应用酶联免疫吸附试验法鉴定几种主要马铃薯病毒

制备了PVX,PVY_o,PVY~n,PVA,PVS,PVM,PLRV和TRV等8种主要马铃薯病毒抗体的辣根过氧化物酶结合物,在检测黑龙江省马铃薯主栽品种克新一、二、三、四号等品种的植株样品1155份和800余份正在脱毒中的试管苗样品中,发现上述8种马铃薯病毒在几个主栽品种中的侵染率较高,而且大多数感病植株是由3至7种病毒复合侵染,并首次查明本省存在PVY~n和PVM病毒。对不带上述8种病毒的样品又用双向反向聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴定带马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒(Potato spindle Tuber Viroid)状况,现已获得无上述8种病毒和类病毒的种植材料。     

Mercury, arsenic, and cadmium in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho, 1974.

Mercury and cadmium were found in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir (AFR), Idaho. Mercury and cadmium levels in some fish exceeded human health standards set by the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and the World Health Organization. Analyses performed on the flesh of rainbow trout showed mercury residues of up to 1.20 mg/kg, which were higher than residues previously reported in trout collected in 1970 and 1971 from AFR. Cadmium residue levels were as high as 0.80 mg/kg. Although arsenic was found in reservoir sediment at levels of 1.36-2.40 mg/kg, it was not detected in fish.     

Insecticidal activity of N,N-diethyl-, N,N-dipropyl-, N,n-di-isopropyl-, and n,n-di-isobutylalkanamides against mosquito larvae

N,N-Diethyl-, N,N-dipropyl-, N,N-di-isopropyl, and N,N-di-isobutylalkanamides in which the acyl moiety ranged from C₈ to C₂₁ were synthesised, and their larvicidal activity was determined against the first-instar larvae of the southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say. The four homologous series of amides generally showed an increase in their larvicidal activity as the carbon number in the acyl moiety of the amides increased, until the activity reached a maximum. Subsequently, an increment of carbon number resulted in declining activity in the higher homologues, until the activity disappeared. N,N-Diethyltetradecanamide, N,N-dipropylundecanamide, N,N-di-isopropylundecanamide, and N,N-di-isobutlynonanamide or -dodecanamide were the most active compounds in their respective homologous series of amides; however, they were less active than their analogous N,N-dimethylalkanamides previously studied.     

DDT and BHC residues in some body tissues of goats, buffalo, and chickens, Lucknow, India

Muscle, liver, brain, and abdominal body fat samples of goats, buffalo, and chickens, all common meat sources in India, were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) for residues of DDT and benzene hexachloride (BHC). A few samples of goat and buffalo bone marrow were also included. Relatively high residue levels were found in body fat and bone marrow compared with other tissues. DDT and BHC residue levels were highest in chicken body fat, averaging 4.157 ppm sigma DDT and 3.879 ppm BHC. DDT content was much higher in goat and buffalo bone marrow than in the corresponding body fat. DDT levels in brain samples were highest (0.138 ppm) in buffalo. p,p'-TDE levels were higher than p,p'-DDE levels in buffalo; overall DDT levels were lowest in goats. BHC residues were generally low in buffalo; alpha-BHC accounted for most BHC residues in brain tissues. Greater accumulations of DDT and BHC were found in leg muscles than in breast muscles of chickens.     

长武旱塬不同麦玉轮作系统产量效应模拟研究

利用EPIC模型对不同麦玉轮作系统进行模拟,通过对其输出结果的分析,综合考虑产量、经济效益、干旱胁迫和氮肥生产率等因素,对不同麦玉轮作系统进行综合评价,从而比较不同麦玉轮作系统的优劣。结果表明:(1)在模拟研究期间,8种麦玉轮作系统的产量均呈波动性下降趋势,其平均值分别为4.61、4.40、4.16、4.48、4.28、4.29、4.714、.55 t/hm2。所有的麦玉轮作系统中,麦玉轮作系统"春玉米→冬小麦"的经济效益最好。(2)在模拟研究期间,麦玉轮作系统"春玉米→冬小麦→冬小麦"的冬小麦和春玉米所遭受的年均干旱胁迫日数最少(29.51d)。在干旱年份麦玉轮作系统中的冬小麦较春玉米更容易遭受干旱威胁。综合产量、经济效益、作物所遭受的干旱胁迫天数和麦玉轮作系统的氮肥生产率等因素,在长武地区适宜采用的麦玉轮作系统为春玉米→冬小麦。     

p,p'-DDE, polychlorinated biphenyls, and endrin in oldsquaws in North America, 1969-73.

