杂种优势模式在山东省玉米育种上的应用

山东省玉米育种取得了很大成就 ,但其遗传基础相对狭窄。主要种质分为改良Reid、Lancaster、塘四平头、旅大红骨和其它杂优种质群。改良Reid和塘四平头杂优群起主导作用。主要杂种利用模式以改良Deid×塘四平头 ,塘四平头×其它种质、改良Reid×其它种质、塘四平头×Lancaster、改良Reid×旅大红骨为辅。应加强种质改良 ,丰富遗传基础 ,探索新的杂种优势利用模式     

山东省玉米杂种优势利用和种质创新研究

本文对1990～1999年山东省主要推广玉米杂交种的种质基础、杂种优势群、杂交优势模式以及种质改良创新研究进行分析.结果表明:生产用玉米杂交种种质基本上由Reid、塘四平头、外杂选、Lan.和旅大红骨五大核心种质类群组成,种质基础更趋狭窄.有6种杂交优势利用模式.但目前利用最多的有Reid×外杂选、Reid×旅大红骨和Reid×塘四平头3种模式.我省玉米种质的改良和创新研究取得了显著成效.对今后玉米种质的改良和创新研究提出了一些建议。     

山东省玉米种质基础及杂种优势模式分析

对山东省的主要玉米自交系种质类群及主要玉米杂交种的杂种优势模式进行了分析,将主要亲本自交系划分为改良Reid、Lancaster、四平头、旅大红骨及其它种质5个杂种优势群,其中改良Reid和四平头杂种优势群在玉米育种中起着主导作用.杂种优势利用模式,80年代以四平头×其它种质、改良Reid×四平头和四平头×Lancaster为主,进入90年代以来,改良Reid×四平头成为主导模式.     

陕西玉米杂种优势群划分和杂优模式研究

通过对陕西19个自育玉米品种的种质杂种优势群和杂交优势利用模式的综合分析,结果表明:陕西玉米的种质基础过于狭窄,改良Reid群×塘四平头群和塘四平头群×Mo17亚群是近20年陕西利用的主要杂交优势模式,应继续加强研究和利用,要注意自330亚群,旅大红骨群和其它种群的改良利用,并重新研究改良Reid群×旅大红骨群,塘四平头群×外杂选亚群和塘四平头群×旅大红骨群这三个杂优模式,以突破现有的杂交优势利用模式,才可能使陕西玉米育种水平上一个新台阶。     

"八五"、"九五"期间辽宁省玉米种质基础及杂种优势模式分析

辽宁省玉米新品种选育研究在全国占有重要地位."七五"以来,由辽宁省育种单位育成的丹玉13号、沈单7号、铁单10号等玉米杂交种在生产上迅速推广应用,特别突出的如丹玉13号、沈单7号等优良杂交种已成为国内许多省份的主栽品种.但"八五" 、"九五"期间,辽宁省玉米育种曾出现过徘徊不前的局面.从辽宁省"两五"期间审定的玉米品种的遗传基础入手,分析了辽宁省玉米种质基础、杂种优势模式以及辽宁省玉米杂交种选育现状.辽宁省主要的玉米杂种优势模式是Reid×旅大红骨,Lancaster×旅大红骨,外杂选亚群×旅大红骨.     

东北地区和黄淮海地区玉米种质利用模式的比较

利用SSR标记分别对东北春播和黄淮海夏播玉米产区主要自交系的遗传多样性进行分析,并在此基础上对东北和黄淮海地区的玉米种质利用模式进行比较。东北地区利用的种质类型比较丰富,包括PA、PB、旅大红骨、Lan.和塘四平头亚群,利用的杂种优势模式以PA×旅大红骨为主,在生育期较短的玉米产区Lan.×塘四平头是很重要的利用模式,在黑龙江省和吉林省北部地方种质发挥了重要作用。黄淮海夏播玉米产区利用的种质主要是PA、PB和塘四平头亚群,利用的杂种优势模式以PA×塘四平头为主。PA×PB杂种优势模式呈现上升趋势,有利于实现跨区域整合玉米种质的杂种优势群和模式。     

P群种质在玉米杂种优势利用和种质创新中的作用及展望

通过分析P群种质选育的品种,结合育种实践,认为P群种质是不同于我国原有4大杂种优势类群的一个相对独立的新的优势群.总结出P群种质的主要杂种优势模式,即P群×Reid类群、P群×塘四平头类群、P群×旅大红骨类群和P群×其它种质类群.提出了P群种质在今后玉米育种和种质扩增中存在的问题和利用思路。     

改良Reid类群种质及组配的杂交种在河南省的应用状况

河南省生产上大面积应用的玉米杂交种其亲本的主要来源于瑞德黄马牙、旅大红骨、塘四平头,近年来又从省外引入和选育一批78599等改良种（P群）。重点介绍了改良Reid类群种质的特征特性和应用概况。通过改良Reid类群种质与塘四平头、旅大红骨、P群及其他类群组配的杂交种分析,阐述了改良Reid类群种质的杂交优势模式及该类群种质在河南省玉米育种和杂交种生产中所起的重大作用。     

玉米78599种质的杂优模式及其改良利用

玉米新种质的引入,改变了我国种质资源匮乏、遗传基础狭窄的育种现状。通过分析78599种质选育的自交系及其代表品种,总结出78599种质的主要杂种优势模式,即78599种质×改良Reid、78599种质×旅大红骨、78599种质×塘四平头、78599种质×Lancaster、78599种质×其它种质。介绍了78599种质在我国的改良利用情况,提出了78599种质在今后我国育种中的利用思路。     

河北省玉米种质基础及杂交优势利用模式的分析

通过对1980～1998年主要种植玉米杂交种有关数据的统计分析表明,80年代以来,河北省种植玉米杂交种种质基础是以塘四平头群、兰卡斯特群、改良Reid群、旅大红骨群四大系统为主,并且近几年有增加之趋势.四大系统中,塘四平头群变化不大,兰卡斯特群利用水平明显降低,改良Reid群利用水平明显增加.杂交优势利用模式主要是:改良Reid群×塘四平头群,塘四平头群×其它种质群.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).