鱼类的性别决定和性染色体

全世界现存鱼类约有 2 4 6 18种 ,分属 5 7目 ,4 82科 ,4 2 5 8属 ,是脊椎动物中分布最广 ,种类最多的类群 ,具有多种多样的生物学特性和重大的经济价值。在脊椎动物系统进化中 ,鱼类处于承先启后的地位 ,有着长久的进化历史和繁多演化分枝。鱼类在进化过程中表现出各种趋同性、趋异性和保守性 ,变化纷繁 ,物种进化异常活跃[1] 。鱼类作为较低等的脊椎动物 ,在性别决定中也有多种表现形式 ,例如鱼类中有些物种是雌雄同体的 ,这在其它高等脊椎动物中是没有的。即在同一个体中同时具有两种性腺 ,行自体受精。而另有些物种则是连续性雌雄同体鱼…     

鱼类性别决定机制及相关基因研究进展

鱼类性别决定机制是脊椎动物中最复杂的。同高等脊椎动物一样,鱼类性别决定的基础依然是遗传基因。鱼类的性别控制对于水产养殖有着十分重要的指导意义。目前用于生产实践的鱼类人工性别控制方法有很多,但大多数仍然处于探索与实验阶段,理论上的作用机理仍未研究透彻。文章旨在通过对鱼类性别决定机制、性别决定相关基因等方面国内外研究进展的阐述,为鱼类性别控制、调控养殖鱼类的经济性状如生长率和个体大小等,提供有益的参考资料。     

水产养殖中鱼类性别决定的遗传基础及性别控制技术运用分析

在水产养殖期间,需合理控制鱼类性别比例,以此提升水产养殖收益,实现效益最大化,但对于部分鱼类而言,在自然生长期间将出现性别转变现象,为保障水产养殖效果,应做好鱼类性别控制.基于此,首先阐述了鱼类性别转变现象,分析鱼类性别决定的遗传基础,讨论环境因子对鱼类性别决定的影响,并以罗非鱼为例,探讨性别控制技术在水产养殖中的实际应用.     

鱼类性别决定机制的研究进展

鱼类的性别决定受多方面的调控，主要可分为基因型性别决定和环境型性别决定。文章阐述了鱼类性别决定机制方面的研究进展，近期的研究热点是性别决定的分子机制。     

鱼类性别决定及性别特异分子标记的研究进展

在脊椎动物系统进化中,鱼类处于承前启后的关键地位.与高等脊椎动物相比,鱼类的性别决定机制具有原始性、多样性和易变性,并具有所有脊椎动物的性别决定方式,存在从雌雄同体到雌雄异体的各种性别类型,性逆转在鱼类也是较为常见的现象.     

鱼类性别决定的研究进展

有关鱼类性别决定的研究主要集中在温度、性激素、芳香化酶以及随机重复序列、核受体基因等对性别分化的调控方面。由于鱼类所处分类地位较低 ,生活环境千差万别 ,鱼类性别决定没有一个普遍的模式 ,目前研究的鱼类又各不相同 ,因此象哺乳动物那样的性别决定级联模式还没能阐述。本综述旨在阐述近几年有关鱼类性别决定机制方面的研究动态和进展 ,为系统研究鱼类性别决定机制提供参考     

鱼类的性别决定与人工控制

鱼类性别的人工控制是鱼类育种中一个十分重要的领域。本文概述了鱼类的性别决定机制及鱼类生理性别的表现方式,同时介绍了鱼类性别的多种人工控制方法,为育种单位的生产实践提供参考。     

温度对鱼类性别分化和性别决定的影响

哺乳类和鸟类的胚胎发育在恒温条件下进行的,受外界环境影响极小,因此其性别决定和分化主要由遗传因素决定。而低等脊椎动物的性别决定和分化除受遗传因素控制外,还受到温度、光照、pH值、食物供给、外源激素及动物群体行为等多方面因素的影响。     

鱼类性别遗传标记研究进展

鱼类的性别遗传机制正处于分化的初级阶段,其性别决定受环境因素和遗传因素的共同控制,其性别决定机制比较复杂.一直以来鱼类与性别连锁的遗传标记的研究备受到关注,近年来在分子标记方面的研究取得一些进展.本文从表型标记、蛋白质标记和DNA分子标记三方面对鱼类的性别决定和性别遗传标记研究现状进行综述,着重介绍鱼类DNA水平上的性别遗传标记的研究进展,为鱼类的性别标记及性别控制研究提供基础资料.     

动物（特别是鱼类）的性别决定

1891年，Henking(转自①)在一些半翅类中发现；有一对同源染色体在减数分裂中总是落在其它染色体之后。当时人们对这对染色体的作用还迷惑不解，因而他仿照数学家用“X”表示未知数的方法，把这对举动特殊的染色体称为X染色体。     

雌雄同体鱼类性别分化及性转变研究进展

在脊椎动物中,鱼类具有多样的性别分化方式,大致可分为雌雄异体、雌雄同体以及单性生殖3类.一般情况下,鱼类性别决定后,性腺可分化为卵巢或精巢,并且在整个生命周期内保持不变.而在雌雄同体鱼类,其性别可以从雌性转变为雄性、雄性转变为雌性或者在雌雄两种性别间进行多次转变.雌雄同体鱼类具有多种性别转变形式,是研究脊椎动物性别决定...     

