蓝狐阴茎化学成分的研究

应用放射免疫测定技术及激光速率散射比浊法对蓝狐阴茎中某些化学成分进行测定分析 ,得出与蓝狐生殖有关的睾酮 (T)、孕酮 (P)、17β -雌二醇 (E2 )、生长激素 (GH)、人绒毛膜促性腺激素 (HCG) ,其含量分别为 (2 0 5 0± 3 6 5 )ng/g、(0 6 7± 0 12 )ng/g、(99 2 5± 9 87)pg/g、(18 2 1± 2 98)ng/g、(4 5 6 3± 5 2 9)mIU/g ,得出与蓝狐生命活动有关的三碘甲状腺原氨酸 (T3 )、四碘甲状腺原氨酸 (T4)、生物信使cAMP、cGMP及免疫球蛋白IgA、IgG、IgM等成分含量分别为 (1 17± 0 17)ng/g、(2 6 13± 3 6 6 )ng/g、(2 1 39± 2 89)ng/g、(2 7 75±3 18)ng/g、(0 0 8± 0 0 1)mg/g、(0 0 7± 0 0 2 )mg/g、(0 0 4± 0 0 1)mg/g。     

麻保沙星(marbofloxacin)在鸡体内的生物利用度及药物动力学

选用 36只 5 1～ 6 0日龄健康岭南黄鸡 ,随机均分为 3组 ,对静注、肌注及内服麻保沙星 (2 .5 mg/ kg)的生物利用度和药物动力学进行了研究。用三氯甲烷提取血浆中的药物 ,反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中麻保沙星的浓度 ,MCPKP计算机程序处理所得到的血药浓度 -时间数据。静注给药的药时数据适合三室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数分别为 :t1 /2π(0 .19± 0 .0 3) h;t1 /2α(2 .0 7± 0 .2 7) h;t1 /2β(6 .5 2± 0 .6 9) h;V1 (0 .48± 0 .0 3) L / kg;Vd(area) (2 .0 6± 0 .39)L/ kg;Vd(ss) (1.0 5± 0 .0 6 ) L/ kg;Cl B(0 .19± 0 .0 2 ) L/ (kg· h) ;AUC(13.95± 1.0 7) mg· kg- 1 · h。肌注给药的药时数据适合一级吸收二室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数分别为 :t1 /2 Ka(0 .5 4± 0 .0 5 ) h;t1 /2α(2 .33± 0 .2 0 ) h;t1 /2β(6 .2 7± 0 .46 )h;tmax(1.5 7± 0 .0 9) h;Cmax(1.88± 0 .0 5 ) m g/ L ;AUC(13.18± 0 .6 7) mg· kg- 1 · h;F(94.45± 4.80 ) %。内服给药的药时数据适合一级吸收二室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数分别为 :t1 /2 Ka(0 .42± 0 .0 6 ) h;t1 /2α(2 .31± 0 .2 5 ) h;t1 /2β(6 .48±0 .6 6 ) h;tmax(1.35± 0 .12 ) h;Cmax(1.83± 0 .18) mg/ L;AUC(13.5 5± 0 .6 7) mg· k     

蓝狐睾丸几种化学成分的检测

通过放射免疫测定技术及激光速率散射比浊法对蓝狐睾丸中某些化学成分的测定分析,得出与蓝狐生殖有关的睾酮(T)、孕酮(P)、雌二醇(E2 )、生长激素(GH)、人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG) ,其含量分别为( 83.3 0±1 1 2 .5 8)ng/g、( 3 0 .1 6±5. 69)ng/g、( 2 41 . 3 5±3 5 .2 1 )pg/g、( 42 .2 2±5 .78)ng/g、( 2 5 9.90±3 9.1 8) μg/g;与生命活动有关的三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、四碘甲状腺原氨酸(T4)、生物信使cAMP、cGMP,以及免疫球蛋白IgA、IgG、IgM等成分,其含量分别为( 0 .1 1±0.0 2 )mg/g、( 0.1 0±0 .0 2 )mg/g、( 0.0 6±0.0 1 )mg/g,为此产品的开发利用提供理论依据     

