Comparison of grain yield and quality of different types of japonica rice cultivars in the northern Jiangsu plain,China

In recent years, an increasing number of different types of japonica rice cultivars have been released in the southern rice region of China. The grain yield and quality of these new cultivars showed significant differences in large scale planting. However, the causes of the differences remain little known. Therefore, three typical types of japonica rice cultivars were used in this study to investigate their grain yield and quality. A scanning calorimeter(DSC), X-ray powder diffractometer(XRD), rapid viscosity analyzer(RVA) and taste analyzer were used to evaluate the cooking and eating properties. The results showed that the yield of non-soft hybrid japonica rice cultivars was significantly higher than that of non-soft inbred japonica rice cultivars and soft inbred japonica rice cultivars. Soft inbred japonica rice cultivars had a low amylose content and moderate protein content, which are the main reasons for the superior cooking and eating quality. In addition, the relative crystallinity of soft inbred japonica rice cultivars was significantly higher than that of non-soft inbred and non-soft hybrid japonica rice cultivars, which is considered the major factor resulting in higher transition temperature and gelatinization enthalpy(ΔHgel). Non-soft hybrid japonica rice cultivars had a higher number of large starch granules than soft inbred and non-soft inbred japonica rice cultivars. The setback value(SB) and breakdown value(BD), indirectly reflecting the cooking and eating quality of the three types of japonica rice cultivars, also confirmed that soft inbred japonica rice cultivars with a low SB value and a high BD value had better palatability than the other two types. This study provides guidance for future plantation of different types of japonica rice cultivars in large rice-producing areas.     

高产栽培条件下种植方式对不同生育类型粳稻米质的影响

 【目的】探讨不同种植方式水稻高产栽培条件下稻米品质的变化规律。【方法】以早熟晚粳、迟熟中粳和中熟中粳3种类型水稻品种（含常规粳稻和杂交粳稻）为材料,比较研究高产栽培条件下手栽、机插、直播3种种植方式水稻的加工品质、外观品质、蒸煮食味品质、营养品质和RVA谱特征值的差异,并对米质性状与灌浆结实期的温光条件进行相关分析。【结果】（1）糙米率在不同种植方式间没有明显差异,精米率和整精米率早熟晚粳手栽＞机插＞直播,迟熟中粳和中熟中粳机插＞手栽＞直播;（2）垩白率手栽＞机插＞直播,垩白大小机插＞手栽＞直播,垩白度早熟晚粳和常规迟熟中粳手栽＞机插＞直播,中熟中粳和杂交迟熟中粳机插＞手栽＞直播;（3）直链淀粉含量直播＞机插＞手栽,胶稠度手栽＞机插＞直播;（4）蛋白质含量手栽与机插基本相当,直播略低,且除中熟中粳外与手栽和机插的差异不显著;（5）峰值黏度、热浆黏度和崩解值手栽＞机插＞直播,回复值直播＞机插＞手栽,峰值时间不同种植方式间没有明显差异,最终黏度早熟晚粳和常规迟熟中粳手栽＞机插＞直播,中熟中粳和杂交迟熟中粳直播＞机插＞手栽,糊化温度早熟晚粳和常规迟熟中粳直播＞机插＞手栽,中熟中粳和杂交迟熟中粳手栽＞机插＞直播。【结论】与手栽和机插相比,直播外观品质略优,加工品质、蒸煮食味品质和营养品质变劣;手栽与机插间加工品质和外观品质的优劣因品种类型而异,蒸煮食味品质手栽优于机插,营养品质大体相当。因此,选择合理的种植方式,并配套适宜的水稻品种类型,有利于获得优良的稻米品质。     

