Control of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) in cotton with benfuresate

The herbicide benfuresate applied preplanting to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fields infested with purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) inhibited nutsedge growth for several weeks and was found selective for cotton. The best nutsedge control was achieved when the herbicide was mechanically incorporated following a preplant broadcast or band application which was activated by a sprinkler irrigation. The rate of benfuresate needed for effective and selective nutsedge control in cotton ranged from 0.80 to 1.60 kg/ha, the higher rates necessary in soils with higher clay and organic matter contents.     

CHEMICAL CONTROL OF IMPERATA CYLINDRICA (L.) BEAUV. IN MALAYSIA*

Summary. Paraquat-based treatments were evaluated for the control of Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv., a perennial grass with extensive rhizomes of great regenerative power. Single applications of 0–5 lb/ac paraquat gave good initial control, but regeneration was rapid. Increases up to 2–0 lb/ac had little effect on the duration of control, nor did the volume rate from 40 to 120 gal/ac. When an initial application of 05 lb/ac was followed by two further applications of 0–25 lb/ac, when the level of control had decreased to 50%, lasting control was obtained. Application of 6–8 lb/ac dalapon followed by 0–25 lb/ac paraquat also gave good control, comparable with that achieved by the conventional treatment of dalapon alone at 15–20 lb/ac. La lutte chimique contre Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. en Malaisie Résumé. Des traitements utilisant le paraquat ont étè essayés pour lutter contre Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv., graminée pérenne avec des rhizomes importants qui manifestent un pouvoir de régénération élevé, Des applications uniques de paraquat à la dose 0,56 kg/ha ement un bon eifel initial mais la régéneration fut rapide. L'accroissement de la dose jusquà 2,2 kg/ha n'eut qu'une faible incidence sur la durée de l'action herbicide, l'augmentation du volume de traitement de 450 à 1350 1/ha ne provoqua pas non plus d'augmentation de I'efficacité. Une seule application de paraquat à 0,56 kg/ha, quand le niveau de I'efficacité eut décru jusquà 50%, suivie de deux applications supplémen-taires à 0,275 kg/ha, donna une efficacité plus durable. Des applications de dalapon de 6,7 à 9,0 kg/ha suivies de traitements au paraquat à 0,275 kg/ha donnèerent un résultat aussi bon que celui obtenu par les traitements habituels au dalapon seul, à la dose dc 16 à 22 kg/ha. Chemisehe Bekampfung von Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. in Malaysia Zusammenfassung. Es erfolgten Untersuchungen zur Bekämpfung von Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv., einem mehrjährigen Gras mit einem ausgedehnten Rhizomsystem und starker Regenerationskraft, mit Paraquat, Einmalige Applikation von 0,56 kg/ha Paraquat hatte zwar eine gute Anfangswirkung, doch erfolgte rasche Regeneration. Eine Erhöhung bis auf 2,2 kg/ha war ebenso wie eine Änderung der Spritzbrühmenge von ca 450–1350 I/ha von geringem Einfluss auf die Nachhaltigkeit der Bekämpfungs-massnahmen. Eine einmalige Anwendung von 0,56 kg/ha Paraquat gefolgt von zwei weiteren Applikationen von 0,28 kg/ha, wenn die Regeneration ungelahr 50% erreicht hatte, ergab nachhaltige Wirkung. Behandlungen mit 6,7-9 kg/ha Dalapon gefolgt von 0,28 kg/ha Paraquat hatten ebenfalis eine gute Wirkung, die mit der einer konven-tionellen Behandlung mit 16,8-22 kg/ha Dalapon vergleiehbar war.     

