鲫鱼对除草剂阿特拉津的生物富集效应研究

采用半静态水质接触染毒法,研究鲫鱼（Carassius auratus）肝脏、肾脏和肌肉对不同质量浓度（0、0.1、0.5、1.0、5.0和10.0 mg·L^-1）阿特拉津的富集效应。结果表明,阿特拉津在鱼体中的富集速度较快;在试验所选浓度下,鲫鱼肝脏、肾脏和肌肉均在染毒后19 d即对阿特拉津达到富集稳态,但各个器官对阿特拉津的富集能力都较低。阿特拉津在肝脏、肾脏和肌肉中的富集系数均随着染毒浓度的增加而变小,呈现显著的负相关关系;其在肝脏、肾脏和肌肉中的最大和最小富集系数分别出现在最低（0.1 mg·L^-1）和最高（10.0 mg·L^-1）浓度组,最大富集系数分别为：13.08、11.00和6.02,最小富集系数分别为：5.22、4.37和2.94。而且,当阿特拉津暴露浓度相同时,鲫鱼不同组织器官对阿特拉津的富集能力存在差异,表现为：肝脏〉肾脏〉肌肉。     

Removal of Copper Ions from Simulated Wastewaters Using Different Bicomponent Polymer Membranes

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of global flame retardants whose residues have markedly increased in fish and human tissues during the last decade. They belong to persistent and toxic contaminants which need more attention and toxicological study as their degradation in the environment is not well understood. This study characterizes 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) bioconcentration, elimination and biotransformation in juvenile turbot Psetta maxima, in order to evaluate the risk of its bioaccumulation in the marine environment. During this study, juvenile turbot were exposed to environmentally relevant BDE-47 concentrations from 0.001 to 1 μg/L for 16 days via aqueous exposure. This study found that juvenile turbot bioconcentrated and biotransformed BDE-47. There was no difference in standard length or weight between control and exposed fish. Uptake and elimination of BDE-47 by the turbot during exposure were examined in controlled laboratory experiments. Bioconcentration of BDE-47 was similar in fish from all treatment groups. Bioconcentration was rapid and increased with exposure time, since the bioconcentration factor (BCF) was higher. However, elimination was slower in comparison and low elimination was detected after 10 days in clean water. BDE-47 concentration in water influences the BCF. Half-life ranged between 37 and 108 days and theoretical times t ₉₀ could range from 120 to 358 days. The present study demonstrates a stepwise debromination of BDE-47 to BDE-28.

     

Uptake by dietary exposure and elimination of aflatoxins in muscle and liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Uptake and elimination of aflatoxins (AFs) by rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) during a long-term (21 days) dietary exposure were studied to assess contamination by AFs in aquaculture fish fed AF-containing feed. The uptake factor (UF) of aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) in muscle ranged from 0.40 × 10(-3) to 1.30 × 10(-3). AFB(1) concentrations in liver were 165-342 times higher than in muscle. AFs from feed were more highly accumulated in liver than in muscle. Aflatoxicol (AFL) and aflatoxin M(1) (AFM(1)) were detected in muscle and liver and also in the rearing water. AFL concentrations were higher than AFM(1) by 2 orders of magnitude in muscle, and AFL was a major metabolite of AFB(1). The elimination rate constants (α) of AFB(1) and AFL in muscle (1.83 and 2.02 day(-1), respectively) and liver (1.38 and 2.41 day(-1), respectively) were very large. The elimination half-life (t(1/2)) of AFB(1) was 0.38 days (9.12 h) in muscle and 0.50 days (12.00 h) in liver. The elimination half-life of AFL in muscle and liver was 0.34 day (8.16 h) and 0.29 day (6.96 h), respectively. These data show that AFs are eliminated rapidly and are not biomagnified in fish. Thus, AFB(1) concentration in muscle of fish fed AFB(1)-containing feed (ca. 500 μg/kg) decreased to below the detection limit (20 ng/kg) of the most sensitive analytical method at 1.54 days (36.96 h) after the change to uncontaminated feed.     