江苏粳稻产量与品质性状及其相互关系分析

基于2013—2015年江苏粳稻参试品种(系)试验数据,分析了参试粳稻的产量水平、产量构成因子、品质性状等类型间差异及其相互关系。结果表明:江苏粳稻整体产量水平与株高、全生育期、结实率之间均达极显著正相关;有效穗数、穗粒数、结实率及千粒质量等产量因子与主要品质指标间相关性不显著,提高整体产量水平对于稻米的碾磨品质、外观品质及食味品质的影响较小;碾磨品质与外观品质、蒸煮食味品质各指标间相关性不显著,但蒸煮食味品质指标与外观品质指标间矛盾较为突出,直链淀粉含量与垩白粒率、垩白度间均呈极显著负相关关系(–0.423~(**)、–0.682~(**)),胶稠度与垩白粒率、垩白度间均呈极显著正相关关系(0.218~(**)、0.404~(**))。综合以上结果认为,江苏粳稻产量水平与主要品质性状间矛盾不突出,可以在保持现有产量水平的基础上改进品质,同时平衡外观与适口性之间关系,选育出外观品质优、食味口感佳的优质、高产、稳产新品种(系)。     

Effect of wide-narrow row arrangement in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting and plant density on yield formation and grain quality of japonica rice

Mechanical pot-seedling transplanting is an innovatively developed transplanting method that has the potential to replace mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting. However, the initial pot-seedling transplanting machine lacked optimized density spacing and limited yield potential for japonica rice. Therefore, ascertaining the optimized density by wide-narrow rows and the appropriate transplanting method for yield formation and grain quality of japonica rice is of great importance for high-quality rice production. Field experiments were conducted using two japonica rice cultivars Nanjing 9108 and Nanjing 5055 under three transplanting methods in 2016 and 2017: mechanical pot-seedling transplanting with wide-narrow row(K, average row spacing of 30 cm); equidistant row(D, 33 cm×12 cm); and mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting(T, 30 cm×12.4 cm). In addition, five different density treatments were set in K(K1–K5, from 18.62×10~4 to 28.49×10~4 hills ha~(–1)). The results showed that the highest yield was produced by a planting density of 26.88×104 hills ha~(–1) in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting with wide-narrow row with a greater number of total spikelets that resulted from significantly more panicles per area and slightly more grain number per panicle, as compared with equidistant row, and yield among density in wide-narrow row showed a parabolic trend. Compared with mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting, the treatment of the highest yield increased yield significantly, which was mainly attributed to the larger sink size with improved filled-grain percentage and grain weight, higher harvest index, and increased total dry matter accumulation, especially the larger amount accumulated from heading stage to maturity stage. With the density in wide-narrow row decreasing, processing quality, appearance quality, and nutrition quality were all improved, whereas amylose content and the taste value were decreased. Compared with mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting, mechanical pot-seedling transplanting improved processing quality and nutrition quality, but decreased amylose content and deteriorated appearance quality. These results suggested that mechanical pot-seedling transplanting with wide-narrow row coupling produced a suitable planting density of 26.88×10~4 hills ha~(–1) and may be an alternative approach to improving grain yield and quality for japonica rice.     

播期对麦茬直播粳稻产量及品质的影响

  【目的】探讨麦后直播条件下播期对不同熟期类型水稻品种产量及品质的影响。【方法】以3种熟期类型的6个水稻品种为材料,通过分期播种试验,对不同播期条件下直播稻产量形成及品质性状进行分析。【结果】随着播期的推迟,3种熟期类型水稻品种产量均显著下降,且变化程度不一;产量的下降主要在于每穗颖花数和结实率的降低,穗数和千粒重变化不大。不同播期条件下直播稻的主要品质性状的变化规律在品种类型间有所异同：随着播期的推迟,产生相同效应的是外观品质和蒸煮与食味品质,但变化趋势不一,外观品质均呈变优的趋势,蒸煮与食味品质则呈变劣的趋势;产生不同效应的是加工品质和营养品质,推迟播期使中熟中粳和迟熟中粳类型品种的加工品质变优而营养品质变劣,早熟晚粳类型品种的加工品质变劣而营养品质变优。【结论】直播稻在前茬腾茬时间允许的条件下尽可能早播易取得高产,且可以改善稻米的蒸煮与食味品质,但降低了外观品质,播期对加工品质和营养品质的影响因品种熟期类型而异。     

