犬卵母细胞体外成熟的影响因素

采集发情期和间情期犬卵巢,回收大腔（直径大于１ｍｍ）卵泡和不可见卵泡的卵母细胞,在４种成熟液（ＴＣＭ１９９＋２０％ＦＣＳ,ＴＣＭ１９９＋２０％ＦＣＳ＋１０ＩＵ／ｍＬＦＳＨ,ＴＣＭ１９９＋２０％ＥＤＳ和ＴＣＭ１９９＋２０％ＥＤＳ＋１０ＩＵ／ｍＬＦＳＨ）中成熟后进行了受精试验。结果：（１）发情期大于２ｍｍ和１～２ｍｍ的大腔卵泡卵母细胞的体外成熟率（４２．５％,３２．５％）显著高于间情期卵母细胞（２０．４％）,但发情犬不可见卵泡卵母细胞的体外成熟率（２８．９％）与间情期卵母细胞差异不显著;（２）在成熟液中添加促性腺激素,能有效地提高卵母细胞成熟率,不可见卵泡的卵母细胞对促性腺激素的依赖性（３０．０％比７．８％）大于大腔卵泡的卵母细胞（４２．５％比２９．０％）;（３）卵丘扩散与卵母细胞成熟存在相关性;（４）ＥＤＳ可诱导卵丘扩散,但不能有效提高卵母细胞的成熟率;（５）发情期卵巢上的大腔卵泡和不可见卵泡的卵母细胞以及间情期卵巢不可见卵泡的卵母细胞体外培养后,与体外获能的精子进行体外受精,其卵裂率分别为１６．０％（４／２５）,０％（０／４０）和２．５％（１／４０）。     

受精用液种类对牛狼母细胞体外受精的影响

比较了应用改良Ｔｙｒｏｄｅ＇ｓ液与０．６％ＢＳＡ－ＴＣＭ１９９作为受精液（实验１）、这两种受精液的不同配比作为受精液（Ｔ：ＢＴ分别为３：１、１：１和１：３；Ｔ为对照组，实验２）和在不同精时间采用不同受精液（先用Ｔ，ＩＶＦ２４ｈ后改用ＢＴ或ＴＣＭ１９９＋１０％发情牛血清，实验３），对经体外成熟培养（ＩＶＭ）后的牛卵母细胞体外受精（ＩＶＦ）效果的影响，结果，应用成分复杂的ＢＴ作为受精液，可以提高受精卵     

海狸鼠卵母细胞体外成熟培养初探

实验用ＰＭＳＧ或ＰＭＳＧ＋ＨＣＧ处理或未经激素处理的海狸鼠８只，共获卵巢卵母细胞１３８枚。激素处理对获取卵巢卵母细胞的数量没有影响，而对体外成熟发育至卵丘扩展和半成熟阶段有促进作用。三种不同培养液（Ｗｈｉｔｅｎ＋ＦＣＳ；ＴＣＭ１９９＋ＰＭＳＧ＋ＦＣＳ；ＴＣＭ１９９＋ＨＣＧ＋ＦＣＳ）共培养１２５枚卵母细胞，培养后卵丘扩展率及半成熟率分别为５６．５％，４５．７％，４７．６％和２１．７％，１２．３％，９．５％，以Ｗｈｉｔｅｎ液较高（分别为５６．５％和２１．７％），但只有ＴＣＭ１９９＋ＰＭＳＧ＋ＦＣＳ组有２枚卵母细胞出现第一极体。结果表明海狸鼠卵母细胞与其它啮齿动物的卵母细胞一样，能够在体外培养成熟，完成第一次减数分裂，排出第一极体     