Denaturation and aggregation of myosin from two bovine muscle types

The thermal behaviors of myosin from bovine vastus intermedius (VI, predominantly red muscle) and semimembranosus (SM, predominantly white muscle) at pH 6.05 (ultimate pH of VI muscle) and 5.50 (ultimate pH of SM muscle) were compared. Differential scanning microcalorimetry and turbidity measurements were used to monitor changes in myosin during heating from 25 to 80 degrees C at 1 degrees C/min. VI and SM myosin heavy chain isoforms were identified on gradient SDS-PAGE. Endotherms of VI myosin at pH 6.05 had three transition temperatures (T(m)) of 45, 53, and 57 degrees C, whereas at pH 5.50 two transitions were observed at 42 and 59 degrees C. SM myosin had two T(m) values of 46 and 58 degrees C at pH 6.05 and T(m) values of 43 and 62 degrees C at pH 5.5. SM myosin at its ultimate pH was less heat stable than VI myosin at its ultimate pH; however, when SM and VI myosin were compared at the same pH, VI myosin was less stable.     

Bioconcentration factors for metals in humic waters at different pH in the Rönnskär area (N. Sweden)

The metal content of bryophytes (Fontinalis antipyretica), invertebrates (Asellus aquaticus, Sialis lutaria, Libellulidae) and fish (Perca fluviatilis, Esux lucius) was measured along an aquatic concentration gradient of Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, As, Hg, generated by air emissions from the Rönnskär smelters. The separation of pH effects on metal uptake, was facilitated by metal and pH vectors being mostly well separated from each others. The interpretation was facilitated by seasonal small variations in water metal content, which improved the calculation of bioconcentration factors (BCF) as a strict measure of bioavailability. It was found that BCF varied as function of element and taxon. When pH decreased, BCF also did so for Zn, Cd, Ni, Co in bryophytes, while BCF increased for Pb, Cu in in fish. We conclude and agree that one-sided focusing on total concentrations may overlook shifts in speciation due to pH in moderately acidified waters for elements like Cu and Pb.     

酸雨地区蔬菜对重金属的吸收及重金属健康风险基准的估算

通过盆栽实验,以小白菜(上海青)、大白菜和萝卜为指示作物,研究了酸雨作用下Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd,Cr和Ni复合污染物在土壤-作物系统中的吸收与富集情况。结果表明,酸雨-重金属复合污染处理使Cu,Pb,Cr和Ni在蔬菜中积累量明显高于对照处理;Zn和Cd一般只有在复合污染处理中外源Zn或Cd含量较高时才明显高于对照处理。与对照相比,酸雨-重金属复合污染处理使Pb和Ni的富集系数增大,Cu的富集系数多数情况下增大,Cd的富集系数多数情况下减小,Zn和Cr富集系数的变化在不同蔬菜之间存在较明显的差异;重金属在不同蔬菜中的富集系数一般表现为萝卜>上海青>大白菜,蔬菜中不同重金属富集系数一般表现为Zn>Cd>Ni>Cu>Pb>Cr。酸雨-重金属复合污染条件下蔬菜中重金属积累量与其在土壤中总量之间的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平。以大宗蔬菜上海青、大白菜和萝卜为指示作物对酸雨地区蔬菜地中重金属的健康风险基准进行了估算,这对开展酸雨地区土壤重金属环境容量评价、重金属污染修复目标及地方性土壤环境质量标准的制订提供了参考依据。     

Enhancement of polyunsaturated fatty acids and total carotenoid production in microalgae by ultraviolet band A (UVA, 365 nm) radiation

Two microalgae, Porphyridium cruentum and Platymonas subcordiformis , were subjected to a 3-day exposure of ultraviolet band A (UVA) radiation at 365 nm (～1.32-1.35 W/m(2)) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (～11.56-11.62 W/m(2)) followed by a 3-day UVA-free (exposure to PAR only) treatment. UVA inhibited the growth of P. subcordiformis and P. cruentum during the UVA-exposure period. Significant increases (p < 0.05) of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), saturated fatty acids (SFAs), and lipid content were found in P. cruentum during the UVA exposure period, whereas such increases in P. subcordiformis were observed only at the end of the UVA-free period. Concentrations of individual PUFAs including linoleic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid as well as total carotenoids were significantly increased (p < 0.05) at different stages of the UVA treatment in both microalgae. UVA (365 nm) radiation has the potential application for producing microalgal biomass rich in PUFAs and carotenoids as a natural functional ingredient.     