不同群体质量对郑稻18品质的影响

长期以来水稻栽培技术以高产为目的,研究不同栽插密度对产量的影响。本试验是以提高稻米品质为宗旨,通过不同的栽插行距和不同的栽插株数,调控不同的群体,研究不同群体质量对郑稻18品质的影响。试验结果表明,在适宜的范围内,适当扩大栽插行距和减少栽插穴数,有利提高稻米的外观品质、蒸煮品质和营养品质,对加工品质影响不大。     

Comparative analysis on grain quality and yield of different panicle weight indica-japonica hybrid rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivars

Indica-japonica hybrid rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivars showed high yield potential and poor tasting quality when compared with common japonica rice cultivars. Large panicle is a prominent factor of high yield for indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars, and the panicle weight varies greatly among different indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars. It is important to research on yield and grain quality of different panicle weight indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars. In this study, two different panicle types indica-japonica hybrid cultivars were used to research on the relation of yield and grain quality. The yields of two heavy panicle weights indica-japonica hybrid cultivars were significantly higher than that of two medium panicle weight rice cultivars. The cooking and eating quality and starch properties of different panicle type cultivars were evaluated. Yongyou 6715(medium panicle) and Yongyou 1852(heavy panicle) got the relatively higher cooking and eating quality. Rice cultivars with medium panicle weight had more large starch granules and higher relative crystallinity than cultivars with heavy panicle weight. Transition temperature and retrogradation enthalpy(ΔHret) of medium panicle type cultivars were significantly higher than that of heavy panicle type cultivars. There was no significant difference in amylose content among different panicle type cultivars. Protein content of heavy panicle type cultivar was higher than that of medium panicle type cultivar, and protein content is the main factor affect cooking and eating quality in this study. The cultivar Yongyou 6715 got the highest taste value with the lowest protein content. Thus, it is suggested that the emphasis on improving rice cooking and eating quality of indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars is how to reduce the protein content in rice grain. According to the results of this study, medium panicle type with high grain weight is the desired panicle type for high quality indica-japonica hybrid rice breeding.     

Mapping quantitative trait loci associated with starch paste viscosity attributes by using double haploid populations of rice(Oryza sativa L.)

The paste viscosity attributes of starch, measured by rapid visco analyzer(RVA), are important factors for the evaluation of the cooking and eating qualities of rice in breeding programs. To determine the genetic roots of the paste viscosity attributes of rice grains, quantitative trait loci(QTLs) associated with the paste viscosity attributes were mapped, using a double haploid(DH) population derived from Zhongjiazao 17(YK17), a super rice variety, crossed with D50, a tropic japonica variety. Fifty-four QTLs, for seven parameters of the RVA profiles, were identified in three planting seasons. The 54 QTLs were located on all of the 12 chromosomes, with a single QTL explaining 5.99 to 47.11% of phenotypic variation. From the QTLs identified, four were repeatedly detected under three environmental conditions and the other four QTLs were repeated under two environments. Most of the QTLs detected for peak viscosity(PKV), trough viscosity(TV), cool paste viscosity(CPV), breakdown viscosity(BDV), setback viscosity(SBV), and peak time(PeT) were located in the interval of RM6775–RM3805 under all three environmental conditions, with the exception of pasting temperature(PaT). For digenic interactions, eight QTLs with six traits were identified for additive×environment interactions in all three planting environments.The epistatic interactions were estimated only for PKV, SBV and PaT. The present study will facilitate further understanding of the genetic architecture of eating and cooking quality(ECQ) in the rice quality improvement program.     