超高效液相色谱法测定吡蚜酮在棉花和土壤中的残留

建立了超高效液相色谱-亲水色谱柱测定吡蚜酮在棉花和土壤中残留量的分析方法。样本在弱碱条件下采用分散固相萃取(QuEChERS)法进行前处理。结果表明:吡蚜酮在棉叶和棉籽中添加水平为0.05~0.50 mg/kg时,其平均回收率分别为76.9%~91.1%和76.4%~93.7%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为7.2%~8.2%和6.2%~9.8%;在土壤中添加水平为0.02~0.5 mg/kg时,平均回收率为83.8%~94.6%,RSD为5.3%~8.0%。在山东和河南两地按推荐剂量(有效成分30 g/hm2)和1.5倍推荐剂量(有效成分45 g/hm2)施用10%吡蚜酮·高效氯氟氰菊酯悬浮剂后4 d,吡蚜酮在土壤和棉叶中的残留量分别低于0.02和0.05 mg/kg;至收获时,其在土壤和棉籽中的最终残留量低于0.02和0.05 mg/kg。     

Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) growth characteristics as related to rhizome length

Growth characteristics of johnsongrass [Sorghum halepence(L) Pers] grown in the field from rhizomes 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 cm long were studied in a sandy loam soil for 2 years. Plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of tillers per plant, and fresh weight of new rhizomes and shoots were significantly dependent on the length of the planted rhizome 20, 40, 60, or 80 days after planting. All growth characteristics increased significantly as the length of planted rhizome increased from 2.5 cm to 10 cm to 25 cm Growth characteristics of Johnsongrass plants grown on rhizomes of adjacent lengths (differing by 5 cm) generally were not significantly different. Longer rhizomes (15, 20, or 25 cm) initiated new rhizome growth much earlier (about 20–30 days) than shorter rhizomes (2.5, 5, or 10 cm) Although all rhizome lengths showed a parallel growth potential, the lunger rhizomes were capable of more and faster growth, especially early after planting. It is suggested that Johnsongrass plants associated with longer rhizomes in the field as a result of limited tillage, coupled with their faster growth rate, are expected to interfere with crop production earlier than plants on shorter rhizomes unless controlled.     

Effects of surfactants and simulated rainfall on the efficacy of the Engame formulation of glyphosate in johnsongrass, prickly sida and yellow nutsedge

The effects of surfactants and simulated rain were investigated on the efficacy of Engame and Roundup Ultramax formulations of glyphosate on johnsongrass ( Sorghum halepense L.), prickly sida ( Sida spinosa L.) and yellow nutsedge ( Cyperus esculentus L.). Flame surfactant provided the greatest enhancement of Engame efficacy and the effect was species-dependent. Flame enhanced the activity of Engame on johnsongrass and yellow nutsedge but not on prickly sida. Engame and Engame plus Flame were more active than Roundup Ultramax on a glyphosate acid-equivalent basis on johnsongrass without rain, and on yellow nutsedge with or without rain. The Engame and Roundup Ultramax activities on johnsongrass were similar with rain, and rain occurring between five and 30 min after treatment diminished their activities to < 38% of the control. With the addition of Flame surfactant, Engame activity on johnsongrass increased, such that 50% and 80% of the control were realized, even with rain occurring between five and 15 min after treatment, respectively. Engame and Roundup Ultramax provided better control of prickly sida than of johnsongrass following a rain event. The addition of Flame surfactant to Engame did not enhance the activity on prickly sida. Yellow nutsedge control with Engame and Engame plus Flame was greater than with Roundup Ultramax and rain had little effect on control regardless of the length of the rain-free period. These results demonstrated that the activities of Engame, Engame plus Flame and Roundup Ultramax were species-dependent and surfactant-dependent.     