牛体外受精的精子获能方法对受精率和胚胎发育的影响

从屠宰场获得牛卵巢，采取卵母细胞，成熟培养用ＴＣＭ１９９＋犊牛血清；精子获能处理，以ＢＯ液＋肝素钠为基础，三个试验组分别添加咖啡因、蔡碱和已酮可可碱，受精经分别为８１．３％、８３．３％、８８．９％，均显著高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１），三个试验组的囊胚率分别为２０．４％、１９．３％、２１．２％。试验得出以下结论：囊胚率与受经成正比，添加已酮可要碱效果最好。另外组内种公牛成绩也有差异。     

猪核移植重组胚胎的发育能力

以ＭｃＧｒａｔｈ－Ｓｏｌｔｅｒ（１９８３）提供的去（注）核方法，将猪胚胎的单个卵裂球细胞注入去核的次级成熟卵母细胞，借助电融合的方法（ＡＣ；５Ｖ，１．５ＭＨｚ，１２－１５ｓ；ＤＣ：２ｋＶ／ｃｍ，４０μｓ。电激活／融合液：０．３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甘露醇＋－．１ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＭｇＳＯ４＋０．１ｍｍｏｌＣａｃＬ２＋７．５ｍｇ／ｍｌＣＣＢ）融入受体胞质构成重级胚，体外培养（培养液为改衣ＴＣＭ－１９９；培养条件为５％     

牛体外受精胚胎细胞核移植的实验研究

将采自肉联厂屠宰车间的牛卵巢中的卵母细胞置于ＴＣＭ－１９９＋１０％ＥＣＳ（０ｄ）＋ＦＳＨ（１万ＩＵ／Ｌ）＋ＬＨ（５ｍｇ／Ｌ）中培养成熟，用含０．３％透明质酸酶的消化液将卵母细胞周围的卵丘细胞去掉，并以７．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＣＢ液处理后，用微吸管吸去透明带内的第一极体及极体下面的部分卵母细胞质，然后将经体外受精并发育至８～１６细胞期胚胎的卵裂球注入去核卵母细胞的卵周隙中，再将移核胚置于电融合槽内进行融合（电场强度为１２００Ｖ／ｃｍ，持续时间为８０μｓ，１次脉冲刺激）。将融合的胚胎移入生长有单层贴壁颗粒细胞的发育培养液（ＴＣＭ－１９９＋１０％牛血清）中培养，观察移核胚的融合率及发育率，部分去核卵母细胞经染色后观察去核率。结果表明：（１）移核胚的融合率为８６．９％（５３／６１）；（２）发育至２～８细胞期的胚胎占培养的移核胚胎总数的２１．３％（１０／４７）；（３）卵母细胞的去核率为６８．２％（４５／６６）。     

猪卵巢卵母细胞的体外成熟及体外受精

从屠宰猪的狼巢卵包中抽取卵母细胞，在ＣＯ２培养箱中成功地进行了卵母细胞体对成熟和体外受精试验。在５％ＣＯ２和９５％空气的湿润条件下把带有卵丘细胞２的卵母细胞在ＴＣＭ－１９９＋ＰＭＳＧ＋ｅｓｔ．ｒａｄｉｏｌ－１７．     

牛输卵管上皮细胞培养的研究

用０．７６％的ＥＤＴＡ分离剥取输卵管上皮细胞是一种好的试剂，１０％胎牛血清（ＦＣＳ）ＴＣＭ－１９９培养其上皮细胞，５－６ｄ即可生长成单层，寿命可延至３－４周，共同培养从第７天开始，其囊胚发育率显著高于与颗粒细胞共同培养。     

羔山羊卵巢母细胞体外成熟培养条件的研究

将出生后５０～７０日龄的羔山羊，经超数排卵处理后，从卵泡中抽取卵母细胞，取外观形态正常的卵母细胞分成五组，在含有１０％胚牛血清（ＦＣＳ）的ＴＣＭ－１９９培养液中分别经１２、１６、１８、２０和２４ｈ的体外成熟培养后进行体外受精，探索不同体外成熟培养时间对体外受精及卵裂率的影响，另外，在成熟用培养基内还分别添加了发情母羊血清（ＥＮＧＳ）和ＦＣＳ以观察其次培养效果，结果表明，经过１２～２４ｈ体外成熟培养     