Tracking phospholipid profiling of muscle from Ctennopharyngodon idellus during storage by shotgun lipidomics

This paper aims to study phospholipid (PL) profiling of muscle from Ctenopharyngodon idellus during room-temperature storage for 72 h by direct-infusion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Five classes of PLs, including phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), and sphingomyelin (SM), were analyzed. At least 110 molecular species of PLs were identified, including 32 species of PC, 34 species of PE, 24 species of PS, 18 species of PI, and 2 species of SM. The result showed that oxidation and hydrolysis are the two main causes for the deterioration of PLs in fish muscle during storage. Most content of PL molecular species increased and then decreased gradually. However, some special PE molecular species with former low abundance, such as PE 32:1, PE 34:2, and PE 34:1, emerged during the storage in quantity. It indicated that those PE molecular species may come from the microbe bred in the muscle. This phenomenon was found and discussed for the first time. The possible relevance between the emergence of these special PE molecular species and the freshness of the fish muscle during storage will be investigated in further studies.     

Endosulfan Plant Uptake Suppression Effect on Char Amendment in Oriental Radish

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) immobilization in farm land is an important issue to solve the residue in crop, and char has been considered for the remediation. In here, three commercially available chars like powdered oak char (POC), granulated oak char (GOC), and rice husk char (RHC) including powdered activated carbon (PAC) were investigated for their potential to adsorb and immobilize endosulfan in the soil. The maximum adsorption capacities (mg g^?1) of the applied chars as POC, GOC, and RHC were 714.8, 322.6, and 181.8, respectively, and the capacity of POC was similar with PAC (713.8). In addition, the pore volume (0.138 cm³ g^?1) and the surface area (270.3 m² g^?1) of POC were over 3-fold higher than GOC and RHC. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) reducing effect of α-, β-endosulfan, and endosulfan sulfate in oriental radish (Raphanus sativus var. sativus) was investigated by amendment of three commercially available chars to the contaminated soils. The BCF of total endosulfan was 0.025 in the radish root. POC treatments effectively suppressed the endosulfan uptake (BCF 0.002). However, GOC and RHC showed little BCF reducing effect of endosulfan in radish.     

Residue depletion of tilmicosin in chicken tissues

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with detection at 290 nm was modified and validated for the determination of tilmicosin residues in broiler chicken tissues. The limits of detection (LOD) of the method were 0.01 microg/g for muscle and 0.025 microg/g for liver and kidney. Average recoveries ranged from 80.4 to 88.3%. Relative standard deviation values ranged from 5.2 to 12.1%. Residue depletion of tilmicosin in broiler chickens was examined after dosing over a 5-day period by incorporation of the drug into drinking water at 37.5 and 75.0 mg/L. Tilmicosin concentrations in liver and kidney were highest on day 3 of medication and on day 5 in muscle, in both low- and high-dose groups. The residue levels in both groups were significantly higher in liver than in kidney or muscle. A minimum withdrawal time of 9 days was indicated for residue levels in muscle, liver, and kidney tissues below the maximum residue level (MRL).     

Bacillus stearothermophilus disk assay for determining ampicillin residues in fish muscle.