Behavioral hormoligosis in oviposition preference of Bemisia tabaci on cotton

The study on behavioral hormoligosis in oviposition preference in Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) on cotton was conducted, at Entomological Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Punjab, India, during 2001 crop season and repeated in the same season. Multiple-choice test was followed for conducting the experiment. Quinalphos (250, 375, and 500), carbaryl (625, 938, and 1250), acephate (750, 1125, and 1500), endosulfan (438, 656, and 875), and fenvalerate (25, 38, and 50 g ai/ha) were repeatedly sprayed on potted plants of American cotton (var. LH-1556). The impact of these insecticides was evaluated in term of oviposition preference by B. tabaci to treated plants. Also, it investigated changes in biochemical components of treated cotton leaves and the correlation with oviposition preference. The results revealed that, fenvalerate treated plants were more preferred by whitefly for oviposition. Maximum number of eggs was observed on fenvalerate treated plants, 38, 50, and 25 g/ha (39.3, 37.3, and 36.1 eggs/leaf, respectively) followed by acephate 1500 g/ha (26.9 eggs/ leaf) compared with untreated control (14.1 eggs/leaf). Almost similar trend of results was observed in the repeated experiment. The results obtained from biochemical studies revealed that all the insecticidal treatments caused reduction in total sugars compared with untreated control except fenvalerate and low dose of quinalphos. All insecticides caused increase in total free amino acids and brought significant changes in total phenols and pH value of treated plants. These results have confirmed the behavioral hormoligosis in oviposition preference that induced by fenvalerate and acephate in B. tabaci, which may be one of the causes behind its resurgence on plants repeatedly treated with these insecticides.     

Weed Control in Berseem using Stale Seed-bed,EPTC, and MCPB

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted in 1973 and 1974 at Udaipur, India to evaluate the selective weed control efficacy of stale seed-bed prepared with paraquat (1 kg/ha) or by cultivation, pre-planting incorporation of EPTC (1.5 kg/ha), and post-emergent application of MCPB (0.5 kg/ha). Two crop protectants, NA and activated carbon, were also field tested as seed treatments against injury by EPTC. It was found that stale seed-bed prepared by desiccation of weed seedlings with paraquat a day before planting berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and pre-planting incorporation of EPTC were both effective in significantly reducing weed growth and boosting yields of berseem. Berseem seeds coated with activated carbon before planting provided appreciable protection to the crop against EPTC, but NA stunted berseem growth. A combination of stale seed-bed and EPTC caused maximum reduction in weed growth. Post-emergent MCPB, though efficient in controlling weeds, was highly phytotoxic to the crop. Chenopodium spp. and Phalaris minor were lower in net energy content than berseem.     

An Introduction to the Use and Preparation of Artificial Diets with Special Emphasis on Diets for Phytophagous Lepidoptera

Abstract

In an experiment conducted in an almost pure stand of Imperata cylindrica to compare manual and chemical methods of control, forking out of rhizomes up to a depth of 45 cm gave long-lasting control. Slashing the grass to ground level at intervals of 4–6 weeks resulted in a low degree of control in terms of visual assessment of top growth and a high degree of control in terms of suppression of rhizome development, which was comparable to the most effective chemical methods; dalapon (22.2 kg a.i./ha) and dalapon–paraquat sequential spray. The results suggest that the effectiveness of control measures can be improved by timing the dalapon spray to coincide with adequate soil moisture reserve and by regulating frequency of slashing with regard to soil moisture status and the number of previous slashings imposed. The chemical treatment and the slashings suppressed development of rhizomes but did not cause increased rhizome mortality. The stage of growth at which dalapon was sprayed in dalapon–paraquat sequential spray treatment, did not influence the degree of control achieved as assessed visually.     

性信息素诱捕防治棉红铃虫

1980～1981年在浙江海盐和上虞进行了性信息素诱捕防治棉铃虫的大田试验。面积分别为3500、3000亩。试验证明,每亩设置3～4只诱捕盆的大面积诱捕防治能明显降低田间红铃虫雌蛾的交配率(下降68.2～96.7%),棉株受害程度也减轻,与常规农药防治的对照相比,花害率下降42.4～78.9%,铃害率下降30.3～54.4%,同时还减少了用药次数,间接起到保护天敌、减少环境污染的作用。因此认为,性信息素诱捕法有可能作为棉红铃虫综合防治中的一项有效措施。     