Organochlorinated compounds were monitored in oldsquaws (Clangula hyemalis) and their food from Lake Michigan between October and May, 1969-72; in adult oldsquaws, eggs, young, and food from northwest Hudson Bay in 1971; and in oldquaws from five wintering areas other than Lake Michigan in 1971-73. Analyses were conducted on 300 carcasses, 14 wings, 29 gullet samples, and 11 clutches. Average residues in carcasses from Lake Michigan ranged from 4 to 107 ppm PCBs, 2 to 42 ppm DDE, and less than 0.1 to 0.7 ppm endrin. Differences in DDE levels occurred between several sex and age classes during December on Lake Michigan; these differences were not apparent in the spring. Increases in DDE and PCB residues for oldsquaws occurred on Lake Michigan between December and May. DDE residues in the wing and carcass were significantly correlated. Residues were relatively low in oldsquaw foods from Lake Michigan; concentration factors between the food and the ducks varied between 1X and 22X, depending on the date and compound. Organochlorinated residues were lower in Arctic than in Lake Michigan food samples. DDE in paired male and female oldsquaws was highly correlated, as was DDE in females and clutches. Eggshell thickness had declined 4.5% compared with eggs collected before 1947. Residues were higher in oldsquaws wintering on the Great Lakes and lowest in oldsquaws from coastal areas.     

Residues of polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT, and DDT metabolites in Pennsylvania streams, community water supplies, and reservoirs, 1974--76.

Pennsylvania streams, community water supplies, and open water reservoirs were analyzed for PCB mixtures, DDT, and DDT metabolites. Streams were sampled in 1974 and again in 1975. Only 4 of 19 stream locations were contaminated. Maximum concentrations in community supplies of Aroclor 1242 (2 locations), Aroclor 1254 (3 locations), and sigmaDDT (2 locations) were 350, 260, and 620 ng/kg, respectively. Of the 110 community water supplies sampled in 1975 and 1976, only 7 contained residues. Maximum concentrations in community supplies of Aroclor 1242 (4 locations) and sigmaDDT (2 locations) were 460 ng/kg and 75 ng/kg, respectively. The seventh contained 0.7 ng/kg of dieldrin. None of the three open water reservoirs contained detectable residues of the compounds of interest. Essentially no correlation was found between PCB and DDT analogs in streams and those in fish from streams which had been samples at similar locations in a related study in 1976.     

International Symposium on the Evaluation of Biological Activity,Wageningen, April, 1975

Abstract

A method was devised for estimating large populations of cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on cowpea. The densities of the aphid on stem, leaves and pod were first estimated in the laboratory for use in the field later. The densities were estimated in three arbitrary classes of infestation, viz. heavy, medium and low, determined visually based on the intensity of colonization. The densities of the aphid per cm² on stems were 108.50, 49.77 and 2503, while on pods they were 80.68, 44.46 and 23.20, in the three classes of infestation respectively. The aphid did not show any preference for the thickness of stems whereas young pods were preferred to old pods for colonization. The mean aphid densities on leaflets of topmost leaves were 62.10, 36–35 and 18–50, while on leaflets of top 2nd and 3rd leaves they were 124–60, 69–35 and 38.20, in the three infestation classes respectively. Comparisons made between the aphid densities on different parts of cowpea plant showed that the aphid colonized them in descending order of preference as stem > pod > top most leaf > top 2nd and 3rd leaves.     