两种机械化种植方式对优质晚籼稻产量和品质的影响

【目的】 为明确机插和机直播下优质双季晚籼稻产量和稻米品质的差异,以及两种方式下适宜品种类型的选择标准。【方法】 本试验以早熟晚籼、中熟晚籼、偏迟熟晚籼、迟熟晚籼和过迟熟晚籼5种不同类型优质晚籼稻品种为材料,采用机插和机直播两种种植方式,对各类型优质晚籼稻产量和品质特征进行比较研究。【结果】 （1）与机直播相比,优质晚籼稻在机插条件下结实率和群体颖花数显著提高,千粒重也有所提高,最终产量显著提高。机插条件下中熟晚籼产量最高,偏迟熟晚籼其次,而机直播条件下早熟晚籼产量最高,中熟晚籼其次。（2）对于稻米品质,与机直播相比,机插条件下各类型优质晚籼稻品种的糙米率、精米率与整精米率均显著提高,加工品质改善,但垩白粒率、垩白度增加,外观有所变劣。机插优质晚籼稻胶稠度、崩解值与食味值显著提高,直链淀粉含量显著降低,蒸煮食味品质提高。两种方式下糙米率、精米率、整精米率均以中熟晚籼最高,其加工品质最优;垩白粒率、垩白度在品种类型间表现为过迟熟晚籼<迟熟晚籼<偏迟熟晚籼<中熟晚籼<早熟晚籼;对于机插优质晚籼稻,偏迟熟晚籼的蒸煮食味和营养品质最优,其次是中熟晚籼。对于机直播晚籼稻,中熟晚籼的蒸煮食味和营养品质最优,早熟晚籼也有较高的食味值。（3）精米率和整精米率与齐穗后20 d的日平均温度显著正相关,垩白粒率、垩白度与日平均温度和日最高温度均值显著正相关,食味值与齐穗后20 d日平均温度、日最高温度均值显著正相关。【结论】 对于双季稻区优质晚稻品种的选择,综合稻米产量和品质来看,机插宜选择中熟晚籼和偏迟熟晚籼,从注重食味角度,重点考虑偏迟熟晚籼品种;机直播宜选择早熟晚籼,也可适当考虑中熟晚籼获得最佳品质。     

Combined effect of shading time and nitrogen level on grain filling and grain quality in japonica super rice

There is limited information about the combined effect of shading time and nitrogen(N) on grain filling and quality of rice. Therefore, two japonica super rice cultivars, Nanjing 44 and Ningjing 3, were used to study the effect of shading time and N level on the characteristics of rice panicle and grain filling as well as the corresponding yield and quality. At a low N level(150 kg N ha~(–1), 150 N), grain yield decreased(by 21.07–26.07%) under the treatment of 20 days of shading before heading(BH) compared with the no shading(NS) treatment. These decreases occurred because of shortened panicle length, decreased number of primary and secondary branches, as well as the grain number and weight per panicle. At 150 N, in the treatment of 20 days of shading after heading(AH), grain yield also decreased(by 9.46–10.60%) due to the lower grain weight per panicle. The interaction of shading and N level had a significant effect on the number of primary and secondary branches. A high level of N(300 kg N ha~(–1), 300 N) could offset the negative effect of shading on the number of secondary branches and grain weight per panicle, and consequently increased the grain yield in both shading treatments. In superior grains, compared with 150 N NS, the time to reach 99% of the grain weight(T_(99)) was shortened by 1.6 to 1.7 days, and the grain weight was decreased by 4.18–5.91% in 150 N BH. In 150 N AH, the grain weight was 13.39–13.92% lower than that in 150 N NS due to the slow mean and the maximum grain-filling rate(GR_(mean )and GR_(max)). In inferior grains, grain weight and GR_(mean) had a tendency of 150 N NS150 N BH150 N AH. Under shaded conditions, 300 N decreased the grain weight due to lower GR_(mean) both in superior and inferior grains. Compared with 150 N NS, the milling and appearance qualities as well as eating and cooking quality were all decreased in 150 N BH and 150 N AH. Shading with the high level of 300 N improved the milling quality and decreased the number of chalky rice kernels, but the eating and cooking quality was reduced with increased chalky area and overall chalkiness. Therefore, in the case of short term shading, appropriate N fertilizer could be used to improve the yield and milling quality of rice, but limited application of N fertilizer is recommended to achieve good eating and cooking quality of rice.     