THE CONTROL OF BROAD-LEAVED DOCK (RUMEX OBTUSIFOLIUS L.) IN NEWLY-SOWN RED CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L.) WITH TRIFLURALIN, CARBETAMIDE AND ASULAM

Summary. Trifluralin (2,6-dinitro- NN -dipropyl-4-trifluoromethylaniline) pre-sowing, and carbetamide ( d - N -ethyl-2-(phenylcarbamoyloxy)propionamide) and asulam ( N -(4-aminobenzenesulphonyl)methylcarbamate) pre-sowing or post-emergence were evaluated for the control of Rumex obtusifolius L. in autumn-sown red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.). All herbicides gave good control of if. obtusifolius from seed. Asulam at 2 or 4 kg/ha gave the best control of R. obtusifolius from rootstocks, followed by trifluralin at 1 kg/ha and carbetamide at 2 kg/ha. Poa annua L. was controlled by trifluralin and carbetamide but not by asulam. The results are interpreted in terms of the mode of action and method of application of the herbicides.
La lutte contre la Patience sauvage (Rumex obtusifolius L.) dans un semis récent de trèfle rouge (Trifolium pratense L.) avec la trifluraline, le carbétamide et l'asulame     

The Royal Show

Abstract

A non-mechanical system of applying herbicides to weeds taller than crops by a simple rope wick device is described. The herbicide applicator requires no pumps or moving parts to deliver the herbicide, and it can be built by the farmer at a very low cost. Selective control of johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) in soyabeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) with glyphosate was demonstrated in two experiments under field conditions.     

Residues of DDT in cottonseed after spraying with DDT and torbidan

DDT at 1.12 and 2.24 kg/ha a.i. and Torbidan at 5 and 10 litre formulation/ha (1 and 2 kg DDT/ha) were sprayed five times on cotton over a period of 15 weeks. Seeds from the first pick of the crop were found to contain as residues pp′-DDT and pp′-DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-di- (4-chlorophenyl)ethylene]. The highest residue level (0.783 parts/10⁶) was found in seeds from Torbidan 10 litre/ha treatment.     

Some effects of manual and chemical defoliation on the growth and carbohydrate reserves of Panicum repens (L.) Beauv.

In pot experiments on Panicum repens manual and chemical defoliation at intervals of 2–6 weeks decreased the growth of shoots, roots and new rhizomes and reduced the carbohydrate reserves. The most frequent manual defoliation did not completely suppress growth even when continued for 9 months. The plants were killed, however, by application of paraquat at doses of 0–14-0′56 kg/ha every 2 weeks for a period of 3 months. It is suggested that repeated mechanical defoliation may help to reduce plant vigour and limit the rate of spread in the field and that it may be possible to develop a method of more permanent control based on repeated application of paraquat. Quelques effets de la ddfoliation manuelle et chimique sur la croissance el les reserves en hydrates de carbone de Panicum repens (L.) Beauv. Dans des expériences en pots sur Panicum repens, des défoliations manuelles et chimiques effectuées à des inter-valles de 2 à 6 semaines ont diminué la croissance de la partie aérienne, des racines, et des nouveaux rhizomes et ont réduit les réserves en hydrates de carbone. Dans la plupart des cas, Ia défoliation manuelle n'a pas complétement supprimé la croissance, mêmc lorsquété a ete poursuivie pendant 9 mois. Toutefois, les plantes ont été tuées par une application de paraquat à des doses de 0,14 à 0,56 kg/ha, toutes les deux semaines pendant une pédode de 3 mois. Ceci suggére que les défoliations mécaniques répétées peuvent contribuer à la réduction de la vigueur de la plante et à la limitation du taux d'infestation au champ, ce qui rendrait possible l'établissement d'une méthode de lutte plus définitive, basée sur des applications répétées de araquat. Einige Auswirkungen von mechanischer und chemischer Blattabtötung auf das Wachstum und die Kohlehydratreserven von Panicum repens (L.) Beauv. Bei Topfversuchen mit Panicum repens verminderte mechanische und chemische Blattabtötung in AbstSaUden von 2–6 Wochen das Wachstum von Spross, Wurzel und neuen Rhizomen. Ebenso wurden die Kohlehydratreserven herabgesetzt. Die in Abstönden von zwei Wochen durchgeführte mechanische Blattabtötung führte auch nach neun Monaten nicht zu einer vollständigen Unterdrückung des Wachstums. Jedoch wurden die Pftanzen durch Paraquat abgetötet wenn dieses in zweiwöchigem Abstand drei Monate hin-durch in Aufwandmengen von 0.14–0.56 kg/ha angewandt wurde. Es wird angenommen, dass wiederholte mechanische Blattabtötung dazu beilrägt, die Widerstandsfähigkeit der Pflanzen zu vermindern und die Ausbreitung im Feld zu begrenzen, Es wird der Hoffnung Ausdruck gegeben, dass es möglich sein wird, eine Methode fur länger anhaltende Bekämpfung auf der Grundlage von wiederholt ausge-brachtem Paiaquat zu entwickeln.     