基于转录组分析不同温度下池蝶蚌性别相关基因的表达

性别决定与分化是生命发育的基本事件,性别决定与分化机制一直是生命科学研究的热点问题。贝类具有雌雄同体、雌雄异体、雄性先熟和性转换等复杂的性别类型,是研究无脊椎动物性别决定与分化机制及其演化进程的理想动物类群。挖掘贝类性别决定与分化调控基因,阐明相关基因的调控作用,对于揭示贝类性别决定与分化的分子机制具有重要意义。本文就贝类性别决定与分化相关基因的研究进展进行了综述,并对该研究领域进行展望,以期为贝类的性别决定和分化机制、生殖操作和遗传改良等研究提供参考。     

Patterns of sex ratio response to water temperature during sex determination in honmoroko Gnathopogon caerulescens

ABSTRACT:   The sex ratios of the offspring of males from broods of honmoroko Gnathopogon caerulescens that displayed thermolabile sex determination (TSD), and those from eggs collected from the wild, strongly suggest that the combination of parents plays an important supplementary role in TSD in this species. The proportion of females in all broods from eight pairings of fish captured in the field decreased significantly at 30°C compared to 20°C, and one brood was entirely female at the lower temperature. These results suggest that phenotypic males (XX-males) exist in nature, probably as a result of sex change from genetic females caused by TSD. Sex ratios in relation to water temperature fall into five patterns, two of which seem to result from normal pairings of XX-females and XY-males, and from pairings of XX-males and XX-females with non-thermosensitivity. Two other patterns are thought to result from the same types of pairing, but with thermosensitivity. The last pattern, which shows male bias at both low and high temperature, is not explained only by the combination of genotypic sex determination (XX/XY) and TSD. Fluctuating temperatures close to natural conditions showed little potential to masculinize broods laid in the field between April and early June. However, the sex ratios of fish spawned in early June showed male bias at low and high temperatures. The sex determination mechanism in G. caerulescens may involve the interaction between temperature and sex-determining genetic factors, and the relative importance of each component differs with breeding season.     

A review of sex determination and searches for sex‐specific markers in sturgeon

The availability of monosex populations of caviar‐producing female sturgeon would considerably enhance the economic viability of domestic caviar production systems. However, it is not possible to distinguish males from females by morphological characters at larval, juvenile and even adult stages. The mechanism of sex determination in sturgeons is poorly understood, and to date no sex‐specific markers in sturgeon have been reported. This review concentrates on the methodologies used to elucidate the mode of sex determination in sturgeon species and provides information on the molecular tools used to determine genetic sex markers.     

鱼类育种研究进展

本文概括了鱼类的选择育种、驯化及杂交育种等传统鱼类育种方法,叙述了现代生物技术在鱼类育种中的应用,主要有多倍体育种、雌、雄核发育、核移植、转基因育种、分子标记辅助育种、基因组育种;并提出了当今鱼类育种出现的问题。同时,做出了鱼类育种必将走向基因组育种之路的展望,为鱼类育种的发展提供参考。     

Morphology, endocrinology, and environmental modulation of gonadal sex differentiation in teleost fishes

Successful reproduction by an adult depends on the normal ontogenesis of the gonads, a complex process of cellular and histological differentiation that starts early in life. This process is theoretically predetermined by genetic factors and includes sensitisation of the bipotential gonads to endogenous endocrine factors prior to, during and even after commitment to maleness or femaleness. However, young fish are relatively vulnerable to a host of environmental (physical and chemical) factors that can affect this endogenous endocrine axis, disturbing or even overriding the putative developmental pathway. This sexually lability can be exploited to our advantage for the production of monosex fish populations of the most valuable sex for food production or aquarium fish trade. On the other hand, it represents also a potential path for undesirable influences from endocrine-disrupting chemicals and climatic factors, particularly environmental temperature. This paper provides a detailed account of the early histological process of gonadal sex differentiation, with special reference to gonochoristic species, and reviews the criteria employed to positively identify ovarian and testicular differentiation. It also reviews the development of endocrine competence and sensitivity of the differentiating gonads to exogenous influences in the context of the relative stability of genotypic sex determination in various fish species. Sex differentiation in some species seems to be under strong genetic control and may not require endogenous sex steroid production. Conversely, reliance on endogenous sex steroids for gonadal differentiation is observed in other species and this phenomenon is apparently associated with a higher incidence of environment (mainly temperature)-labile sex differentiation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

贝类性别决定与分化相关基因研究进展

性别决定与分化是生命发育的基本事件,性别决定与分化机制一直是生命科学研究的热点问题。贝类具有雌雄同体、雌雄异体、雄性先熟和性转换等复杂的性别类型,是研究无脊椎动物性别决定与分化机制及其演化进程的理想动物类群。挖掘贝类性别决定与分化调控基因,阐明相关基因的调控作用,对于揭示贝类性别决定与分化的分子机制具有重要意义。本文就贝类性别决定与分化相关基因的研究进展进行了综述,并对该研究领域进行展望,以期为贝类的性别决定和分化机制、生殖操作和遗传改良等研究提供参考。     

Molecular mechanisms of sex determination and gonadal sex differentiation in fish

We have used various genetic and molecular approaches to investigate the mechanisms of sex determination and gonadal sex differentiation in fish. DMY was identified as the sex-determining gene of medaka. In tilapia, endogenous estrogens act as natural inducers of ovarian differentiation, while DMRT1 may be important for testicular differentiation. The roles of these regulators in sex determination and gonadal sex differentiation were ascertained using a gene or hormonal blockade strategy.