Response of grain-filling rate and grain quality of mid-season indica rice to nitrogen application

Nitrogen is one of the important factors for high yield of rice. Apart from high yield, high quality has become the current urgent demand for rice production. Grain-filling stage is crucial for rice yield and quality formation. However, the effect of nitrogen on grain-filling characteristics and the relationship of grain-filling characteristics and rice quality of mid-season indica rice were still unclear. A field experiment was carried out to ascertain the critical grain-filling characteristics that contribute to rice milling quality, appearance quality and cooking and eating quality under nitrogen applications. The results showed that nitrogen applications prolonged the duration of superior and inferior grain filling. The mean grainfilling rate(G_(mean)) and the maximum grain-filling rate(G_(max)) of the inferior grains were positively correlated with chalky kernel rate, chalkiness, and amylose content. The time reaching the maximum grain-filling rate(T_(max) G) of the inferior grains was positively correlated with brown rice rate, milled rice rate, and head milled rice rate. Chalky kernel rate and chalkiness were negatively correlated with peak paste viscosity and breakdown viscosity. Less amylose content and more crude protein content were detected in nitrogen application of Liangyoupei 9 and Y Liangyou 2 both in 2016 and 2017. According to the correlation analysis, better cooking and eating quality of Y Liangyou 2 which had less amylose content might result from its higher G_(max) and G_(mean) of inferior grain than that of Liangyoupei 9 in the treatments of nitrogen application. These results indicated that the prolonging grain-filling duration and increasing grain weight at the maximum grain-filling rate of inferior grains contributed to the improvement of milling quality, appearance quality, and cooking and eating quality of mid-season indica rice under appropriate nitrogen applications.     

减氮对机插杂交籼稻产量和稻米品质的影响

【目的】研究减氮对机插杂交籼稻产量和稻米品质的影响,为机插杂交籼稻合理减氮提供理论依据。【方法】以杂交籼稻品种宜香优2115和F优498为试验材料,基于品种高产栽培施氮量（180 kg/ha,CK）,在贵州贵阳和湄潭2个试验点,研究不同减氮量[减氮30 kg/ha（N_-30）、减氮60 kg/ha（N_-60）和不施氮（N₀）]对机插杂交籼稻产量、加工品质、外观品质、营养品质和蒸煮食味品质的影响。【结果】在贵阳和湄潭试验点,减氮后机插杂交籼稻产量和稻米品质变化趋势基本一致,即随着减氮程度的增加,机插杂交籼稻群体颖花量和实际产量均逐渐降低,稻谷加工品质（糙米率、精米率和整精米率）表现为先增加后降低,稻米外观品质（垩白粒率和垩白度）和蛋白质含量逐渐降低,而稻米蒸煮食味品质（胶稠度和直链淀粉含量）均逐渐增加,综合食味值评分提高。与CK相比,减氮后机插杂交籼稻群体颖花量和实际产量分别降低4.43%~35.08%和1.76%~38.77%,垩白粒率、垩白度和蛋白质分别降低2.08%~29.58%、3.57%~45.33%和3.10%~21.37%,胶稠度、直链淀粉含量和食味值分别提高3.89%~49.28%、0.52%~13.24%和0.25%~5.67%;同一减氮处理下两试验点稻谷加工品质变化趋势略有不同,但整体上差异较小。相关分析结果表明,实际产量与群体颖花量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01,下同）,且实际产量和群体颖花量与稻米蒸煮食味品质（胶稠度、碱消值和食味值）大多呈显著（P<0.05,下同）或极显著负相关,与稻米加工品质（糙米率、精米率）、外观品质（垩白粒率、垩白度）和蛋白质含量呈显著或极显著正相关。【结论】适宜的减氮量（N_-30）能改善稻谷加工品质、稻米外观品质和蒸煮食味品质,且产量仍能维持在9.80 t/ha以上,协同实现机插杂交籼稻稳产和优质;而过量减氮（N_-60和N₀处理）虽能提高稻米外观品质和蒸煮食味品质,但稻谷加工品质有变劣趋势,且产量显著降低,难以实现机插杂交籼稻高产稳产。     