The Bacillus stearothermophilus disk assay for penicillin in milk (AOAC official method) was adapted for the determination of ampicillin in fish muscle. The method was evaluated in 2 species of cultured fish: channel catfish and striped bass. Recoveries of ampicillin ranged from 99 to 104% when muscle specimens from both species were spiked at concentrations of 0.025-1.00 micrograms/g. The lower limit of determination (LOD) was 0.025 micrograms/g. The assay was applied to monitor the elimination of ampicillin from the muscle of striped bass after intravascular administration (dosage of 10 mg/kg body weight). The mean concentrations in the muscle declined from 1.160 micrograms/g at 2 h to 0.063 micrograms/g at 18 h. The half-life of ampicillin in the muscle was 3.6 h. Ampicillin concentrations were below LOD at 24 h. No inhibitory activity was observed in the muscle of control fish.     

Antidiabetic II drug metformin in plants: uptake and translocation to edible parts of cereals, oily seeds, beans, tomato, squash, carrots, and potatoes

Residues of pharmaceuticals present in wastewater and sewage sludge are of concern due to their transfer to aquatic and terrestrial food chains and possible adverse effects on nontargeted organisms. In the present work, uptake and translocation of metformin, an antidiabetic II medicine, by edible plant species cultivated in agricultural soil have been investigated in greenhouse experiment. Metformin demonstrated a high uptake and translocation to oily seeds of rape ( Brassica napus cv. Sheik and Brassica rapa cv. Valo); expressed as an average bioconcentration factor (BCF, plant concentration over initial concentration in soil, both in dry weight), BCF values as high as 21.72 were measured. In comparison, BCFs for grains of the cereals wheat, barley, and oat were in the range of 0.29-1.35. Uptake and translocation to fruits and vegetables of tomato (BCFs 0.02-0.06), squash (BCFs 0.12-0.18), and bean (BCF 0.88) were also low compared to rape. BCFs for carrot, potato, and leaf forage B. napus cv. Sola were similar (BCF 1-4). Guanylurea, a known degradation product of metformin by microorganisms in activated sludge, was found in barley grains, bean pods, potato peel, and small potatoes. The mechanisms for transport of metformin and guanidine in plants are still unknown, whereas organic cation transporters (OCTs) in mammals are known to actively transport such compounds and may guide the way for further understanding of mechanisms also in plants.     

Determination of chlorate and chlorite and mutagenicity of seafood treated with aqueous chlorine dioxide.

The use of chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)) as a potential substitute for aqueous chlorine to improve the quality of seafood products has not been approved by regulatory agencies due to health concerns related to the production of chlorite (ClO(2)(-)) and chlorate (ClO(3)(-)) as well as possible mutagenic/carcinogenic reaction products. Cubes of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and red grouper (Epinephelus morio) were treated with 20 or 200 ppm aqueous chlorine or ClO(2) solutions for 5 min, and extracts of the treated fish cubes and test solutions were checked for mutagenicity using the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay. No mutagenic activity was detected in the treated fish samples or test solutions with ClO(2). Only the sample treated with 200 ppm chlorine showed weak mutagenic activity toward S. typhimurium TA 100. No chlorite residue was detected in sea scallops, mahi-mahi, or shrimp treated with ClO(2) at 3.9-34.9 ppm. However, low levels of chlorate residues were detected in some of the treated samples. In most cases, the increase in chlorate in treated seafood was time- and dose-related.     

早期限饲对肉鸡肌肉生长及肌纤维类型的影响

采用隔日限饲的方式对1～14日龄三黄肉鸡仔鸡进行早期限饲处理,后恢复自由采食直至63日龄试验结束,以分析早期限饲对肉鸡肌肉生长和肌纤维类型的影响。分别于14和63日龄随机选取对照组和早期限饲组肉仔鸡各20羽,屠宰后采样,记录腓肠肌外侧头重量并采用相对定量RT-PCR的方法检测其不同类型肌纤维肌球蛋白重链mRNA基因表达。结果表明,早期限饲组体重及腓肠肌外侧头重均低于对照组(P<0.05,n=20)。14日龄早期限饲组慢肌及快红肌肌球蛋白重链mRNA表达水平显著高于对照组(分别为P<0.01和P<0.05,n=10),快白肌肌球蛋白重链基因表达显著低于对照组(P<0.05,n=10)。63日龄早期限饲组慢肌肌球蛋白重链mRNA基因表达显著低于对照组(P<0.05,n=10),快红肌和快白肌肌球蛋白重链与对照组相比均无差异(P>0.05,n=10)。结果提示:(1)早期限饲阻碍了肌纤维类型的转化,延缓了肌肉的发育及增重,最终引起整体体重的下降;(2)早期限饲对肌肉肌纤维成分具有持久影响,其影响一直持续到63日龄上市。     