超排山羊卵巢卵母细胞体外成熟和体外受精的研究

以ＴＣＭ１９９＋１０ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＨＥＰＥＳ＋青霉素（６ｍｇ／Ｌ）＋链霉素（５ｍｇ／Ｌ）为基础培养液（ＢＭ），再分别加入不同成分，配成５种卵母细胞成熟液：（Ａ）ＢＭ＋１０％ＥＧＳ；（Ｂ）ＢＭ＋１０％ＥＧＳ＋ＨＣＧ（２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ）；（Ｃ）ＢＭ＋１０％ＥＧＳ＋ＨＣＧ＋Ｅ２（１ｍｇ／Ｌ）；（Ｄ）ＢＭ＋１０％ＦＣＳ＋ＨＣＧ＋Ｅ２；（Ｅ）ＢＭ＋１０％ＥＧＳ＋ＨＣＧ＋Ｅ２＋颗粒细胞（１．５×１０６～３．０×１０６个／ｍＬ）。在３８．５℃、５％ＣＯ２下培养２６ｈ，排卵后第１天卵巢卵母细胞体外成熟率分别为６７．６７％（２０／３０），６０．４２％（２９／４８），８３．６７％（４１／４９）和８０．８２％（５９／７３），排卵后第５天卵巢卵母细胞，在培液Ｄ中体外成熟率为７１．４３％（４５／６３）。排卵后第１天的９８枚卵巢卵母细胞，体外成熟体外受精卵裂率为２１．４３％，２１枚２细胞胚移植５头受体获２头羔羊。研究表明，超排山羊卵巢卵母细胞经体外成熟可获得大量廉价的成熟卵母细胞，并可通过体外受精获得试管山羊     

The efficiency of in vitro ovine embryo production using an undefined or a defined maturation medium is determined by the source of the oocyte

In vitro oocyte maturation can be influenced by oocyte source and maturation media composition. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficiency of a defined in vitro maturation medium (TCM199 supplemented with cysteamine and epidermal growth factor; Cys + EGF) with an undefined medium (TCM199 supplemented with follicle-stimulating hormone and follicular fluid; FSH + FF) for in vitro production (IVP) of ovine embryos, using oocytes obtained by laparoscopic ovum pick-up from FSH-stimulated [n=11; 158 cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs)] and non-stimulated (n=16; 120 COCs) live ewes, as well as abattoir-derived oocytes (170 COCs). The produced blastocysts were vitrified and some of them were transferred to synchronized recipients. The best and the worst final yields of embryo IVP observed in this study were obtained using oocytes from FSH-stimulated ewes matured in FSH + FF (41.3%; 33/80) and in Cys + EGF (19.2%; 15/78) medium, respectively (p<0.01). No significant differences between both media were attained in the blastocyst development rate or in the final yield of embryo IVP using oocytes from non-stimulated ewes or abattoir-derived oocytes. The overall in vivo survival rate of the transferred vitrified blastocysts was 13.1% (8/61), without significant differences between oocyte sources or maturation media. In conclusion, under the experimental conditions of the present study, TCM199 supplemented with cysteamine and EGF is a convenient defined maturation medium for IVP of embryos from oocytes of live non-stimulated ewes or from oocytes of abattoir-derived ovaries. However, the best final yield of embryo IVP observed in this study was attained when oocytes came from FSH-stimulated donors and TCM199 was supplemented with FSH and follicular fluid.     

