中国重要树种木材流体渗透性的研究

本文研究了40种中国重要木材流体渗透性的特点和规律。结果表明,针叶材纵向空气渗透性为0.00957—1.87173 darcy,阔叶材为0.00195—13.49867darcy;针、阔叶材边材渗透性比心材高;种间或种内渗透性高低与密度无关;研究的全部针叶材、约70％的环孔材和约30％的散孔材与半散孔材渗透性(以心材为准)均在0.1 darcy以下,属较低等级以下。针叶材低渗透树种比阔叶材多,与纵向单位长度上阻碍流动细胞间隔数在前者比后者多有关;环孔材低渗透树种比散孔材和半散孔材多,由于前者含有或多或少侵填体或树胶堵塞导管和管间纹孔所致。同类树种之间渗透性差异,针叶材决定于有效纹孔膜微孔半径和数量,大而多者渗透性高;环孔材除纹孔之外,还与侵填体或树胶有无和多少,甚至侵填体上微孔有无和多少及大小有关;散孔材或半散孔材,来源于管间纹孔膜微孔半径和数量、穿孔板的类型以及管孔的大小和数量的不同。     

国产重要阔叶树村纹孔的超微构造研究

利用直接碳复型和超薄切片技术，在透射电镜下观察了我国与种（隶２８属、１５科）阔叶树材的纹孔超微构造。其中有１０种（隶８属、４科）木材维管间具缘纹孔膜具纹孔塞，其余不具纹孔塞。纹孔膜上微纤丝排列有３种类型：随机排列、辐射状排列、平行排列。维管间具缘纹孔室内有５种具附物，１９种具瘤状物。以上特征有木材识别价值。在新鲜材和部分脱木素的试样中１７种木材的管间具缘纹孔膜和半具缘纹孔膜有明显开孔，直径０．０４—０．１９μｍ。新鲜村单纹孔的纹孔膜有胞间连丝存在，膜上有微孔。还讨论了阔叶树材具缘纹孔在系统发育中的变化。     

桉树木材超微结构及其对干燥皱缩的影响

以多枝桉等４种桉树木材为材料，采用扫描电镜观察并分析了其导管、纤维和管胞等胞壁上的纹孔和瘤层等超微结构．结果表明，富含侵填体的桉材因其堵塞了导管间的轴向通道，并部分覆盖了管间纹孔及导管—射线间纹孔，严重影响其渗透性，是其干燥皱缩的主要原因．通过热处理后，能使多枝桉和细叶桉木材皱缩发生改善．但对赤桉和红桉无效．     

国产重要阔叶树材纹孔的超微构造研究

利用直接碳复型和超薄切片技术，在透射电镜下观察了我国４５种（隶２８属、１５科）阔叶树材的纹孔超微构造。其中有１０种（隶８属、４科）木材维管间具绷纹孔膜具纹孔塞，其余不具纹孔塞。纹孔膜上微纤丝排列有３种类型：随机排列、辐射状排列、平行排列。维管间具缘纹孔室内有５种具附物，１９种具瘤状物。以上特征有木材识别价值。在新鲜材和部分脱木素的试样中１７种木材的管间具缘纹孔膜和半具缘纹孔膜有明显开孔，直径０．０     

毛梾次生木质部的解剖学研究

该文以毛株的树根、树干和树枝次生木质部为研究对象,采用石蜡切片法对其解剖学特性进行研究,结果表明:毛株是散孔材,单管孔和复管孔并存,呈径列星散状分布,射线类型为异型射线;薄壁组织傍管型和离管型均有;树干和树枝导管具梯状穿孔板,管壁有具缘纹孔,多呈纺锤形;树根导管多呈圆柱形或鼓形,单穿孔,部分导管含有侵填体.毛株解剖结构...     

不同处理方法改善桉木渗透性研究

采用3种方法处理尾叶桉,对尾叶桉木材气体渗透性进行了测定,探讨不同处理方法对木材渗透性影响及其作用机理。结果表明:尾叶桉木材因含有侵填体/树胶、导管壁上筛状纹孔影响木材渗透性,木材纵向渗透性大于横向渗透性。经真空、苯-乙醇、尿素处理后,木材渗透性均得到改善;但真空、苯-乙醇处理改善效果不明显,渗透性比未处理材提高幅度均未超过10%;尿素处理可显著改善尾叶桉木材渗透性,渗透性提高了18.91%~41.41%。     

重阳木解剖构造分析

以重阳木(Bischofia polycarpa)为研究对象进行解剖实验,观察其宏观及微观的解剖特征。结果表明:重阳木心材深红褐色,生长轮明显;散孔材,管孔组合主要为单管孔及径列复管孔(2~5细胞),单穿孔,管间纹孔式互列;木纤维平均长878.51μm,长度略短,含树胶;薄壁细胞量极少,傍管状,含树胶,具分室含晶细胞;木射线非叠生,少数单列,多数为2~5细胞多列射线,射线组织异形Ⅱ型及Ⅲ型,含深色树胶;导管-射线间纹孔式大圆形及横向刻痕状。     

微波改性木材的超微观察

对微波改性处理后的杨木和水曲柳进行超微观察发现，处理后木材的纹孔膜破裂，导管内的侵填成分明显减少并重新分布。     

山杨小径木超微结构及其与干燥皱缩的关系

前言山杨(Populus Dividiana Dode)小径木是黑龙江省尚志具帽儿山次生林区主要的间伐树种之一。该树种在干燥时易产生皱缩等缺陷,我们设想与其结构有关,故利用扫描电镜观察其超微结构,以期洞悉其中的奥秘。 W.R.Perng研究颤杨(Populus tremuloides)解剖构造与液体传导的关系,在电镜下观察时,指出颤杨心材中存在侵填体,这些侵填体使导管闭塞,因而液体流动困难。他又对此木材进行聚合物渗透,而心材导管中几乎无聚合物沉积,说明心材导管全部被侵填体堵塞,聚合物难以在心材沉积。     

天然阔叶树残次林改造技术的初步研究

江西省天然林中有６０％以上属于低产的幼中林，每ｈｍ２平均蓄积１５～３０ｍ３。由于对天然林中大径材进行采伐后，留下胸径２０ｃｍ以下的阔叶树较多，杉木也是小径材，利用价值不高。加上林内杂灌丛生，藤本蔓延，林地卫生状况极差，造成天然阔叶树残次林面积越来越大...     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.