香型软米恢复系文恢206选育与应用研究

以生产上广泛应用的恢复力强、配合力高的明恢63作母本,和云南优质软米水稻良种滇陇201作父本进行杂交,成功选育出有清香味、恢复力强、配合力高、抗病和适应性强的香型软米水稻恢复系文恢206。按照优优配、香香配的方法,以文恢206和香稻不育系宜香1A进行测配试验,成功选育出罕见的米质达到国标一级标准,种子、秧苗均有浓香味,米粒香味浓度远远超过其亲本,产量高,抗性强,适应性广,在蒸煮和食味品质达到"香、软、润"的香型软米杂交水稻新组合文富7号,并在全国许多地区进行试验示范,均表现出品质特优,产量较高特点。此外,讨论利用云南香型软米稻种资源创建品质优异杂交稻亲本和选育优质杂种稻的方法和途径,以及云南稻种资源香味基因遗传表现及其在育种中应用问题。     

Effects of the potassium application rate on lipid synthesis and eating quality of two rice cultivars

Lipid content has an important effect on rice eating quality, but the effects of fertilizer application rate on the lipid synthesis and eating quality of rice are not well understood. Potassium (K) has a strong influence on rice quality and the requirement for K fertilizer in rice is greater than for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers. To investigate the effects of K fertilizer on the lipid synthesis and eating quality of rice, we used Nanjing 9108 (NJ9108, japonica) and IR72 (indica) rice as experimental materials and four K levels: K0 (0 kg ha^–1), K1 (90 kg ha^–1), K2 (135 kg ha^–1) and K3 (180 kg ha^–1). The results showed that the lipid content, free fatty acid (FFA) content, unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content, malonyl-CoA (MCA) content, phosphatidic acid (PA) content, lipid synthesis-related enzyme activities and eating quality first increased and then decreased with increasing K in both cultivars. The maximum values were obtained under K2. However, the saturated fatty acid (SFA) content showed the opposite trend. No significant differences were found in pyruvate (PYR) content among the K treatments. The protein and oxaloacetic acid (OAA) contents and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) activity of NJ9108 first decreased and then increased with increasing K, and the minimum values were obtained under K2; while IR72 showed the opposite trend and the maximum values were obtained under K1. Overall, increasing K optimized the fatty acid components and increased the lipid content and eating quality of rice by enhancing lipid synthesis-related enzyme activities and regulating substrate competition for lipid and protein synthesis. The optimal K application rate for lipid synthesis, eating quality and grain yield was 135 kg ha^–1 for both cultivars.     

不同种植方式对再生稻产量和品质的影响

以农香32为材料,采用抛秧、手插、直播3种种植方式,探讨不同种植方式对头季、再生季产量与产量构成以及稻米品质的影响效果。结果表明:头季稻的手插稻,因每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒质量较高,其产量最高,再生稻以抛秧种植的产量最高;抛秧、手插、直播的2季水稻总产量分别为11.42、11.33、9.84 t/hm~2,抛秧、手插的水稻产量较直播的分别高出16.2%、15.1%;头季稻的精米率和整精米率高于再生稻,但再生季稻米的垩白粒率、垩白度、长宽比等外观品质,蒸煮及营养品质均优于头季稻。综合分析,抛秧种植方式下的2季水稻的产量略高于手插稻,且稻米品质优良,是较好的再生稻种植方式。     

Decreased panicle N application alleviates the negative effects of shading on rice grain yield and grain quality