亚胺环己酮对猪卵母细胞人工孤雌激活作用的研究

本文以体外成熟的猪卵母细胞为材料，以乙醇、电脉冲和氯化锶为人工刺激条件，研究了蛋白质合成抑制剂－亚胺环己酮（CHX）对猪卵母细胞的孤雌激活效果的影响。结果表明，乙醇、电脉冲和SrCl2均可使猪母细胞激活，而电脉冲的活效果最好。当分别与CHX联合使用时，激活率显著高于单独的乙醇、电脉冲或SrCl2刺激。说明，CHX与乙醇、电脉冲及SrCl2联合使用对猪IVM卵母细胞激活具有显著的协同促进作用。     

Equine oocyte maturation with epidermal growth factor

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been shown to have a positive effect during oocyte in vitro maturation in several species. This study was performed to establish the capacity of equine oocytes to undergo nuclear maturation in the presence of EGF and to localise its receptor in the equine ovary by immunohistochemical methods. Oocytes were obtained by aspiration and subsequent scraping from equine follicles (15-25 mm diameter) and cultured in 3 different treatment groups for 36 h: control Group (modified TCM 199 with 0.003% BSA), EGF Group (TCM-199 supplemented with 50 ng/ml EGF) and EMS Group (TCM 199 supplemented with 10% v/v oestrous mare serum). Each group was divided further into 3 treatments with tyrphostin A-47, a specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor, at 0, 10(-4) and 10(-6) mmol/l. Maturation was determined as the percentage of oocytes reaching metaphase II stage at the end of the culture period. Immunohistochemical detection of EGF-receptor (EGFR) was performed using a streptoavidin-biotin method. The recovery rate and oocyte retrieval were 84.6% (recovered oocytes/follicles aspirated) and 6.55 (oocytes/mare), respectively. Treatment with EGF significantly (P<0.05) increased the incidence of metaphase II stage compared with the control group (69.4 vs. 26.9% in controls, respectively). The specific-tyrosine kinase inhibitor A-47 was effective in suppressing EGF-effect on EGF-cultured oocytes; no significant differences were observed in EMS-supplemented oocytes when cultured with A-47. EGF-receptor was localised in follicles, with localisation being more prominent in the cumulus than in mural granulosa cells. This finding, together with the increase of oocyte nuclear maturation rate when using EGF in culture media and the inhibition of maturation by tyrphostin A-47, suggests a physiological role for EGF in the regulation of equine oocyte maturation. The results should help successful development of assisted reproductive technology in the horse.     

Evaluation of disinfectants with the addition of antifreezing compounds against nonpathogenic H7N2 avian influenza virus.

In the winter of 1997 and 1998, in the midst of the H7N2 avian influenza outbreak in Pennsylvania, producers added antifreeze or windshield washer fluid to disinfectant solutions in wash stations to prevent freezing. The purpose of this study was to determine if the addition of these products to the disinfectant solutions would have deleterious effects. Four disinfectants (two phenols, one quarternary ammonium, and one combination product: quarternary ammonium and formaldehyde) and one sodium hypochlorite detergent product currently used in the poultry industry were studied. Each product was diluted according to the manufacturer's recommendation in sterile distilled water and compared with dilutions of the disinfectants with the addition of antifreeze products (ethylene glycol or propylene glycol) or windshield washer fluid for their effectiveness in killing nonpathogenic H7N2 avian influenza virus. All products diluted according to the manufacturer's recommendation killed the nonpathogenic H7N2 avian influenza virus in this test system. The phenol products and the quaternary ammonium product were still efficacious with the addition of the antifreeze containing ethylene glycol. Both the combination product and the sodium hypochlorite detergent had decreased efficacy when the ethylene glycol product was added. When the propylene glycol product was added, the efficacy of all disinfectants remained unaffected, whereas the efficacy of the sodium hypochlorite detergent decreased. With the addition of the windshield washer fluid (methyl alcohol), all products remained efficacious except for the combination product.     

Intracytoplasmic Glutathione Levels in Heifer Oocytes Cultured in different Maturation Media and its Effect on Embryo Development

The present study was carried out to study the effect of different maturation media on embryo development of heifer oocytes and on their glutathione (GSH) synthesis during in vitro maturation (IVM). Immature heifer oocytes were matured in parallel in one of four maturation media: (i) Tissue Culture Medium (TCM)-199 supplemented with 10 ng/ml of epidermal growth factor (EGF); (i) TCM-199 supplemented with 10 ng/ml of EGF plus 1 microg/ml of FSH; (iii) TCM-199 supplemented with 10% of foetal bovine serum (FBS) and (iv) TCM-199 supplemented with 10% of FBS plus 1 microg/ml of FSH. Cow oocytes were used as control and were matured in TCM-199 supplemented with 10 ng/ml of EGF. No differences were observed in blastocyst rate among the different heifer oocyte groups (8.8, 7.5. 8.4 and 6.8%, respectively) however, the percentage of blastocysts obtained from cow oocytes was significantly higher (30%; p < 0.01) than those obtained from heifer oocytes. De novo GSH synthesis during oocyte maturation of heifer and cow oocytes was detected. No significant differences in intracytoplasmic GSH levels were observed among the experimental heifer oocyte groups or between heifer and cow oocytes both before and after IVM. In conclusion, the blastocyst yield obtained from heifer oocytes was lower than that from cow oocytes and this fact could not be explained by significant differences in intracytoplasmic GSH contents of oocytes before or after IVM.     

The use of transmission electron microscopy and oocyte transfer to evaluate in vitro maturation of equine oocytes in different culture conditions

The current study evaluates the ability of equine oocytes matured in different conditions to undergo nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation. After oocyte transfer, embryonic development was diagnosed at 15 and 90 days of gestation. For each group, immature oocytes obtained from slaughterhouse ovaries were matured in vitro (5 replicates). In experiment I, three different media were tested, HTF:BME, SOFaa, and TCM 199. In experiment II, the HTF:BME was chosen as maturation medium containing pFSH, eFSH, or eFSH + eGH. Nuclear maturation was estimated after stripping the oocytes and staining with Hoechst 33342. The evaluation of cytoplasmic maturation was performed by transmission electron microscopy. For oocyte transfer, six non-cycling recipient mares were used, and 8 to 15 oocytes were transferred in each mare. In experiment I, the results showed no differences (P > .05) in nuclear maturation (MII) among experimental groups. The percentage of MII was 29.3 (±9.6), 23.4 (±8.4), and 13.5 (±12.4) for HTF:BME, SOF, and TCM, respectively. In experiment II, all media tested were efficient in inducing metaphase II. Also, no statistical differences (P > .05) were observed in percentages of nuclear maturation rates when porcine (37.1 ± 22.4) or equine (25.8 ± 8.2) FSH were used, or when eFSH + eGH was added to HTF:BME (29.4 ± 12.3). The analysis of cytoplasmic morphology of oocytes cultured in TCM 199 and SOFaa showed signs of incomplete cytoplasmic maturation and premature cortical reaction. Meanwhile, oocytes cultured in HTF:BME medium presented cytoplasmic characteristics similar to those described by others for in vivo-matured oocytes. The addition of eFSH to the HTF:BME medium resulted in an improvement of cytoplasmic morphology. After oocyte transfer, two mares became pregnant, one from pFSH group and one from eFSH+eGH group. These results indicate that although in vitro matured equine oocytes are capable of fertilization and embryonic development, the percentage of competent oocytes is still low.     

培养介质、卵丘细胞和卵泡直径对猪卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

A类卵母细胞在mTCM 199、NCSU2 3和NCSU37体系中培养 4 4～ 5 2小时后 ,成熟率分别为 76 .1%、78.1%和 6 5 .2 %。前两者差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,但显著高于后者 (P <0 .0 5 )。卵母细胞在添加eCG和hCG的NCSU2 3体系中的成熟率 (75 .6 % )明显高于添加FSH的LH和成熟率 (6 5 .2 % ) (P <0 .0 5 )。A、B、C三类卵母细胞在NCSU2 3的成熟率分别为 73.3%、6 0 .4 %和 11.0 % ,三者间差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 )。大 (ф >6mm)、中 (ф =3～ 6mm)和小 (ф <3mm)三种卵泡中的卵母细胞在NCSU2 3中培养后 ,成熟率分别为 5 6 .2 % ,78.1%和 5 1.9% ,中等卵泡中卵母胞的体外成熟率显著高于其他两组 (P <0 .0 5 )。     