啶酰菌胺在南瓜、芦笋、山楂、芒果和木瓜上的膳食摄入风险评估

为明确啶酰菌胺在南瓜、芦笋、山楂、芒果和木瓜上使用可能产生的膳食摄入风险,通过进行规范田间残留试验,检测了南瓜、芦笋、山楂、芒果和木瓜中啶酰菌胺的最终残留量,结合国内和国际两种膳食消费量数据,评估了啶酰菌胺的长期膳食摄入风险,并就两种方法的评估结果进行了比较分析。样品采用QuEChERS方法前处理,液相色谱-串联质谱 (LC-MS/MS) 定量分析。结果表明:南瓜在0.01、0.1和3 mg/kg,芦笋在0.01、0.1和20 mg/kg,山楂在0.01、0.1和60 mg/kg,芒果在0.01、0.1和4 mg/kg,木瓜在0.01、0.1和10 mg/kg添加水平下,啶酰菌胺在空白样品中的平均回收率为79%~101%,相对标准偏差为2%~14%。采用 “中国居民营养与健康状况调查报告” 的膳食消费数据,计算得啶酰菌胺针对普通人群的国家估算每日摄入量 (NEDI) 为0.707 5 mg/(kg bw),风险商 (RQ) 为28.1%;采用世界卫生组织 (WHO) 提供的每种农产品的单独膳食量进行计算,啶酰菌胺的每日摄入量为0.128 2 mg/(kg bw),风险商 (RQ) 为5.1%。两种方法的评估结果均表明啶酰菌胺对一般人群的健康不会产生不可接受的风险,然而,采用不同膳食消费数据进行计算会导致风险评估结果存在较大差异,其原因主要是由于中国所采用的膳食消费数据是作物分类基础上的数据,而不是具体某种农产品的单独消费量,因而易导致中国的膳食摄入风险评估结果过于保守。因此建议相关部门进一步完善居民的营养与健康状况调查监测工作,提供具体到每一种农产品的膳食消费数据,以便于科学评价农药对人体健康的风险。     

Organochlorine residues in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho, 1974.

Organochlorine residues of TDE, DDE, and PCBs as high as 1.96, 2.79, and 28.74 microgram/kg, respectively, have been found in sediments of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho. Residues of TDE, DDE, and dieldrin in the flesh of sport fish were as high as 52.3, 67.2, and 160.4 microgram/kg, respectively. Maximum organochlorine residue levels found in sucker taken in the commercial fishery were 1.1 mg PCBs/kg, 781.7 microgram TDE/kg, and 82.1 microgram DDE/kg.     

Prevalence and pathogenicity of spinach root pathogens of the genera Aphanomyces, Phytophthora, Fusarium, Cylindrocarpon, and Rhizoctonia in Sweden

In a 4-year disease survey in commercial spinach fields, pathogens were isolated from spinach root pieces placed on selective agar media. Aphanomyces cladogamus was the most abundant pathogen, followed by Phytophthora. cryptogea and Fusarium oxysporum. Rhizoctonia solani was found only occasionally. Other pathogens isolated were F. redolens, F. sambucinum and Cylindrocarpon destructans. P. cryptogea was the most severe pathogen, causing death of most plants, but A. cladogamus also caused severe root damage. Isolates of F. oxysporum ranged from highly pathogenic, i.e. P. oxysporum f.sp. spinaciae race 1. to moderately pathogenic and non-pathogenic, Rhizoctonia solani isolates also varied widely in their pathogenicity. Only a small number of the F. redotens and F. sambucinum isolates were pathogenic and most C. destructans isolates were weakly pathogenic. Isolation frequencies were relatively stable from year to year, but P. cryptogea was isolated more frequently in autumn than in spring. No clear relationships were found between pathogen prevalence and disease severity index of surveyed field plants, between pathogen prevalence and plant developmental stage, or between prevalence of the different pathogens isolated.     

Dieldrin, DDT, PCBs, and mercury levels in freshwater mullet from the upper Great Lakes, 1975-76.

Freshwater mullet harvested commercially during various seasons of 1975-76 from the upper Great Lakes were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, and mercury. Species analyzed were Catostomus commersoni, C. catostomus, and Moxostoma erythruran. Whole ground fish, mechanically deboned flesh, head, middle, and tail steaks, and various muscles were analyzed for pesticides and PCBs; only edible flesh was analyzed for mercury. Dieldrin ranged from none detected to 0.23 ppm in deboned and whole ground samples, the DDT range was a trace to 0.30 ppm, and PCBs ranged from 0.06 ppm to 0.79 ppm. Levels were also higher in head sections and in high fat-containing medial muscle and belly flap. Mercury levels ranged from 0.03 ppm to 0.28 ppm in the flesh of mullet from Lake Michigan.     