Light deficiency is a growing abiotic stress in rice production. However, few studies focus on shading effects on grain yield and quality of rice in East China. It is also essential to investigate proper nitrogen (N) application strategies that can effectively alleviate the negative impacts of light deficiency on grain yield and quality in rice. A two-year field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of shading (non-shading and shading from heading to maturity) and panicle N application (N_DP, decreased panicle N rate; N_MP, medium panicle N rate; N_IP, increased panicle N rate) treatments on rice yield- and quality-related characteristics. Compared with non-shading, shading resulted in a 9.5–14.8% yield loss (P<0.05), mainly due to lower filled-grain percentage and grain weight. N_MP and N_IP had higher (P<0.05) grain yield than N_DP under non-shading, and no significant difference was observed in rice grain yield among N_DP, N_MP, and N_IP under shading. Compared with N_MP and N_IP, N_DP achieved less yield loss under shading because of the increased filled-grain percentage and grain weight. Shading reduced leaf photosynthetic rate after heading, as well as shoot biomass weight at maturity, shoot biomass accumulation from heading to maturity, and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) content in the stem at maturity (P<0.05). The harvest index and NSC remobilization reserve of N_DP were increased under shading. Shading decreased (P<0.05) percentages of brown rice, milled rice, head rice, and amylose content while increasing (P<0.05) chalky rice percentage, chalky area, chalky degree, and grain protein. N_MP demonstrated a better milling quality under non-shading, while N_DP demonstrated under shading. N_DP exhibited both lower chalky rice percentage, chalky area, and chalky degree under non-shading and shading, compared with N_MP and N_IP. N_DP under shading decreased amylose content and breakdown but increased grain protein content and setback, contributing to similar overall palatability to non-shading. Our results suggested severe grain yield and quality penalty of rice when subjected to shading after heading. N_DP improved NSC remobilization, harvest index, and sink-filling efficiency and alleviated yield loss under shading. Besides, N_DP would maintain rice’s milling, appearance, and cooking and eating qualities under shading. Proper N management with a decreased panicle N rate could be adopted to mitigate the negative effects of shading on rice grain yield and quality.     

不同灌溉方式对南方优质食味晚籼稻产量及品质的影响

【目的】 探明南方优质食味晚籼稻产量、品质对不同灌溉方式的响应特征。【方法】于2018—2019年在江西农业大学人才培养产学研合作上高创新基地,开展不同灌溉方式对优质食味晚籼稻产量及稻米品质影响的大田试验,水分处理设置常规灌溉（CK）、持续淹水灌溉（CFI）和间歇灌溉（AWD）,供试品种为优质食味籼稻泰优871与普通食味籼稻荣优华占,分析测定稻田水分利用率、产量形成和稻米品质。【结果】不同灌溉方式对供试品种的产量构成和稻米品质存在显著影响,且2年变化趋势基本一致,但品种间存在一定差异。与CK和CFI处理相比,2年AWD处理总水分利用率分别增加了18.2%—62.5%、41.2%—91.7%。相比CK,AWD与CFI处理有增加2个供试品种产量的趋势,但优质食味籼稻品种产量无明显变化,仅2018年普通食味籼稻品种产量在AWD处理下增加显著,增产原因主要在于每穗粒数增加明显。AWD处理总体有利于稻米加工品质,而与CK和AWD处理相比,CFI处理则显著降低了稻米的垩白率和垩白度,有利于外观品质的改善。不同灌溉处理下不同食味类型品种直链淀粉含量存在年度间差异,2019年AWD较CFI处理显著增加了稻米直链淀粉含量;同时,2年AWD较CFI处理也显著增加不同食味类型品种的胶稠度、峰值黏度及崩解值,且降低了消减值,提升了稻米的适口性,而CFI处理较CK与AWD处理则显著增加稻米的蛋白质含量,但不同灌溉方式对优质食味籼稻品种直链淀粉、营养品质与稻米RVA谱特征值的影响效应要高于普通食味籼稻品种。【结论】间歇灌溉处理提高了供试品种的水分利用率,有利于增加优质食味籼稻产量,改善了稻米加工,但不利于外观品质的改善,同时间歇灌溉处理可降低消减值及稻米蛋白质含量,提升胶稠度、峰值黏度、热浆黏度及崩解值,有利于改善稻米蒸煮食味的适口性;而持续淹水灌溉有利于改善稻外观品质。间歇灌溉方式可作为南方优质食味晚籼稻品种高质高效的节水灌溉模式。     