紫杉醇预处理对猪体外成熟卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻的影响

为了提高猪成熟卵母细胞细胞玻璃化冷冻效果.本试验拟添加紫杉醇,比较其对冷冻环冷冻效果的影响.结果显示使用1.0μmolL~(-1)紫杉醇预处理卵母细胞,冷冻后其形态完整率(89.93%)和FDA染色存活率(83.33%)都显著高于未处理组的79.12%和70.97%(P＜0.05),继续提高紫杉醇浓度则表现为对卵母细胞的毒副作用.在不同预处理时间上,预处理30 min组冷冻后卵母细胞形态完整率和FDA染色存活率最高,分别达到90.21%和84.13%.预处理浓度1.0μmol·L~(-1),30 min是比较合适的处理方法;紫杉醇、细胞松弛素B(CB)或两者联合添加能显著提高猪成熟卵母细胞的玻璃化冷冻的效果(P＜0.05),但两者之间没有显著差异(P＞0.05).     

Hypothermic storage of porcine zygotes in serum supplemented with chlorogenic acid

The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of 100% foetal bovine serum (FBS) and 100% porcine follicular fluid (pFF) as a storage medium on the developmental competence of porcine zygotes stored at 25°C for 24 hr. Moreover, we evaluated the additive effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) in the storage medium. When in vitro‐produced zygotes were stored at 25°C for 24 hr in tubes containing either tissue culture medium (TCM) 199 supplemented with 1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (BSA), 100% of FBS or 100% of pFF, the rate of blastocyst formation was significantly higher in 100% of FBS than in BSA‐containing TCM 199. When the effects of CGA supplementation in 100% of FBS on the development of zygotes stored at 25°C for 24 hr was evaluated, more zygotes stored with 50 µM CGA developed to blastocysts compared with the other concentrations of CGA. When the formation date and quality of blastocysts derived from zygotes stored in 100% of FBS supplemented with 50 µM CGA were investigated, the highest ratio of blastocysts formation in the storage group appeared 1 day later than in the non‐stored control group. However, a higher proportion of blastocysts with apoptotic nuclei was observed in the stored group as compared to the non‐stored group. In conclusion, 100% of FBS is available for a short storage medium of porcine zygotes. The supplementation of 50 µM CGA into the storage medium improves the rates of blastocyst formation of zygotes after storage, but the quality of embryos from the stored zygotes remains to be improved.     

Optimization of in vitro embryo production and zygote vitrification for the indigenous Vietnamese Ban pig: The effects of different in vitro oocyte maturation systems

The Vietnamese Ban pig is a precious genetic resource that needs to be preserved. In vitro embryo production from in vitro matured (IVM) oocytes is an important tool for the utilization of cryopreserved porcine sperm. The aim of this study was to compare two media for the IVM of Ban pig oocytes. Immature oocytes were subjected to IVM either in a non‐defined (TCM‐199 + pig follicular fluid) or in a defined base medium (POM + epidermal growth factor). At the end of IVM, the oocytes were in vitro fertilized (IVF) with frozen Ban sperm. Ten hours after IVF, the oocytes were either subjected to orcein staining to check fertilization and maturation status or cultured in vitro for 7 days. There was no difference between the two IVM media in terms of percentages of oocyte maturation and blastocyst production. However, the percentage of male pronuclear formation after IVF and the total cell numbers in blastocysts were higher with the defined system. Zygotes obtained by the two IVM systems survived vitrification at similar rates. In conclusion, the two IVM systems were both effective for the production of Ban pig embryos; however, better embryo quality was achieved with the defined one.