枫泾和长白青年母猪首次发情周期内血清中5种生殖激素含量变化

放射免疫法测定枫泾(FJ)和长白(L)青年母猪(各4头)首次发情周期内外周血清中促卵泡素(FSH)、促黄体素(LH)、17β-雌二醇(E_2)、孕酮(P_4)、和睾酮(T)的含量。测定结果,初情期开始日龄FJ猪平均为104.3±11.50天,L猪为235.0±1.95天。两猪种首次发情周期内外周血清中同种生殖激素有相似的变化趋势。在首次情期内,FJ和L猪的FSH平均含量分别波动在28.6±8.6～49.4±6.0ng/ml和16.8±2.5～38.9±0ng/ml之间;FSH总平均含量FJ猪组(37.8±2.7)显著高于L猪(27.0±3.1ng/ml)P<0.05;FJ猪发情0～2小时的FSH平均含量(34.4±2.1ng/ml)极显著地高于L猪(22.2±1.7ng/ml)P<0.001。排卵前LH峰均值FJ猪组(5.31±0.75ng/ml)显著高于L猪组(1.83±0.75ng/ml)P<0.05。发情当天(0天)E_2达峰值,FJ和L猪组分别是30.5±3.9和20.4±5.3pg/ml,两者无显著差异(P>0.05)。FJ和L猪组各自的P_4(ng/ml)和T(pg/ml)分泌呈显著正相关,相关系数依次为γ_F=0.71,P<0.05,γ_L=0.95,P<0.01。LH、FSH的含量高很可能是FJ猪高排卵率的重要因素之一。     

围产期绵羊血浆胰岛素样生长因子-1水平的动态变化及胆酸负荷对其的影响

:6只成年考力代妊娠母羊 ,经 2周适应饲养后随机分为两组。在安装颈静脉血管瘘后 ,一组通过颈静脉瘘管灌注胆酸 ( 2mg/kg) ,另一组同步灌注等量的生理盐水。间隔 1 4天灌注 1次 ,直至分娩。在灌注前和灌注后每天定时采取血样 ,测定血浆IGF -1水平 ,研究绵羊围产期血浆IGF -1的动态变化及胆酸负荷对其的影响。结果表明 ,围产期母羊血浆IGF -1正常水平在 572 .1 0± 2 0 7.1 5ng/ml～ 787.1 2±4 2 .33ng/ml之间 ,没有明显的动态变化规律。但分娩后的IGF -1平均水平显著低于分娩前平均值 ,分别是 639.54± 56.37ng/ml和 70 5.2 1± 52 .2 4ng/ml(P <0 .0 5)。胆酸灌注组母羊妊娠后期血浆IGF -1水平平均为 62 5.2 8± 85.56ng/ml,比对照母羊低 (P <0 .0 5)。本研究提示妊娠后期绵羊母体血浆高水平的IGF -1可能与胎儿生长发育有关 ;胆酸负荷可能影响了妊娠母体的肝功能或胎盘的调节作用     

伊维菌素微球在家兔体内的药动学

皮下注射伊维菌素 (IVM )微球悬液 (5 0mg/kg及 10 0mg/kg)和害获灭 (1%伊维菌素 ,0 5mg/kg) ,RP HPLC UV法定量 ,研究了IVM在家兔体内的药物动力学。害获灭皮下注射给药 ,药 时数据符合一级吸收一室开放模型 ,主要动力学参数为 :t1/2ka=7 2 4± 2 96h ;t1/2ke=36 38± 8 6 6h ;tmax=2 1 4 6± 4 82h ;Cmax=2 2 53± 2 32ng/ml;AUC =174 9± 318ng/1.h ,其动力学参数表现比较明显的个体差异 ,且与其它动物有明显差别。微球皮下注射一周后 ,血药浓度呈较稳定状态 ,到第 4 2天 (高剂量组 )和第 32天 (低剂量组 ) ,血浆中测不出H2 B1a(低于 2 5ng/ml)。以房室模型拟合 ,微球高低剂量组均符合有吸收二室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数均表现显著的个体差异。     

青海八眉猪仔猪12项血液指标测定

对青海省 43头八眉猪仔猪的 12项血液指标进行了测定。结果为 :RBC ,7 0 5± 1 4 1× 10 1 2 L ;PCV ,0 4 2± 0 0 6L L :Hb ,12 6 3± 2 0 .82g L ;全血钾 ,5 0 36± 6 2 4mmol L ;血浆钾 ,6 31± 0 6 3mmol L ;;血浆总钙 ,2 0 9± 0 2 6mmol L ;血浆无机磷 ,1 5 7± 0 4 1mmol L ;血浆氯 ,10 5 9± 11 84mmol L ;血浆总蛋白 ,74 6 2± 5 11g L ;血浆白蛋白 ,45 2 0± 9 2 0g L ;血浆球蛋白 ,2 9 4 1± 8 32g L ;A G ,1 70± 0 6 2。且公、母猪之间的各项血液指标都没有显著差异。     

泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛血液部分生化指标变化的研究

随机选取 36头泌乳牛 ,分成Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组 ,每组 12头。三组平均泌乳量 (kg/d)依次为 35 .0 4± 0 .84,2 5 .17±0 43,16 .71± 0 .82。对 36头泌乳牛进行 6项血液生化指标 (Ca、P、Mg、ALP、GOT、GPT)的检测。结果表明 :Ⅰ组依次为(1.93± 0 .0 8) ,(2 .0 2± 0 .11) ,(0 .88± 0 .0 2 )mmol/L和 (34 .4± 3.84)、(79.75± 4.81)、(18.33± 3.0 3)U/L ;Ⅱ组依次为 (1.78±0 .10 )、(2 .0 8± 0 .0 7)、(0 .86± 0 .0 1)mmol/L和 (35 .5 8± 1.89) ,(74.92± 3.6 6 ) ,(2 0 .2 5± 2 .75 )U/L ;Ⅲ组依次为 (1 93± 0 .10 ) ,(2 .11± 0 .0 9) ,(0 .85± 0 .0 1)mmol/L和 (38.75± 2 .92 ) ,(6 8.83± 2 .47) ,(19.92± 2 .82 )U/L。除Ⅰ组血清GOT显著高于Ⅲ组 (P <0 .0 5 )外 ,各组之间其他各项差异均不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。     

不同剂型儿茶素在家兔体内的代谢动力学

取健康家兔 10只 ,随机分为 2组 ,单剂量静脉注射游离儿茶素 (Catechin)和儿茶素脂质体 (Catechin L iposom e) 2 5mg/ kg。用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中儿茶素原药质量浓度。房室模型分析表明 ,健康家兔静脉注射游离儿茶素的药时数据符合无吸收二室开放模型 [5～ 6 ] ,主要动力学参数为 :t1 /2α0 .15± 0 .0 1h,t1 /2β0 .5 8± 0 .0 2 h,维生素 C 1.4 1± 0 .0 8L ,维生素 B 2 .97± 0 .11L,Cl B3.5 3± 0 .10 L/ h,AUC16 .95± 1.5 2 L· h,K1 0 2 .5 2± 0 .2 0 h,K2 1 2 .2 5± 0 .15 h,K1 2 1.17± 0 .15 h。健康家兔静脉注射儿茶素脂质体的药时数据亦符合无吸收二室开放模型 ,主要药物动力学参数为 :t1 /2α 0 .18± 0 .0 1h,t1 /2β1.5 2± 0 .0 8h,维生素 C 1.2 5± 0 .10 L ,维生素 B 4 .4 8± 0 .2 4 1,Cl B2 .0 5± 0 .0 7L / h,AUC 2 9.2 0± 1.0 0 L· h,K1 0 1.6 4± 0 .16 h,K2 1 1.0 87±0 .0 6 h,K1 2 1.6 1± 0 .19h。试验结果表明 :儿茶素经脂质体包封后 ,药物动力学及组织分布均发生了明显的改变。     

前列腺素类似物使用剂量对山羊发情间隔时间和血浆孕酮水平的影响

74只山羊,分成六组,在发情周期的8～15天(发情当天为0天)肌注不同剂量的前列腺素类似物(15甲基PGF2α),其中4、5和6组在注射PGF2α时及其后22小时,每2小时采血一次,22小时后直至发情每12小时采血一次。用放射免疫法测定血浆孕酮浓度。同时观察记录发情间隔时间。结果表明:(1)PGF2α注射后2小时,血浆孕酮即明显下降;4小时,三组分别由注射时的3.4922±0.2561、2.7808±0.9405和4.1897±0.8953 ng/ml,下降到1.3840±0.2410、0.8259±0.1580和1.0523±0.1358ng/ml。(2)间隔12小时,重复注射PGF2α对血浆孕酮水平无明显影响。(3)PGF2α注射后,1～6组羊发情间隔时间分别为34.67±3.86、39.20±6.05、57.86±4.76、47.50±3.57、56.00±6.71和41.20±5.79小时。PGF2α一次注射组,发情间隔时间随处理剂量的增加而延长(r=0.59,P<0.05)。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -