,首先分析了甜柿成熟度与甜柿品质指标可滴定酸和可溶性固形物之间的相关性,寻求对甜柿成熟度进行分级的适宜标准,并在此基础上分析了果实成熟度、高CO2处理对甜柿果实常温货架期的影响规律。结果表明：甜柿成熟度和甜柿的2个品质指标可溶性固形物与可滴定酸之间的比值存在良好的线性关系,可作为成熟度的分级指标;高CO2处理有助于延长甜柿的货架期,成熟度是影响CO2对果实处理效果的重要因素,7成熟的高CO2处理后的甜柿保脆效果最佳。     

Impact of Humidity on Temperature-Induced Grain Sterility in Rice (Oryza sativa L)

High temperature‐induced grain sterility in rice is becoming a serious problem in tropical rice‐growing ecosystems. We studied the mechanism of high temperature‐induced grain sterility of different rice (Oryza sativa L) cultivars at two relative humidity (RH) levels. Four varieties of Indica and Japonica rice were exposed to over 85 % RH and 60 % RH at 36/30 °C, 34/30 °C, 32/24 °C and 30/24 °C day/night air temperatures from late booting to maturity inside sunlit phytotrons. Increasing both air temperature and RH significantly increased spikelet sterility while high temperature‐induced sterility decreased significantly with decreasing RH. Neither Indica nor Japonica rice types were superior to the other in the response of their spikelets to increased air temperature and RH. Increased spikelet sterility was due to increased pollen grain sterility which reduced deposition of viable pollen grains on stigma. Reduction in sterility with decreased RH was more due to decreased spikelet temperature than to air temperature. Thus the impact of RH should be considered when interpreting the effect of high temperature on grain sterility. Spikelet fertility was curvilinearly related to spikelet temperature. Grain sterility increased when spikelet temperature increased over 30 °C while it became completely sterile at 36 °C. The ability of a variety to decrease its spikelet temperature with decreasing RH could be considered as avoidance while the variability in spikelet sterility among varieties at a given spikelet temperature could be considered as true tolerance.     

不同成熟度茶籽外植体诱导发生体胚的研究

为了探究不同成熟度的茶籽作为外植体诱导体细胞胚胎发生的差异,本文选择成熟度依次递增的茶籽E1、E2、E3和E4作为外植体进行培养研究,结果表明：E4外植体接种成活率最高,但是诱导体细胞胚发生率较低。E1外植体在灭菌时耗损率相对较高,而且体胚诱导发生能力并非最佳。E2和E3外植体诱导分化体细胞胚的频率以及诱导获得的二级体胚的频率都较高,E最佳,E3次之。以上结果说明E2茶籽外植体可以作为诱导体胚发生的优良材料。     

Analysis of parental effects on mean vine maturity and chip colour of 4x.2x potato progenies

Summary The parental effects on progenies from potato 4x.2x(FDR) crosses were analyzed to determine anether and to what extent selection criteria used for selecting tetraploid breeding lines have to be adjusted when selecting diploid breeding lines. For vine maturity and chip colour multiple regression analysis of progeny means on means of diploid and tetraploid parents revealed high coefficients of determination (R²) for both characters, indicating good predicting power of the performance of both diploid and tetraploid parents on the performance of their 4x.2x progenies. For vine maturity the multiple regression slope for the tetraploid perents was significantly larger than for the diploid parents, and progeny means were towards the tetraploid parents. This indicates that selection criteria for vine maturity may be less stringent at the diploid level. However, diploids may be earlier maturing than tetraploids and therefore selection criteria can better be similar at both ploidy levels. For chip colour, multiple regression slopes for diploid and tetraploid parents were similar and progeny means were towards the darkest coloured parent irrespective of its ploidy level. This indicates that selection of breeding lines for chip colour can be conducted similarly at both ploidy levels.     

不同熟性棉花品种冠层温度分布特点

[目的]明确不同类型棉花品种冠层温度的分布特点,探究冠层温度与光合特性之间的关系,寻求判断棉花熟性的可能指标.[方法]选择6个常用的供试棉花品种,利用搭载热红外测温仪的无人机获取棉花花铃期冠层温度的数字图像,同时测定同一时间段的蒸腾速率、气孔导度等光合指标.[结果]中棉所50不同部位气冠温差表现为上层>下层>中层,中棉...     