Effects of herbicides or mowing on musk thistle seed production*

Mowing musk thistle (Carduus nutans L.) within 2 days of the first terminal heads in a plant population showing anthesis eliminated the production of germinable seed from all mowed stalks. Mowing later than 4 days after anthesis led to significant amounts of germinable seed being produced. Regrowth, which produced viable seed, usually occurred from plants mowed before first terminal heads began anthesis. A single mowing usually did not give satisfactory control due to wide differences in the maturity of plants in a natural population. When the terminal heads had reached late bud or more mature stages, 2,4-D ester [isoocyt] ester of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] at M kg/ha or 2–2 kg/ha did not provide satisfactory control. In general, the most effective herbicide treatments tested at all three stages of maturity were dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) at 056 kg/ha plus 2,4-D amine (dimethyl amine salt) at M kg/ha, 2,4-D ester at 4–4 kg/ha, or dicamba at 0–56 kg/ha. Inconsistent control of musk thistle results from variability within naturally occurring populations. Uneven development of stands as well as variation among plants are suggested as possible causes.     

Influence of herbicides on couch bud development

The effectiveness of 122 herbicides in inhibiting growth of buds from single-node sections of couch (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.) rhizomes was evaluated under glasshouse conditions. Treatments were made by planting twenty-five couch rhizome segments in washed silica sand and watering them with nutrient solution containing from 10^?2 to 10^?8 M concentrations of the herbicides. Final evaluations were made 21 days after planting. At 10^?5 M or lower concentrations, nineteen herbicides inhibited couch bud growth to less than 5 % of that in the untreated cultures. This concentration is approximately 0–28 kg/ha calculated on a 15-cm plough-slice basis. Herbicide groups showing the greatest inhibition of quackgrass rhizomes were the anilides and amides, carba-mates, and toluidines. Overall, pronamide (3,5-dichloro-N-(1,1-dimethylpropynyl)-benzamide) demonstrated the greatest activity. Many of the herbicides shown to be effective in this study do not generally control quackgrass under field conditions. Their lower activity in the field may be due to excessive decomposition, soil-herbicide interactions, or lack of rhizome exposure to the herbicides. Some herbicides which provide couch control under field conditions were not effective in this study. The reduced effectiveness of these chemicals under the conditions tested probably occurred because the herbicides were active only when applied post-emergence, because the primary action mechanisms were on processes other than bud development, or because the observation period was too short to detect complete results. Influence des herbicides sur le developpement des bourgeons du chiendent L'activité inhibitrice de la croissance des bourgeons de fragments de rhizomes de chiendent (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.) comportant un seul noeud, a étéévaluée en serre pour 122 herbicides. Les traitements ont été effectués en plantant 25 fragments de rhizome de chiendent dans un sable de silice Iavé et en leur apportant une solution nutritive contenant