Pathogenicity and infectivity of Phytophthora ramorum vary depending on host species,infected plant part,inoculum potential,pathogen genotype,and temperature

A total of 25 ornamental plant species representing 10 families were inoculated using three genotypes, each representing one of the genetic lineages NA1, NA2, and EU1 of the pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. Leaves were inoculated using suspensions with two zoospore concentrations and exposure at three temperatures, while stems were inoculated using agar plugs colonized by mycelia. Susceptibility was determined by measuring either the success of pathogen reisolation or lesion length caused by the pathogen. Infectivity was determined by counting sporangia in washes of inoculated leaves or stems. Results from all three pathogen genotypes combined were used to rank each of the 25 plant species for susceptibility and infectivity, while pooled results per genotype from all 25 hosts combined were employed for a preliminary comparison of pathogenicity and infectivity among genotypes. Statistical analyses showed that leaf results were affected by the concentration of zoospores, temperature, plant host, pathogen genotype, and by the interaction between host and pathogen genotype. Stem results were mostly affected by host and by the interaction between host and pathogen genotype. Hosts ranked differently when looking at the various parameters, and differences in rankings were also significant when comparing stem and leaf results. Differences were identified among the 25 hosts and the three pathogen genotypes for all parameters: results can be used for decision-making regarding regulations or selection of plants to be grown where infestations by P. ramorum are an issue.     

Evidence for morphological, vegetative, genetic, and mating-type diversity in Sclerotinia homoeocarpa

Morphology, vegetative compatibility groups, and molecular characteristics were compared among 47 isolates of the dollar spot pathogen Sclerotinia homoeocarpa. Isolates were collected from cool- and warm-season turfgrasses in Florida and the northern United States. Mycelial pigment accumulation, substratal stromata formation, and symptom development were used to separate the collection into two distinct morphological types: a common-type (C-type) and a Floridian-type (F-type). Phylogenetic relationships estimated from ITS sequences supported the morphological typing. Identification and characterization of the S. homoeocarpa mating-type locus revealed an idiomorphic organization for both C- and F-types with nearly equal frequencies of each mating types present in both groups. These findings suggest heterothallic control of mating and indicate potential for outcrossing in both groups. Dollar spot disease of turfgrass in Florida is caused by two distinct morphological types of S. homoeocarpa which may be cryptic species. These findings could have implications for disease management.     

甘肃和内蒙古地区马铃薯晚疫病菌的致病型

利用来自国际马铃薯中心含有单显性抗性基因的11个鉴别寄主,采用离体叶片测定方法对2007—2008年采自甘肃和内蒙古地区的共91个致病疫霉马铃薯分离物的致病型进行了测定。结果显示：来自甘肃的65株菌中共有28个致病型,有3株可以克服11个抗性基因;总共有超过一半的菌株对抗性基因R7、R9、R11有毒性,而能克服抗性基因R1、R2、R8的菌株数最少。在来自内蒙古的26株菌中,共检测到24个致病型,有2株菌能克服11个抗性基因,共有84.6%的菌株可以对含有抗性基因R7的植株表现出毒性,而R1、R2、R8被克服比例最低。因此,研究结果表明,在这两个地区可优先考虑在菌株采集地种植和选育含有R1,R2和R8这3个抗性基因的马铃薯品种。     

Pesticide residues in human milk, Alberta, Canada--1966-70, 1977-78

Organochlorine pesticide residues were determined in human milk of residents of Alberta, Canada, during 1966-70 and 1977-78. Levels of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and some common organophosphorus pesticides were also monitored during 1977-78. Average residue levels were generally lower in 1977-78 samples, whereas the percent incidence of residues was generally lower in 1966-70 samples. beta-BHC was found in all 1977-78 samples, but was not detected in 1966-70 samples. PCBs were detected in all but two of the 1977-78 samples. Average levels of p,p'-DDT and is metabolites were substantially lower during the second period than during the first. Large increases in the average levels and percent incidences of heptachlor epoxide and o,p'-DDT have been attributed to refinements in both cleanup and gas chromatographic analysis. Although no PBBs or organophosphorus pesticides were detected in 1977-78 samples, an unidentified hydrocarbon similar to dicofol was found in all samples of that period. No correlation between donor age groups and average pesticide residue levels could be inferred.     

甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒青岛分离株SeMNPV-QD的毒力测定

为评价一株新的甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒（青岛分离株SeMNPV-QD）在害虫生物防治中的应用潜力,本文以甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒青岛株SeMNPV-QD与美国株SeMNPV-US1为材料,分别测定了病毒对甜菜夜蛾细胞系的感染、对甜菜夜蛾幼虫的室内生物活性以及田间防治效果。研究结果表明,SeMNPV-QD与SeMNPV-US1对甜菜夜蛾细胞系Se-3的感染率分别为92.34%和93.65%,平均每个细胞的病毒多角体产量分别为23.97和24.10 PIB,差异均不显著;SeMNPV-QD与SeMNPV-US1对初孵甜菜夜蛾幼虫的LC₅₀分别为4.43×10⁴和4.35×10⁴ PIB/mL,LT₅₀分别为4.12和4.02 d;SeMNPV-QD与SeMNPV-US1对4龄甜菜夜蛾幼虫的LC₅₀分别为9.25×10⁵和4.44×10⁵ PIB/mL,LT₅₀分别为6.20和5.50 d;SeMNPV-QD和SeMNPV-US1对大葱田甜菜夜蛾幼虫具有较好的防治作用,7 d的校正防效分别达到74.99%和79.04%。研究结果将为新病毒株的深入研究开发以及甜菜夜蛾的生物防治提供理论依据。     

Ultrastructure, Morphology, and Sporogenesis of Pasteuria penetrans

ABSTRACT Pasteuria penetrans is a bacterial parasite of root-knot nematodes that shows great potential as a biocontrol agent. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the ultrastructure, morphology, and sporogenesis of four isolates of P. penetrans. The effects of different Meloidogyne spp. and tobacco cultivars on sporangium size and morphology of endospores attached to the cuticle of second-stage juveniles (J2) of root-knot nematodes also were investigated. The P. penetrans isolates and their origins were P-20 from M. arenaria race 1 in Levy County, FL; P-100 from Meloidogyne sp. in Pasco County, FL; B-4 from Pratylenchus scribneri in Seminole County, FL; and P-120 from Meloidogyne spp. in Alachua County, FL. Sporangia of the four isolates were identical morphologically and similar in their dimensions, ranging from 2.39 to 3.42 mum in diameter and from 1.38 to 2.38 mum in height. Different Meloidogyne spp. and tobacco cultivars had no effect on sporangium size. Endospores attached to J2 were visualized in three forms: endospores retaining the sporangium wall, endospores covered with a thin exosporium, and endospores without covering. Sporogenesis of P. penetrans was similar to that of other gram-positive bacteria and generally matched the seven-stage scheme reported for Bacillus thuringiensis.     

黄瓜内生放线菌的分离、筛选及其活性菌株鉴定

 从植物内生放线菌中筛选拮抗活性菌株和寻找新的农用活性代谢产物,可为植物病害防治提供新的资源。本研究结果发现黄瓜幼苗的根、茎、叶中均有内生放线菌的存在,根组织中的数量、种类明显多于叶片和茎,占总分离株的72.7%,以链霉菌的淡紫灰类群、灰褐类群为主。活性筛选试验结果表明,黄瓜内生放线菌中对12种靶标真菌和6种细菌具有拮抗作用的菌株分别占46.8%和39.0%,主要为分离自根组织的链霉菌淡紫灰类群。分离自黄瓜叶片的gCLA4菌株抑菌谱较广,其发酵滤液对供试12种靶标真菌均具有较好的抑菌效果,但对靶标细菌有选择性抑制作用。形态学、细胞化学和16S rDNA序列分析鉴定该菌株为淡紫灰链霉菌(Streptomyces lavendularectus)。     

苹果、香蕉和柑橘中腐霉利等4种防腐保鲜剂残留分析方法

采用乙腈提取、分散SPE净化的前处理方法以及气相色谱电子捕获检测器,测定了苹果、柑橘和香蕉中腐霉利、抑霉唑、异菌脲和咪鲜胺4种防腐保鲜剂的残留量,利用基质匹配标准校正方法补偿基质效应。结果表明,腐霉利、抑霉唑和咪鲜胺在3个添加水平(0.02、0.05和0.10 mg/kg)下的回收率为85.1% ~108.4%,相对标准偏差为0.5% ~7.9%;异菌脲在3个添加水 平(0.05、0.10 和0.20 mg/kg)下的回收率为82.9% ~98.8%,相对标准偏差为3.6% ~ 8.6%。方法的检出限(LOD)在0.001 ~0.008 mg/kg之间,定量限(LOQ)在0.003 ~0.03 mg/kg之间。