烤烟叶片发生、成熟与有效积温的关联分析

为筛选出烤烟叶片发生、成熟与有效积温的关系,采用盆栽试验研究了‘红花大金元’和‘K326’不同移栽时间和不同施肥条件下第4、10、16叶位的烟叶发生、成熟与有效积温的关系,分析对烟株生长和烟叶产质量的影响。结果表明,不同移栽时间的第4叶位成熟所需有效积温为304.9~370.6℃,第10叶位成熟所需有效积温为569~706℃,第16叶位成熟所需有效积温为758.3~812℃。综合分析说明,相同叶位烟叶成熟时其有效积温的积累量是相对稳定的区段范围,可以通过大田试验验证利用不同叶位发生、成熟与有效积温的关系指导生产的可行性。     

Translocation efficiencies and allocation of nitrogen,phosphorous and potassium in rice as affected by silicon fertilizer under high daytime temperature

High temperature has become a bottleneck limiting rice production in many rice‐growing districts. Silicon is considered as a beneficial element for rice development, being involved in mitigating adversity stress. In order to ascertain how high temperature and silicon affect nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) translocation efficiencies and allocation in rice plants, a field experiment with split plot design was conducted in two consecutive years. Silicon fertilizer treatments, including applying silicon fertilizer and without applying silicon fertilizer, were regarded as main plots. Temperature treatments, including high daytime temperature (HDT) and normal temperature (NT), were assigned as subplots. The results indicated that, as compared to NT, HDT reduced the translocation efficiencies of N, P and K in leaves and stems plus sheaths except for the K translocation efficiency in stems plus sheaths. Moreover, HDT decreased grain yield and the allocation rates of N, P and K in panicles at maturity. Under HDT, the application of silicon fertilizer obviously enhanced the N translocation efficiency of leaves and stems plus sheaths, and the K translocation efficiency of leaves. The application of silicon fertilizer increased grain yield and the allocation rates of N and K in panicles at maturity under HDT. Correlation analysis showed that rice grain yield was positively significantly correlated with N, P and K translocation efficiencies of leaves and their allocation rates in panicles at maturity. Conversely, grain yield was negatively related to the N and P allocation rates in leaves and stems plus sheaths at maturity. These results imply that HDT generated adverse effect on the translocation efficiency of nutrition in rice plants, which might be another damage induced by high temperature to the formation of rice grain yield. Additionally, silicon fertilizer could play a key role in positively regulating the N and K translocation efficiencies and allocation rates in rice under HDT.     

烟叶部位成熟度烘烤工艺对淀粉代谢的影响

烟叶烘烤过程中,采用低温低湿、中温中湿、中温高湿3种不同烘烤工艺参数组合模式;烟叶不同部位,选用下部烟叶、中部烟叶、上部烟叶;烟叶不同成熟度档次,选用未熟烟叶、初熟烟叶、适熟烟叶、过熟烟叶;测定烤前、烤后烟叶淀粉含量。结果表明,鲜烟叶的淀粉含量随部位的上升而增加,随成熟度的提高而降低。低温低湿烘烤工艺对降低烟叶淀粉含量欠佳;中温中湿烘烤工艺能促进烟叶淀粉较为充分地分解转化,极显著地降低烟叶淀粉含量,有利于中部初熟烟叶和上部适熟烟叶烘烤质量的提高;中温高湿烘烤工艺,大幅度地降低了烟叶淀粉含量;成熟度与部位、烘烤工艺与部位间的互作,均极显著或显著地影响着烤后烟叶的淀粉含量。     

设施老汉瓜采后干制技术研究

以设施老汉瓜为试材,采用不同成熟度、前处理、预处理温度后进行干制,测定含水率、失重率、色差等指标变化。相同的干燥温度、时间条件下,6个成熟度、2种不同的前处理、5种预处理温度的设施老汉瓜的失重率、最终含水率、总色差值在干制期内变化不同。结果表明,不同成熟度的设施老汉瓜,干制期的预处理温度、前处理和烘制温度差距,影响老汉瓜在干制过程中水分的散失。采用不同处理方式至完全干燥,可溶性固形物含量11%的设施老汉瓜,瓜干失重率、含水率、瓜干总色差值ΔE变化略慢,较好地保持瓜干的品质,适宜于老汉瓜的加工。