Reclamation of Polluted Soil: Phytoremediation Potential of Crop-Related BRASSICA Species

Soils polluted by heavy metals can be reclaimed using a number of expensive tactics that either remove the contaminants or stabilize them within the soil. The value of metal accumulating plants for environmental remediation has recently been appreciated and promising results have been obtained. This paper reports a study on the behavior of Brassica napus, Brassica juncea, Raphanus sativus and Brassica carinata grown on a substrate contaminated by several heavy metals caused by the use of contaminated irrigation water. Data on carbon dioxide assimilation, biomass growth and the bioconcentration and translocation factor of each metal in each species were measured. The polluted substrate caused only a small variation in photosynthesis, however transpiration was more affected by the experimental substrate and in all three species of the genus Brassica the presence of metals in the substrate resulted in higher transpiration levels.Two bioconcentration factors were calculated respectively for the roots (BCF) and the shoots (BCF); the BCF was >1 for all the species for Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn without significant differences among species. All the values of BCF were lower than 0.5; among the metals, all Brassica species demonstrated a similar performance for Cd and Zn, whereas for other elements the bioconcentration factor was very low.     

稻米镉的生物富集系数与其影响因素的量化关系

为进一步明确田间环境中稻米镉的生物富集系数(BCF)与其影响因素的定量关系,以原农业部环境监测总站对我国南方水稻产地的例行监测数据为基础,系统分析了土壤有效镉、pH、土壤有机质(SOM)及阳离子交换量(CEC)与稻米镉BCF的相关关系,并通过多元线性回归构建了二者间的定量关系模型。结果表明:研究区域土壤全镉范围为0.25～10.34 mg/kg,平均值为1.94 mg/kg,是我国《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB15618—2018)中镉污染风险筛选值(0.4 mg/kg)的4.85倍;简单线性相关分析表明,稻米镉的BCF与土壤有效镉和SOM呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),相关系数分别为0.395和0.474,与p H呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),相关系数为–0.470,与CEC呈显著负相关(P<0.05),相关系数为–0.200;通过多元线性回归得到土壤有效镉、pH和SOM构建的三因子量化关系模型lgBCF=–0.346pH+0.013lgSOM+0.181lgCdavailable+2.001(R2=0.560,P<0.01,n=1...     

Measuring dietary diversity in rural Burkina Faso: comparison of a 1-day and a 3-day dietary recall

OBJECTIVES: To compare dietary diversity scores measured over a 1-day and a 3-day period, and to assess their relationships with socio-economic characteristics and the nutritional status of rural African women. DESIGN: A qualitative dietary recall allowed calculation of a dietary diversity score (DDS; number of food groups consumed out of a total of nine). Body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BFP) were used to assess the nutritional status of women. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: A representative sample of 550 mothers in north-east Burkina Faso. RESULTS: The DDS increased from 3.5 to 4.4 when calculated from a 1-day or a 3-day recall (P < 0.0001), although for the latter the DDS was affected by memory bias. The DDS calculated from a 1-day recall was higher when a market day occurred during the recall period. Both scores were linked to the sociodemographic and economic characteristics of the women. Women in the lowest DDS tertile calculated from the 1-day recall had a mean BMI of 20.5 kg m-(2) and 17.7% of them were underweight, versus 21.6 kg m (-2) and 3.5% for those in the highest tertile (P = 0.0003 and 0.0007, respectively). The DDS calculated from the 1-day recall was also linked to mean BFP; all these links remained significant after adjustment for confounders. For the 3-day period, no such relationships were found to be significant after adjustment. CONCLUSION: The DDS calculated from a 1-day dietary recall was sufficient to predict the women's nutritional status. In such a context attention should be paid to market days.     