les herbicides k des concentrations allant de 10^?2à 10^?8 M. Les évaluations finales ont été faites 21 jours aprés la plantation. A la concentration a 10^?5 M ou a des concentrations plus faibles, dix-neuf herbicides inhibérent la croissance des bourgeons de chiendent jusqu'a moins de 5 % de celle des cultures non traitées. Cette concentration correspond approximativement k un traitement à 0,28 kg/ha calculé sur la base d'un labour à 15 cm. Les groupes d'her-bicides manifestant la plus forte inhibition des rhizomes de chiendent furent les anilides, les amides, les carbamates et les toluidines. Le plus actif fut la pronamide (3,5-dichloro-N-(1,1-dimothylpropynil)-benzamide). Beaucoup des herbicides qui se montrerent efficaces dans cette étude ne l'etaient pas contre le chiendent au champ. Leur activité plus faible au champ peut été due k une decomposition excessive, k des interactions sol-herbicide, ou au défaut de contact entre les rhizomes et les herbicides. Quelques herbicides qui s'avfirent efficaces au champ contre le chiendent ne l'ont pas été dans cet essai. La réduction d'efficacité des produits dans les conditions de essaisest probablement manifest Se en raison du fait que les herbicides furent actifs seulement en traitements de post-levée, parce que les mocanismes d'action primaire s'exerecérent sur des processus autres que le développement des bourgeons, ou parce que la période d'observation fut trop courte pour detecter des résultats complets. Einfluss von Herbiziden auf die Knospenenlwicklung bei der Quecke Es wurde die Wirkung von 122 Herbiziden auf die Hemmung des Knospenwachstums von Rhizomabschnitten der Quecke (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.) mit jeweils einem Nodium, unter Gewachshausbedingungen untersucht. Die Behand-lungen wurden folgendermassendurchgefuhrt: 25 Abschnitte von Queckenrhizomen wurden in gewaschenen Quarzsand gepfianzt und mit Nahrlosung gegossen, die Herbizid in 10^?2 bis 10^?8 M Konzentration enthielt. Die endgultige Aus-wertungerfolgte 21 Tage nach dem Pflanzen. Bei 10^?5 M oder niedrigeren Konzentrationen hemmten 19 Herbizide das Wachstum der Queckenknospen um weniger als 5% im Vergleich zu Unbehandelt. Diese Konzentration entspricht etwa einer Aufwandmenge von 028 kg/ha bezogen auf 15 cm Pfiugtiefe. Die grossteHemmwirkung gegenuber den Queckenrhizomen zeigten die Herbizide aus der Gruppe der Anilide, Amide, Carbamate und Toluidine. Insgesamt wies Pronamid (3,5-Dichlor-N-(1,1-dimethylpropinyl)-benzamid) die grosste Aktivitat auf. Viele der Herbizide, die unter den Versuchs-bedingungen wirksam waren, bekSaAmpfen die Quecke im Freiland gewöhnlich nicht. Die geringere Wirksamkeit dieser Herbizide im Freiland kann auf ubermessigen Abbau, auf Boden-Herbizide-Wechselbeziehungen oder auf fehlenden Kontakt des Rhizoms mit dem Herbizid zuruckzufuhren sein. Andererseits waren einige Herbizide, die eine Be-kampfung der Quecke unter Freilandbedingungen gewähr-leisten, in diesem Versuch nicht wirksam. Die verringerte Wirksamkeit diser Verbindungen unter den hier herrschenden Bedingungen, kann darauf zuruckgefuhrt werden, dass die Herbizide nur wirksam sind, wenn sie im Nachauflauf eingesetzt werden weil die primaren Wirkungsmechanismen an andere Prozesse als die Knospenentwicklung gebunden sind, Oder weil der Beobachtungszeitraum zu kurz war, um zu einer endgultigen Aussage zu gelangen.     

Field experiments to investigate long-term effects of repeated applications of MCPA, tri-allate, simazine and linuron: II. Crop performance and residues 1969–78

In four field experiments begun in 1963, each of four herbicides was applied to plots planted wilh the same crop each year. The annual treatments were: MCPA at 17 kg/ha to barley (Hordeum sativa Jess) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at growth stage 15. tri-allate at 17 kg/ha pre-emergcnce to barley and wheat, simazine at l7kg/ha pre-emergence to maize (Zea mays L.) and linuron in two applications of 084 kg/ha pre- and post-emergence to carrots (Daucus carota L.). MCPA did not affect growth or yield of either barley or wheat. In general tri-allate also did not aftect the crops although wheat yield was depressed in 1978, wheat 1000 grain weight was reduced in 1972 and barley germination percentage was increased in 1973. Simazine did not influence the height, yield or appearance of maize. Linuron normally produced no effect on carrot yield, density and size. However, in 2 years when the post-emergence application was late, density but not yield was lower than in control plots. There was no accumulation of residues of any of these compounds in the soil. Rates of loss were similar to those predicted on ihe basis of laboratory experiments. In a fifth experiment these herbicides were applied twice per year (3 times in the case of linuron) at double the rales above on each occasion to bare plots. These applications ceased in 1968 (1969 for MCPA) but residues were monitored until 1972 except in the case of MCPA. Disappearance rates were similar to those in the cropped plots and residues were largely confined to the top 10 cm. The plots treated with MCPA had developed an enhanced ability lo degrade il prior to 1968. This persisted for 5 years after the final application.     

Retention of iprodione on salad onion leaves in relation to the control of Botrytis spp.

Using bioassay and fluorescent tracer techniques it was demonstrated that more fungicide was retained on mature leaves of summer salad onion crops if 1 kg/ha iprodione wettable powder (w.p.) formulation plus wetting agent was sprayed at 280 1/ha than at 560 1/ha or 1120 1/ha.
The lowest spray volume (280 1/ha) with four sprays of iprodione w.p. (0.5 kg in October, November, December and January) gave effective control of Botrytis cinerea and significantly increased plant stand and yield. More fungicide was required to obtain equivalent results using a mixed programme of two thiram (4 kg/ha total) and two iprodione w.p. (2 kg a.i./ha total) sprays at the same application volume and intervals. Where the mixed programme was applied at 1 1 20 1/ha, 1 2 kg a.i. (total fungicide) was necessary to achieve equivalent disease control.
At 280 1/ha, retention and persistence of iprodione on onion foliage was greater with the oil-based than with the wettable powder formulation. In summer especially this resulted in improved Botrytis control and greater numbers of marketable onions. In winter onions, oil and w.p. formulations were equally effective and gave equivalent improvements in plant stand and yield.     

Studies on the mode of action of asulam in bracken (Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn). III. Longterm control of field bracken.