大气环境变化导致水稻品质总体变劣

气候变化将改变作物的生长环境,进而影响作物产量和品质。气候变化对重要粮食作物水稻产量形成的影响已有很多报道,但对同样重要的品质研究较少。在简要介绍实验平台基础上,本文总结了气候变化对水稻品质影响的研究进展。品质性状分为加工、外观、蒸煮/食味、营养和饲用品质,气候变化包括大气CO₂浓度升高、近地层O₃浓度增高和气温升高等,本文重点聚焦大气组分变化及其与高温的互作。已有文献表明,气候变化对水稻品质的影响尚存在诸多不确定性,但本文也发现了一些重要趋势,这些趋势多为不利的变化。高CO₂浓度、高O₃浓度或高温环境下生长的水稻表现出垩白增加、碎米增多的趋势;高CO₂浓度导致稻米蛋白质和多种元素浓度下降,但食味品质可能变优;臭氧胁迫水稻的食用和饲用品质均有变劣趋势。目前这方面认知多来自于单一气候因子的影响研究,但已有少量研究观察到CO₂与温度或O₃之间的交互作用;另外,水稻品质性状对气候变化的响应可能还受熏蒸方式、基因型和施肥量等影响。未来这一领域需继续利用不同尺度的试验平台验证已有趋势并拓展研究内容,在这基础上评估气候变化因子之间以及与其他因子的交互作用,重点揭示这些交互作用的内在机制,以便开发出真正适应未来气候变化的稻作生产技术。     

超级稻扬粳4038品质调优技术

以超级稻扬粳4038为材料,研究在不同栽培措施条件下品质表现,探索其品质调优技术。研究表明,扬粳4038在江苏沿江地区5月5～5月15日播种,栽插密度为(30～37.5)×104穴/hm2,施氮量300kg/hm2左右,基肥:蘖肥:穗肥为6:3:1或7:2:1有利于整精米率的提高,蒸煮食味品质的改善,进而达到高产与优质的同步提高。并讨论了扬粳4038品质调优的机理。     

Genetic diversity analysis and GWAS reveal the adaptive loci of milling and appearance quality of japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Northeast China

Milling and appearance quality are important contributors to rice grain quality. Abundant genetic diversity and a suitable environment are crucial for rice improvement. In this study, we investigated the milling and appearance quality-related traits in a panel of 200 japonica rice cultivars selected from Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces in Northeast China. Pedigree assessment and genetic diversity analysis indicated that cultivars from Jilin harbored the highest genetic diversity among the three geographic regions. An evaluation of grain quality indicated that cultivars from Liaoning showed superior milling quality, whereas cultivars from Heilongjiang tended to exhibit superior appearance quality. Single- and multi-locus genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were conducted to identify loci associated with milling and appearance quality-related traits. Ninety-nine significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected. Three common SNPs were detected using the mixed linear model (MLM), mrMLM, and FASTmrMLM methods. Linkage disequilibrium decay was estimated and indicated three candidate regions (qBRR-1, qBRR-9 and qDEC-3) for further candidate gene analysis. More than 300 genes were located in these candidate regions. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was performed to discover the potential candidate genes. Genetic diversity analysis of the candidate regions revealed that qBRR-9 may have been subject to strong selection during breeding. These results provide information that will be valuable for the improvement of grain quality in rice breeding.