Accumulation of copper in Clarias anguillaris L. and Oreochromis niloticus L.

Clarias anguillaris and Oreochromis niloticus were each exposed to solutions of Analar grade Cu sulphate in static bioassays at a temperature range of 20 to 23.5°C and CaCO₃ hardness of 30 to 44 mg L^?1. Copper accumulation was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The Cu residues in Clarias anguillaris exposed to 0.027, 0.055, and 0.11 mg Cu L^?1. for 8 weeks were 15.7, 21.8, and 31.17 mg g^?1 dry weight, respectively. Oreochromis niloticus exposed to 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg Cu L^?1. accumulated 34.69, 36.09, and 81.03 mg g^?1 dry weight, respectively, over the 8-week period of exposure. The lowest and highest bioconcentration factors (BCF) were 117 and 581 for Clarias anguillaris and, 176 and 694 for Oreochromis niloticus. Copper concentrations in tissues of both species were directly related to the exposure concentrations and the duration of exposure. Increased accumulation towards the last 2 weeks of exposure may be due to impaired capacity of elimination or poor nutritional status.     

林丹环境安全性评价研究

为了评价林丹在环境介质中的持久性,对林丹的土壤降解、水解、光解与快速生物降解性进行了试验研究。结果表明,林丹的土壤降解半衰期为36．9～68．6d,水解半衰期为8．94～2310d,对光反应稳定,难以快速生物降解。林丹对斑马鱼的96h—LC50为4．22μg·L^-1,对环境生物具有极高的毒性;林丹在金鱼体内的生物富集系数BCF〉1000,具有较高的生物富集性。根据试验结果推断,林丹在环境介质中具有极强的稳定性,很容易在食物链中发生生物积累。     

冻融期不同覆盖和气象因子对土壤导热率和热通量的影响

为了研究冻融期不同覆盖和气象因子对土壤导热率和土壤热通量的影响,在2015年11月-2016年4月期间,设置了裸地(BL)、自然积雪覆盖(SC)、6 000 kg/hm~2秸秆+积雪覆盖(SM1)、12 000 kg/hm~2秸秆+积雪覆盖(SM2)和18 000 kg/hm~2秸秆+积雪覆盖(SM3)5种不同的处理,测定了20、40、60和100 cm土壤含水率和温度,并计算出土壤导热率和土壤热通量。研究结果发现:在土壤冻结期,土壤导热率随着土壤的冻结而增大,直至完全冻结后基本保持不变,而在土壤融化期则逐渐减小。冻融阶段,积雪和秸秆覆盖会延缓土壤导热率的变化,减小土壤导热率的变化。冻结期,裸地处理的土壤导热率最大,平均为1.55 W/(m×K);融化期,裸地处理的土壤导热率最小,平均为0.79 W/(m×K)。在冻结期,土壤热量向上传递,传递量先增加后减小;在融化期,土壤热量向下传递,传递量逐渐增加。积雪和秸秆覆盖可以减小土壤热通量及其变化。积雪和秸秆覆盖条件下的土壤热通量比裸地少4.73~8.84 W/m~2。裸地处理的土壤导热率与水汽压的相关性最好,相关系数为-0.84,与风速的相关性最差,相关系数为-0.43。积雪和秸秆覆盖条件下的土壤导热率与环境温度的相关性最好,相关系数为-0.67~-0.73,与风速的相关性最差,相关系数为-0.18~-0.25。土壤热通量与太阳辐射的相关性最好,相关系数为-0.88~-0.91,与风速的相关性最差,相关系数为-0.44~-0.53。整体而言,积雪和秸秆覆盖会减小大气环境对土壤导热率和热通量的影响。