The longterm control of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) following applications of asulam was studied for 5 years al a site in the West of Scotland; there was no post-spray management. The time of treatment was found to be of considerable importance, satisfactory long-term control being obtained only when 4.4–8.8 kg/ha were applied around the stage of full frond expansion (26 July–16 August). Application of 4.4 kg/ha asulam on 26 July decreased frond density by 99, 95, 85, and 73% in the 4 years following treatment; about 50% recovery was observed in the fifth year. The latter may be partially due to the encroachment of rhizomes from the adjacent untreated plots and the lack of post-spray management. Examination of rhizomes dug from 1 m² areas showed that asulam killed more than 90% of the active frond buds and apices in the first year, but left undamaged 48% of the dormant buds on the deeper rhizome branches; the latter appeared to be the main source of reinfestation of treated plots in subseqquent years. The total number of living buds increased from 17% of the untreated in the first year to 38% in the fifth year; the majority of these buds were dormant. Formulation of asulam (4.4 kg/ha) with 1% ethylan CP only improved the reduction in frond density over a 4-year period by 10%. Recherches sur le mode d'action de l'asulame sur la fougère (Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn). III, Elimination durable de la fougère. Lélimination durable de la fougére (Pteridium aquilinum) a la suite d'applications d'asulame a éte etudiee pendant 5 annees dans une station de I'ouest de I'Ecosse; il n'y a pas eu d'autre intervention apres le trailement. W a ete constate que Vepoque du traitement avait une importance considerable, une elimination durable n'ayant pu etre obtenue qu'en appliquant 4,4 a 8,8 kg/ha d'asulame au stade de plein developpement des frondes (26 juillet-16 aout), L'application de 4,4 kg d'asulame le 26 juillet diminua la densite des frondes de 99, 95, 88, et 73% au cours des 4 annees suivant le traitement; une repousse d'environ 50% fut observee la cinquieme annee, Ce resultat final peut etre du en partie a I'empietement de rhizomes provenant des parcelles adjacentes non traitees et a I'absence d'intervention apres le traitement. L'examen des rhizomes extraits sur des surfaces de 1 m² montra que I'asulame avait tue plus de 90% des bourgeons et des apex des frondes en activite au cours de la premiere annee, mais n'avait pas endommage 48% des bourgeons dormants situes sur les ramifications les plus profondes des rhizomes; ce fait est apparu comme la cause principale de la reinfestation des parcelles traitees au cours des annees suivantes. Le nombre total des bourgeons vivants est passe de 17% des temoins la premiere annee a 38% la cinquieme annee; la majorite de ces bourgeons etaient dormants. La formulation de I'asulame avec 1% seulement d'etylan CP” a augmente de 10% la reduction de la densite des frondes au cours de la periode de 4 ans. Untersuchungen zur Wirkuttgsweise von Asulam bei Adlerfarn (Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn). III. Langfristige Bekdmpfung In einem Versuch in Westschottland wurde die langfristige Bekampfung von Adlerfarn (Pteridium aquilinum) nach Asulam-Behandlungen uber 5 Jahre untersucht. In diesen Versuchen wurden nach der Herbizidbehandlung keine weiteren Bekampfungsmassnahmen durchgefiihrt. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass der Bekampfungszeitpunkt von erheblicher Bedeutung ist. Eine befriedigende langfristige Bekampfung wurde nur erzielt, wenn 4.4–8.8 kg/ha zum Zeitpunkt der vollen Wedelentwicklung (26, Juli-16. August) angewendet wurden. Eine Behandlung mit 4,4 kg/ha Asulam am 26, Juli fuhrte in den 4 Jahren nach der Applikation zu einem Ruckgang der Wedeldichte um 99, 95, 85 und 73%, und im fiinften Jahr betrug die Wedeldichte wieder etwa 50% der ursprunglichen. Das letztere lasst sich teilweise mit dem Eindringen von Rhizomen aus benachbarten unbehandelten Parzellen und dem Fehlen weiterer Massnahmen mach der Herbizidbehandlung erklaren. Die Untersuchung von I m² grossen Flachen zeigte, dass durch Asulam im ersten Jahr iiber 90% der aktiven Wedelknospcn und -apices getotet wurden, aber 48% der dormanten Wedelknospen und -apices der tieferliegenden Rhizomstijcke unbeeinfiusst blieben. Diese Organe scheinen die Hauptursache der Wiederverseuchung in den folgenden Jahren gewesen zu sein. Die Gesamtzahl an lebenden Knospen nahm, bezogen auf Unbehandelt, von 17% im ersten Jahr auf 38% im fiinften Jahr zu, die meisten Knospen waren aber dormant. Zusatz von 1% Ethylan CP zu Asulam (4,4 kg/ha) verbesserte im Beobachtungszeitraum von 4 Jahren die Wirkung (Verminderung der Wedeldichle) nur um 10%.